The region of eastern and southern Africa is very diverse in environments and agronomic practices. The region has one of the highest per capita consumption of maize (Zea mays. L), which is predominantly produced by smallholder farmers. Some important constraints facing these farmers include drought and low fertility. For decades, the International Center for Wheat and Maize Improvement (CIMMYT) has been involved in developing maize genotypes that have high grain yields and are tolerant to drought, low fertility and other important constraints. This germplasm is developed for wide adaptation. However, the development of superior germplasm is significantly affected by interaction between genotypes and the environment (i.e., genotype by environment interaction, GEI). To estimate and understand GEI maize genotypes are evaluated in a range of environments representing as much variability of the target growing areas as possible. Because of dwindling resources needed to conduct testing in the region, it may not be possible to test in all potential target areas. Therefore, a careful process of site selection for testing is essential to improve efficiencies in cultivar testing and deployment. The objective of this research was to characterize the maize testing locations of the eastern and southern Africa region. Historical data from CIMMYT Regional Trials from 1999 to 2003 was used to characterize the environments and estimate genetic parameters. Environmnent and GEI showed consistently high contributions to the total variation observed among genotypes for grain yield. Environment contributed over 60% and sometimes up to 85% of total variation observed. Sequential retrospective pattern analysis (Seqret) was conducted on the adjusted standardized grain yield. A total of 7 groups of environments were identified. Repeatabilites, a measure of the proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences, was reduced under stress conditions. The relationship among traits showed that anthesis-silking interval (ASI) is an important selective trait, which can improve selection efficiency for grain yield under stress conditions. Stability analysis provided an opportunity to observe the response and adaptation of genotypes to a wide range of environments. Variety ZM621 was a stable and high yielding genotype.

No description available.

Master of Science / Division of Biology / Michael A. Herman / Caenorhabditis elegans are free-living bacterivorous nematodes that naturally consume bacteria as food source. As an excellent genetic model, C. elegans has proven to be a successful system to study innate immune responses to human pathogens, which resulted in identification of many evolutionarily conserved defense pathways. Most of these studies examined innate immune pathway mutants in a single genetic background in response to monoculture of human pathogens that worms might not necessarily encounter in the wild. While this has led to the successful genetic dissection of these defense pathways, in order to fully understand their biological functions, the relevant ecological and evolutionary context needs to be taken into account. The bacterial environment C. elegans naturally encounter is likely to be highly heterogeneous. While many bacteria are mainly considered as dietary resource for worms, some could be potential pathogens. Worms thus constantly face the challenge to defend against the pathogens mixed in the food. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is one such bacterium. S. maltophilia is a ubiquitous bacterium that has been found associated with native nematodes. But it can also cause nosocomial infections in human, especially in immune-compromised individuals. Due to its natural resistance to multiple antibiotics, it has been emerging as an opportunistic human pathogen. Our lab isolated a S. maltophilia strain, JCMS, which was found being pathogenic to C. elegans. Both C. elegans strains, N2 (Bristol, England) and CB4856 (Hawaii), showed decreased survivorship when fed on S. maltophilia JCMS compared to E. coli OP50. However, more interestingly, the specific responses towards bacteria are different between strains. This indicates that survivorship of C. elegans is determined by not only genetic and environmental factors, but also genotype by environment (G×E) interactions (GEI). In order to identify the underlying genetic basis, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a N2×CB4856 recombinant inbred panel for the survivorship in response to E. coli OP50 and S. maltophilia JCMS.

Children who are more fearful and inhibited during early childhood are at greater risk for social problems (e.g., loneliness, social isolation) and clinically significant internalizing disorders during adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Rubin, Chen, McDougall, Bowker, & McKinnon, 1995; Williams et al., 2009). While the impact of fearful temperament on adjustment indices are regularly the focus of study, less well understood are biological and social processes that may affect the development of fearful temperament. The present study considered the role of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and parenting on change in fearful and inhibited temperamental characteristics during early childhood. The s/s genotype was expected to be associated with elevated and sustained levels of fearful temperament. Moreover, supportive parenting was expected to be associated with less fearful temperament while more harsh parenting would be associated with more fearful temperamental characteristics, especially for children with the s/s 5-HTTLPR genotype. Study hypotheses were tested using 165 families (i.e., biological mothers and fathers, 3-5 year old children) who participated in the Family Transitions Project (FTP: R. D. Conger & K. J. Conger, 2002). Children were genotyped using cheek swabs. Parents reported on children’s temperamental characteristics at ages 3, 4, and 5. Independent observations of mothers and fathers completing a puzzle with their 3 and 4 year old children were used to measure parenting. Results were partially supportive of predictions. Parenting interacted with the 5-HTTLPR genotype to predict trajectories of shyness and soothability dimensions of fearful temperament, but the pattern of findings varied for mothers and fathers. Results are discussed in terms of differential susceptibility and the conceptualization of risk and resilience.

Em estudos de divergência genética por métodos multivariados, a distância euclidiana é a medida de distância mais amplamente utilizada e essa distância é a mais recomendada quando as unidades de cálculos são escores de componentes principais, como é o caso da análise AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis). Tal análise permite a obtenção de estimativas mais precisas das respostas genotípicas e possibilita a análise da divergência genética por métodos aglomerativos. A análise dos modelos AMMI combina, num único modelo, componentes aditivos para os efeitos principais (genótipos e ambientes) e componentes multiplicativos para os efeitos da interação genótipos × ambientes. Os melhoristas de plantas compreendem que a interação genótipos × ambientes é de suma importância para a obtenção de variedades superiores e as estimativas de dissimilaridade atendem aos objetivos do melhorista, por quantificarem e informarem sobre o grau de semelhança ou de diferença entre pares de indivíduos. Entretanto, quando o número de indivíduos é grande, torna-se inviável o reconhecimento de grupos homogêneos pelo exame visual das estimativas de distância. Portanto, é importante proceder à análise de agrupamentos, obter dendrogramas por meio de métodos hierárquicos e posteriormente, analisar os grupos formados. A fim de determinar e classificar os grupos formados na clusterização hierárquica foram utilizados comandos específicos do programa computacional R que desenha no dendrograma os retângulos de cada grupo e os numera. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a divergência genética via modelo AMMI, utilizando-se de técnicas multivariadas e reamostragem \"bootstrap\". / In studies of genetic diversity using multivariate approaches, the Euclidean distance is the most common measure used. This method is recommended when data are scores of principal components, such as in AMMI analysis (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis). The AMMI method allows obtaining more precise estimates for genotypic results and also permits the use of genetic diversity analysis by using agglomerative approaches. Furthermore, this method combines additive components for the main effects (genotypes and environments) and multiplicative components for genotypes x environment interaction effects in a unique model. Plant breeders understand the importance of genotype and environment interaction to obtain superior varieties and the dissimilarity estimation meets breeders\" objectives since it quantifies and determines the similarity or the divergence between pairs of individuals. However, when the number of individuals is large it is unfeasible to recognize the group homogeneity by using a visual analysis of the distances estimation. Therefore, is important to use cluster analysis to obtain dendograms based on hierarchical methods and then analyze the groups obtained. In order to determine and classify the obtained groups from hierarchical cluster analysis specifics commands in the R software were used which shows in the dendrogram rectangles and numbers for each group. In this way, the objective of this work was to analyze the genetic divergence through AMMI model, by using multivariate approaches and \"bootstrap\" resampling.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da interação genótipos x ambientes sobre as características peso à desmama, peso ao sobreano e ganho de peso da desmama ao sobreano em bovinos de corte da raça Nelore. Foram analisados 45.697 registros de peso à desmama ajustados para 205 dias (PD), 34.773 registros de peso ao sobreano ajustados para 550 dias (PS) e 34.753 registros de ganho de peso da desmama ao sobreano (GP), originários de três fazendas localizadas nas regiões sudeste e centro-oeste do Brasil. Os componentes de variância foram estimados utilizando-se o programa MTDFREML. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de duas formas distintas: primeiramente processaram-se análises de características únicas para os dados de cada fazenda e para conjuntos de dados formados por pares de fazendas. Em seguida, processaram-se análises de características múltiplas, em que a mesma característica foi considerada como variáveis distintas em cada par de fazendas. A partir da obtenção dos valores genéticos dos animais, foram calculadas as diferenças esperadas na progênie (DEPs) dos mesmos, bem como as correlações de Pearson entre os valores das DEPs dos touros para as três características estudadas. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade variaram de 0,17 a 0,33 para a característica PD, 0,31 a 0,48 para a característica PS e 0,11 a 0,32 para a característica GP. Os coeficientes de correlação genética encontrados variaram de 0,82 a 1,00, enquanto as correlações de Pearson entre as DEPs dos touros variaram de 0,89 a 0,99. Os resultados levam a sugerir pequeno ou nenhum efeito da interação genótipo x ambiente nos rebanhos incluídos neste estudo. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the genotype x environment interaction effect on weaning weight, post-weaning weight and weight gain post-weaning in Nellore beef cattle herds. There were analyzed 45,697 data of weaning weight adjusted to 205 days (PD), 34,773 data of post-weaning weight adjusted to 550 days (PS) and 34,753 data of weight gain post-weaning (GP), which were collected from three farms localized in southwest and middle-east of Brazil. The variance components were estimated by MTDFREML. Those data were analyzed applying two different methods: the first proceeding was of considering single traits to the data of each farm and also to the data-set originated by pair of farms. The second method was performing the analysis of multiple traits once the same trait was considered as a distinct variable in each pair of farms. Since genetic values were obtained there were calculated the expected breeding values (EPD) of the sires as the Pearson correlations between the EPD values and the traits analyzed. The estimative of heritability coefficients ranged from 0.17 to 0.33, 0.31 to 0.48 and 11 to 0.32 to PD, PS and GP respectively. The genetic correlations varied from 0.82 to 1.00, while the Pearson correlation between the EPDs ranged from 0.96 to 0.99. The results suggest a modest or inexistent genotype x environment interaction effect in the herds evaluated.

In New Zealand, a formal tree improvement and breeding programme for Pinus radiata (D.Don) commenced in 1952. A countrywide series of progeny trials was progressively established on over seventy sites, and is managed by the Radiata Pine Breeding Company (RPBC). Diameter at breast height data from the series were used to investigate genotype x environment interaction with a view to establishing the need for partitioning breeding and deployment efforts for P. radiata. Nearly 300,000 measurements made this study one of the largest for genotype x environment interaction ever done. Bivariate analyses were conducted between all pairs of sites to determine genetic correlations between sites. Genetic correlations were used to construct a proximity matrix by subtracting each correlation from unity. The process of constructing the matrix highlighted issues of low connectivity between sites; whereby meaningful correlations between sites were established with just 5 % of the pairs. However, nearly two-thirds of these genetic correlations were between -1.0 and 0.6, indicating the presence of strong genotype x environment interactions. A technique known as multiple regression on resemblance matrices was carried out by regressing a number of environmental correlation matrices on the diameter at breast height correlation matrix. Genotype x environment interactions were found to be driven by extreme maximum temperatures (t-statistic of 2.03 against critical t-value of 1.96 at 95 % confidence level). When tested on its own, altitude was significant with genetic correlations between sites at the 90 % confidence level (t-statistic of 1.92 against critical t-value of 1.645). In addition, a method from Graph Theory using proximity thresholds was utilised as a form of clustering. However, this study highlighted the existence of high internal cohesion within trial series, and high external isolation between trial series. That is, grouping of sites (in terms of diameter) was observed to be a reflection of the series of trials for which each site was established. This characteristic is particularly unhelpful for partitioning sites into regions of similar propensity to genotype x environment interaction, as the genotype x environment effect is effectively over-ridden by the genotype effect. Better cohesion between past, present and future trial series, and more accurate bioclimatic data should allow more useful groupings of sites to be extracted from the data. Given this, however, it is clear that there are a large number of interactive families contained in the RPBC dataset. It is concluded that partitioning of New Zealand’s P. radiata breeding programme cannot be ruled out as an advantageous option.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 562430 bytes, checksum: 182da810cb5c6524a339ad2ea7c37142 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In plant breeding, when the objective is to select or recommend genotypes to be planted, the study of the interaction between genotype and environment plays a important role. However, this kind of study does not provide detailed information on the behavior of each cultivar due to environmental variations. Thus become necessary to perform analyzes of stability and adaptability for identification and recommendation superior materials in different environments. Although the literature presents several methods for performing analysis of adaptability and stability, none of them take account of the presence of non-normal phenotype, in other words, phenotypic values asymmetric distributions or heavy tails. Thus, if there is the presence of such phenotypic values, the methods can be influenced and the recommendation may be mistaken, that is, the use of such methods cause inadequate estimates that do not reflect the true relationship between the variation environmental and phenotypic response. An interesting solution for treating this problem in a unified way, that is, the presence of outliers or asymmetry is to use the quantile regression (QR). Such methodology, besides the usual regression methods, using the conditional mean to explain the functional relationship between environmental variation and phenotypic response, makes use of conditional quantile functions. This way the QR possible to choose the quantile which best represents the functional relationship of interest in order to naturally cover the lack of normality cited above. Thus, this paper aims to present the methodology of quantile regression, through a detailed discussion of its theorical foundations, demonstrating it by concrete applications, its use in analysis of adaptability and stability, thus providing a easily and accessible material for readers interested in that subject, contributing researchers and those interested in this area. To the technic evaluation symmetric distributions phenotypic values, symmetric with outliers, right asymmetric, right asymmetric with outliers, left asymmetric and left asymmetric with outliers were simulated. Furthermore, we used data from an experiment on dry matter yield of 92 genotypes of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) evaluated in 20 environments. It is suggested that, for symmetrical phenotypic values should be determined if it has outlier, if it has a QR ( τ = 0,50 ) should be used, if not, should be used either Eberhart and Russell methodology (1966) or QR ( τ = 0,50 ). Since the phenotype is asymmetric, with or without the presence of outlier, it uses QR ( τ = 0,25 ) to right asymmetry and QR ( τ = 0,75) to the left asymmetry. According to the results the QR method was efficient for classifying alfalfa genotypes. / No melhoramento genético de plantas, quando o objetivo é selecionar ou recomendar genótipos para o plantio, o estudo da interação entre genótipo x ambiente é de extrema importância. Entretanto, tal estudo não fornece informações pormenorizadas sobre o comportamento de cada cultivar diante das variações ambientais. Assim, tornam-se necessárias as análises de adaptabilidade e de estabilidade para a identificação e recomendação de materiais superiores em diferentes ambientes. Embora a literatura apresente diversos métodos, para realização da análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, nenhum leva em consideração a presença de fenótipos não normais, ou seja, distribuições de valores fenótipos assimétricos ou com caudas pesadas. Desta forma, caso haja a presença desse tipo de valores fenotípicos, os métodos podem sofrer a influência de modo que a recomendação pode ser errônea, ou seja, o uso de tais métodos ocasionam estimativas inadequadas, que não refletem a verdadeira relação existente entre a variação ambiental e a resposta fenotípica. Uma solução interessante para tratar este problema de maneira unificada, isto é, a presença de pontos discrepantes ou assimetria, é a utilização de regressão quantílica (RQ). Tal metodologia, diferentemente dos métodos de regressão usuais, que utilizam a média condicional para explicar a relação funcional entre a variação ambiental e a resposta fenotípica, faz uso de funções quantílicas condicionais. Desta forma, a RQ possibilita escolher o quantil que melhor representa a relação funcional de interesse com o intuito de contemplar naturalmente a mencionada falta de normalidade. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a metodologia de regressão quantílica, através de uma discussão detalhada de seus fundamentos teóricos, evidenciando, com aplicações concretas, seu uso em análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, fornecendo assim um material de fácil acesso para leitores interessados no assunto, contribuindo com pesquisadores e interessados nesta área. Para avaliação da técnica foram simulados valores fenotípicos, com distribuições simétrica, simétrica com outliers, assimétrica à direita, assimétrica à direita com outliers, assimétrica à esquerda e assimétrica à esquerda com outliers. Além disso, foram utilizados dados provenientes de um experimento sobre produção de matéria seca de 92 genótipos de alfafa (Medicago sativa) avaliados em 20 ambientes. Sugere-se que, para valores fenotípicos simétricos deve-se averiguar se este possui outlier, se sim é utilizada ou a regressão não paramétrica ou a RQ (τ = 0,50) , se não, se utiliza ou a metodologia de Eberhart e Russell (1966) ou a RQ (τ = 0,50) . Já se o fenótipo for assimétrico, com ou sem a presença de outlier, utiliza-se RQ (τ = 0,25) para assimetria a direita e RQ (τ = 0,75) para assimetria à esquerda. De acordo com os resultados encontrados a RQ foi eficiente para classificação de genótipos de alfafa.

Submitted by Ricardo Lozano Teixeira de Carvalho (rlcarvalho@dow.com) on 2018-08-04T19:38:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REPOSITÓRIO_Dissertacao_Ricardo_Carvalho.pdf: 1150964 bytes, checksum: 7ddb5d1e3d8cd21ff7542b90056a6f82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-08-06T18:12:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_rlt_me_jabo.pdf: 1150964 bytes, checksum: 7ddb5d1e3d8cd21ff7542b90056a6f82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:12:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_rlt_me_jabo.pdf: 1150964 bytes, checksum: 7ddb5d1e3d8cd21ff7542b90056a6f82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-18 / Genótipos superiores têm alta capacidade de produção e resistência às principais doenças, porém o efeito do ambiente pode alterar essas características. Quando plantados em várias localidades, os genótipos podem se comportar de maneira diferente devido a sua adaptabilidade a cada região e a interação destes com o ambiente. O uso de sementes não adaptadas a região e o manejo inadequado são as principais causas de baixo rendimento nas lavouras de milho. Genótipos que respondem ao manejo utilizado, e que se comportam de maneira estável são fundamentais para obtenção de boa produtividade. Com base nisso este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos de híbridos experimentais e comerciais de milho para a segunda safra brasileira. Foram avaliados 33 híbridos, na segunda safra de 2016, em 39 locais, divididos em três macrorregiões (Tropical Sul, Tropical Centro Oeste e Tropical Centro Leste). Com as médias de produtividade de grãos obtidas após a realização da análise de variância, foram estimados os parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade através de regressão linear bissegmentada. Os genótipos foram discriminados de acordo com sua adaptabilidade e estabilidade para cada região. Na região Tropical Sul o híbrido HC04 e HE16 são recomendados para ambientes favoráveis, pois respondem as melhorias de ambiente. Na região Tropical Centro Oeste o genótipo experimental HE16 também foi classificado como responsivo. E na tropical Centro Leste 85% dos genótipos foram estáveis. O genótipo HC07 é de adaptabilidade a ambientes desfavoráveis em todas as regiões. Os genótipos HC09 e HC10 são estáveis, de adaptabilidade ampla e com boa produtividade de grãos em todas as regiões. / Superior genotypes have a high production capacity and resistance to major diseases, but environment effect can alter these traits. When planted in multiple locations, genotypes may behave differently due to their adaptability to each region and interaction with the environment. The planting of seeds not adapted to a region and the management used is one of the main causes of low yields in corn crops. Genotypes that respond to the management and behave in a stable way are essential to obtain a good yield. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the adaptability, stability, and grain yield of experimental and commercial corn hybrids in the second Brazilian crop. Thirty-three hybrids were assessed in the second crop of 2016 in 39 sites divided into three macro-regions (Tropical South, Tropical Central West, and Tropical Central East). Adaptability and stability parameters were estimated by means of bissegmented linear regression with the average grain yield obtained after performing the analysis of variance. Genotypes were discriminated considering their adaptability and stability for each region. In the Tropical South region, the hybrids HC04 and HE16 are recommended for favorable environments since they respond to environmental improvements. The genotype HE16 was also recommended for favorable environments in the Tropical Central West. In the Tropical Center East 85% of hybrids were stable. The genotype HC07 is adaptable to unfavorable environments in all regions. The genotypes HC09 and HC10 are stable, with broad adaptability and good grain yield in all regions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hotta_lfk_me_botfca.pdf: 441268 bytes, checksum: e9f6664417651d4009869d162e87fd48 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Outra / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a existência de interação genótipo x ambiente em alface do grupo americano, visando à seleção de progênies superiores, com adaptação geral ou específica a diferentes épocas de cultivo, em comparação com as cultivares comerciais. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Bragança Paulista – E.E.B.P, pertencente à Sakata Seed Sudamerica Ltda, localizada no município de Bragança Paulista - SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 3 repetições e 20 plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 44 progênies de alface do grupo americano e oito cultivares comerciais (Laurel, Lucy Brown, Manara, Rafaela, Raider, Raider Plus, Rubette e Tainá), totalizando 52 tratamentos, semeados em três épocas, julho, novembro e abril, representando os cultivos de inverno, verão e outono, respectivamente. Todas as progênies utilizadas foram originárias do programa de melhoramento de alface que vem sendo realizado na área de Melhoramento Vegetal do Departamento de Produção Vegetal, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu – UNESP. As progênies foram obtidas por seleção em gerações segregantes de diferentes cruzamentos entre cultivares americanas no período de 2000 a 2005, encontrando-se nas gerações F6 e F7. As avaliações e as colheitas dos experimentos foram realizadas quando as cultivares atingiram o máximo crescimento vegetativo, com cabeças compactas e grandes. As características avaliadas foram: Uniformidade, porcentagem de saia, porcentagem de cabeças comerciais, massa fresca, diâmetro transversal, compacidade, cobertura das cabeças, ‘ribness’, ombro e comprimento do coração. Para as características uniformidade, compacidade, cobertura das cabeças, ‘ribness’ e ombro, foram utilizados escalas subjetivas de notas variando de 1 a 5... / The objective of the present study was to assess the existence of the genotype x environment interaction in lettuce of the American group in order to select the superior lineages, with general or specific adaptation to different crop times, in comparison with the commercial cultivars. The experiments were led in the Experimental Station of Bragança Paulista - E.E.B.P, of the Sakata Seed Sudámerica Ltda in Bragança Paulista, SP - Brazil. The used experimental outline was of randomized blocks, with 3 replications and 20 plants per lot. The treatments constituted of 44 lineages of lettuce of the American group and eight commercial cultivars (Laurel, Lucy Brown, Manara, Rafaela, Raider, Raider Plus, Rubette and Tainá), totalizing 52 treatments, sown at three times (July, November and April) representing the winter, summer and autumn crops, respectively. All the used lineages were from the program of lettuce improvement that is carried out in the area of Vegetal Improvement of the Department of Production Vegetal, Agronomy School, Botucatu Campus, UNESP, Brazil. The lineages were obtained from selection of segregating generations of different crossings between American cultivars in the period of 2000 to 2005, F6 and F7 generations. The evaluations and the harvests of the experiments were carried out when the cultivars reached maximum vegetative growth, with big and compact heads. The evaluated characteristics were: uniformity, percentage of the skirt, percentage of commercial heads, fresh mass, transversal diameter, compacticity, crowning of the heads, ribness, shoulder and length of the heart. For the characteristics uniformity, compactcity, cowning of the heads, ribness and shoulder, a subjective range of marks varying 1 to 5 was used.The data was submitted to group analysis in order to detect possible genotypes interactions with the environment...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)