Dans le contexte du calcul géométrique abstrait, les machines à signaux ont été développées comme le pendant continu des automates cellulaires capturant les notions de particules, de signaux et de collisions. Une question importante est la génération automatique d’un automate cellulaire reproduisant la dynamique d’une machine à signaux donnée. D’une part, il existe des conversions ad hoc. D’autre part, ce n’est pas toujours possible car certaines machines à signaux présentent des comportements « continus ». Par conséquent, la discrétisation automatique de telles structures est souvent complexe et pas toujours possible. Cette thèse propose trois manières différentes de discrétiser automatiquement les machines à signaux en automates cellulaires, avec ou sans approximation possible. La première s’intéresse à une sous-catégorie de machines à signaux, qui présente des propriétés permettant d’assurer une discrétisation automatique exacte pour toute machine de ce type. La deuxième est utilisable sur toutes les machines mais ne peut assurer ni l’exactitude ni la correction du résultat. La troisième s’appuie sur une nouvelle expression de la dynamique d’une machine à signaux pour proposer une discrétisation. Cette expression porte le nom de modularité et est décrite avant d’être utilisée pour discrétiser. / In the context of abstract geometrical computation, signal machines have been developed as a continuous counter part of cellular automata capturing the notions of particles, signals and collisions. An important issue is the automatic generation of a cellular automaton mimicking the dynamics of a given signal machine. On the one hand, ad hoc conversions exist.On the other hand, it is not always possible since some signal machines exhibit “purely continuous” behaviors. Therefore, automatically discretizing such structures is often complicated and not always possible. This thesis proposes different ways to automatically discretize signal machines into cellular automata, both with and without handling the possiblity of approximation.The first is concerned with a subcategory of signal machines, which has properties ensuring an exact automatic discretization for any machine of this type. The second is usable on all machines but cannot guarantee the exactness and correction of the result. The third is based on a new expression of the dynamics of a signal machine to propose a discretization.This dynamical expression takes the name of modularity and is described before being used to discretize.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-07-27T22:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_FranciscoCarlosReis.pdf: 4497740 bytes, checksum: 02a565d699bb0986470a50b3f8bd5c7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-27T22:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_FranciscoCarlosReis.pdf: 4497740 bytes, checksum: 02a565d699bb0986470a50b3f8bd5c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20 / Geometrical Design has been for many teachers a great challenge. On one side, we have rules that contribute to the disempowerment of such expertise in the Basic Education ? Primary and Secondary Education. On the other side, an educational policy that brings back values to the Technical Professional Education, that in its turn is a major step to courses in the field of industry and infrastructure mostly, which demands proper qualification and expertise in order to expand competencies in the interpretation and development of graph sketches through Technical Design. The instructor stands in between such two edges restricted to a small number of actual professionals. In addition, due to the ever-downsizing labor area those professionals usually work as tutors in technical schools at both primary and secondary levels, since Geometrical Design is a discipline no longer mandatory in the referred school?s curriculum. On the other hand, such subject is not only present but also mandatory to schools that require some expertise in graph constructions, since it has been denied to students who have just graduated from middle school. From 2007 on, with the Professional Education implemented by the local federal government Technical Design instructors migrated to technical schools as means to qualify scholars in those institutes who had no opportunity to be previously skilled in Geometrical Design. This study main objective is to raise means to students? autonomy development from the Instituto Federal da Bahia (IFBA), Salvador Campus, in the process of geometrical constructions from a logo study based upon a gap filling status in order to make Primary and Second Education less and less distant concerning the information upon Geometrical Design and Technical Design. Therefore, it was possible to identify the rank both Geometrical Design and Technical Design actually stand in the curriculum proposed by IFBA and analyze aspects related to expansion of competencies in Geometrical Design having a specific teaching strategy applied as a starting point. / O ensino do Desenho Geom?trico tem sido, para muitos docentes, um grande desafio. De um lado encontram-se as leis que colaboraram para o empobrecimento deste conhecimento na Educa??o B?sica e, do outro, uma pol?tica educacional voltada para a valoriza??o da Educa??o T?cnica Profissional, com a preval?ncia da oferta de cursos da ?rea industrial e de infraestrutura, ?reas de forma??o nas quais o conhecimento em Desenho Geom?trico ? fundamental para o desenvolvimento de compet?ncias, notadamente na interpreta??o e elabora??o de projetos gr?ficos atrav?s do Desenho T?cnico. Entre esses polos antag?nicos est? o docente qualificado para o ensino do Desenho, que assistiu ? gradativa e cont?nua redu??o da sua ?rea de atua??o, especialmente nas ?ltimas duas d?cadas, ocasionada pela desobriga??o do componente curricular Desenho Geom?trico nas Matrizes das escolas de Ensino Fundamental e M?dio. Com o implemento da Educa??o Profissional, a partir de 2007, este docente migrou para as escolas t?cnicas e passou a ministrar aulas de Desenho T?cnico para alunos que, egressos do Ensino Fundamental, em maioria, n?o tiveram acesso ao Desenho Geom?trico em virtude das altera??es suscitadas pela legisla??o atual, comprometendo, deste modo, a melhor compreens?o e aplica??o dos conte?dos estudados na forma??o t?cnica. No intuito de minimizar a lacuna existente entre o Ensino Fundamental e a Educa??o Profissional T?cnica de N?vel M?dio, no que diz respeito ao conhecimento relativo ao Desenho Geom?trico a ser aplicado ao Desenho T?cnico, este trabalho prop?e contribuir na cria??o de condi??es para o desenvolvimento da autonomia dos estudantes do Instituto Federal da Bahia (IFBA), Campus Salvador, no processo de constru??es geom?tricas a partir do estudo de logomarcas. Como consequ?ncia desta pesquisa, foi poss?vel identificar o lugar ocupado pelo Desenho Geom?trico na Matriz Curricular do IFBA ? Campus Salvador, e analisar aspectos que propiciam o desenvolvimento de compet?ncias em Desenho Geom?trico, a partir da estrat?gia de ensino aplicada.

<p>In this thesis we study hybrid numerical methods to be used in computational electromagnetics. The purpose is to address a wide frequency range relative to a given geometry. We also focus on efficient and robust numerical algorithms for computing the so called Smooth Surface Diffraction predicted by Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD). We restrict the presentation to frequency domain scattering problems.</p><p>The hybrid methods consist in combinations of Boundary Element Methods and asymptotic methods. Three hybrids will be presented. One of them has been developed from a theoretical idea to an industrial code. The two other hybrids will be presented mainly from a theoretical perspective.</p><p>To be able to compute the Smooth Surface Diffracted field we introduce a numerical method that is to be used with surface curvature sensitive meshing, complemented with auxiliary data taken from a geometry database. By using two geometry representations we can show first order convergence and we then achieve an efficient and robust numerical algorithm. This numerical algorithm may be an essential part of an GTD implementation which in its turn is a component in the hybrid methods.</p><p>As a background to our new techiniques we will also give short introductions to the Boundary Element Method and the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction from a theoretical and implementational point of view.</p>

In this thesis we study hybrid numerical methods to be used in computational electromagnetics. The purpose is to address a wide frequency range relative to a given geometry. We also focus on efficient and robust numerical algorithms for computing the so called Smooth Surface Diffraction predicted by Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD). We restrict the presentation to frequency domain scattering problems. The hybrid methods consist in combinations of Boundary Element Methods and asymptotic methods. Three hybrids will be presented. One of them has been developed from a theoretical idea to an industrial code. The two other hybrids will be presented mainly from a theoretical perspective. To be able to compute the Smooth Surface Diffracted field we introduce a numerical method that is to be used with surface curvature sensitive meshing, complemented with auxiliary data taken from a geometry database. By using two geometry representations we can show first order convergence and we then achieve an efficient and robust numerical algorithm. This numerical algorithm may be an essential part of an GTD implementation which in its turn is a component in the hybrid methods. As a background to our new techiniques we will also give short introductions to the Boundary Element Method and the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction from a theoretical and implementational point of view.

The main purpose of this study was to develop and administer a four-tier test for assessing Turkish pre-service physics teachers&rsquo / misconceptions about geometrical optics. Sixteen pre-service physics teachers, who were selected by maximum variation and convenience sampling methods from three state universities in Ankara, were interviewed in the contexts of plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and lenses. From these interviews and the studies in the literature, the Open-Ended Geometrical Optics Test was developed. It was administered to 52 pre-service physics teachers from three state universities selected by purposive and convenience sampling. The responses of each subject for each item were categorized in order to determine the alternatives of the multiple-tier multiple-choice misconception test. The initial form of the test, the Three-Tier Geometrical Optics Test (TTGOT), was administered to 53 pre-service physics teachers from three state universities selected by purposive and convenience sampling as a pilot study. The analysis of the results of the TTGOT was used to revise the test items. Finally, the Four-Tier Geometrical Optics Test (FTGOT) was developed and administered to 243 pre-service physics teachers from 12 state universities in Turkey. The validity of the FTGOT scores was established by means of some qualitative and quantitative methods. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for different test scores. Those for the total correct scores and standardized misconception scores (SUMM4) were found to be .59 and .42, respectively. Some misconceptions, which were held by more than 10 % of the pre-service teachers, were identified and considered to be significant.

Unintentional drop of munitions could be encountered during the storage, transportation, and loading processes. In such an impact, malfunctioning of crucial components of munitions is the worst scenario that may be encountered and level of loads should not reach to critical levels. From two possible methods, experimental one is not frequently applied owing to high cost of money and time. On the contrary, particularly in last couple of years, interest is shifted to numerical simulations such as finite element method. In this thesis, foam materials will be investigated as energy absorbers to reduce the effect of loads during the impact. However, modeling the behavior of foam materials by FE codes is a challenging task. In other words, more than a few material parameters which are not commonly specified in literature are sufficient to represent the behavior of foams in an appropriate way. For this reason, material characteristics of the selected two foam materials, expanded polypropylene and v polyethylene, have been obtained in this study. Characterization of EPP and PE is followed by the selection of the appropriate material models in LS-DYNA which is a nonlinear explicit finite element code. Drop tests of munitions on which initially specified foam materials are integrated were done to identify the load levels. Validation of drop tests which are explained in detail in this thesis has been accomplished by LS-DYNA. Final section of the thesis is related to optimization of the foam geometry which will provide reducing load levels to allowable limits. After optimization studies, three alternative geometries which succeed in to reduce loads to allowable load levels were reached. Finally, one of three alternatives is selected considering cost and manufacturing difficulties.

In high frequency computational electromagnetics, rigorous numerical methods be come unrealistic tools due to computational demand increasing with the frequency. Instead approximations to the solutions of the Maxwell equations can be employed to evaluate th electromagnetic fields. In this thesis, we present the implementations of three high frequency approximat methods. The first two, namely the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) and th Physical Optics (PO), are commonly used approximations. The third is a new invention that will be referred to as the Surface Current Extraction-Extrapolation (SCEE). Specifically, the GTD solver is a flexible and modular software package which use Non-Uniform Rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces to model complex geometries. The PO solver is based on a triangular description of the surfaces and includes fas shadowing by ray tracing as well as contribution from edges to the scattered fields. GTD ray tracing was combined with the PO solver by a well thought-out software architecture Both implementations are now part of the GEMS software suite, the General ElectroMag netic Solvers, which incorporates state-of-the-art numerical methods. During validations both GTD and PO techniques turned out not to be accurate enough to meet the indus trial standards, thus creating the need for a new fast approximate method providing bette control of the approximations. In the SCEE approach, we construct high frequency approximate surface currents ex trapolated from rigourous Method of Moments (MoM) models at lower frequency. T do so, the low frequency currents are projected onto special basis vectors defined on th surface relative to the direction of the incident magnetic field. In such configuration, w observe that each component displays systematic spatial patterns evolving over frequenc in close correlation with the incident magnetic field, thus allowing us to formulate a fre quency model for each component. This new approach is fast, provides good control of th error and represents a platform for future development of high frequency approximations. As an application, we have used these tools to analyse the radar detectability of a new marine distress signaling device. The device, called "Rescue-Wing", works as an inflatabl radar reflector designed to provide a strong radar echo useful for detection and positionin during rescue operations of persons missing at sea. / QC 20101004

In practice, steel frames are analyzed and designed by assuming all beam to column connections as either rigid or simple. In real life, there are no such idealizations as rigid or simple and all connections would actually belong to a group of connections named as semi rigid connections. Various difficulties exist in modeling an accurate non-linear behavior of a steel structure, where one of these challenges is the modeling of semi-rigid behavior of connections. A detailed finite element model would take into account the complex interaction between all surfaces due to contact, friction and bolt pretension besides the material and geometrical nonlinearity effects. All these nonlinearity effects could be simply lumped as a moment-rotation type model at the connection region. Such a methodology is followed in this thesis and the main aim is to study the lumped nonlinear behavior of steel semi-rigid connections on the overall structural responses of steel Special Moment Frames. In this thesis three, nine and fifteen story steel Special Moment Frames are analyzed and designed as rigid frames first, and then the frames are reanalyzed considering non-linear effects due to semi-rigid connections. Changes in the ductility and overstrength reduction factors obtained from pushover curves are compared between the rigid and semi rigid modeling alternatives.

Indirect additive processing of ferrous metals offers the potential to freeform fabricate parts with good surface finish and minimal dimensional variation from the computer solid model. The approach described here is to mix a ferrous powder with a transient binder followed by selective laser sintering (SLS) in a commercial polymer machine to create a “green” part. This part is post-processed to burn off the transient binder and to infiltrate the porous structure with a lower melting point metal/alloy. Commercially available SLSed ferrous components contain copper-based infiltrant in a ferrous preform. The choice of copper alloy infiltrant has led to inferior mechanical properties of these components limiting their use in many non-injection-molding structural applications, particularly at elevated temperature. In the present work, an attempt has been made to replace the copper-based infiltrant considering cast iron as a potential infiltrant because of its fluidity, hardness and stability at comparatively high temperature. A critical consideration is loss of part structural integrity by over-melting after infiltration as chemical diffusion of alloying elements, principally carbon, occurs resulting in a decrease in the melting temperature of tool steel preform. A predictive model was developed which defines the degree of success for infiltration based on final part geometry and depending on the relative density of the preform and infiltration temperature. The processing regime is defined as a function of controllable process parameters. An experimental program was undertaken using commercially available LaserForm[superscript tm] A6 tool steel that was infiltrated with ASTM A532 white cast iron. Guided by Ashby densification maps, pre-sintering of the A6 tool steel SLS part was performed to increase the part initial relative density prior to infiltration. The final infiltrated parts were analyzed for geometry, microstructure and hardness. The model may be extended to other ferrous powder and infiltrant compositions in an effort to optimize the properties and utility of the final infiltrated part. / text

Υπάρχουν πολλές ερευνητικές εργασίες σε σχέση με τη συμπεριφορά των μαθητών στην ατζέντα της επίλυσης προβλήματος. Η πλειονότητα αυτών των εργασιών αναφέρεται σε φοιτητές πανεπιστημίου ή σε μαθητές των τελευταίων τάξεων της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Όσες από αυτές καταπιάνονται με μικρότερους μαθητές δίνουν περισσότερο έμφαση στη συμπεριφορά των μαθητών σε αντιπαραβολή με συγκεκριμένα στοιχεία της επίλυσης προβλήματος όπως η διατύπωση εικασιών, η επαλήθευση ή η λήψη αποφάσεων. Επιπλέον στα πλαίσια αυτής της παράδοσης της επίλυσης προβλήματος δε συνηθίζεται να δίνεται έμφαση σε κάποιο συγκεκριμένο μαθηματικό θέμα. Έτσι προτείνεται από την παρούσα εργασία η Επίλυση Προβλήματος Συνυφασμένη με μια Έννοια (ΕΠΣΕ) (στην περίπτωσή μας αυτήν του εμβαδού) η οποία σε ένα πρώτο στάδιο μέσα από μια σειρά προβλημάτων με κοινό εννοιολογικό υπόβαθρο εφοδίασε τους μαθητές- λύτες με μια συλλογή τεχνικών σχετικών με τη συγκεκριμένη έννοια. Αργότερα η χρήση των τεχνικών αυτών δεν ενίσχυε πια την έννοια, και αντί γι αυτό οι λύτες ενέπλεξαν την καλή γνώση της έννοιας που πια κατείχαν προκειμένου να οργανώσουν τις γνωστές μεθόδους τις σχετικές με την έννοια ώστε να δρομολογήσουν στρατηγικές που θα οδηγούσαν στη λύση. Αυτή η πλατφόρμα της ΕΠΣΕ υποστηρίζει την επιχειρηματολογία του λύτη και οδηγεί στην ανάπτυξη ιδιαίτερα εντυπωσιακών στρατηγικών. Τα παραπάνω αποκτούν ενδιαφέρον και για έναν ακόμη λόγο, αυτόν της συμβολής του υπολογιστικού περιβάλλοντος σε κάποια από τα στοιχεία της επίλυσης προβλήματος, όπως αυτό της επαλήθευσης, όπου καταγράφηκαν τα περιθώρια που παρέχει ένα τέτοιο περιβάλλον για την ανάπτυξη επαληθευτικών διαδικασιών σε μεγάλη συχνότητα και ποικιλία ως προς τη μαθηματική τους βαρύτητα. Τέλος η πλατφόρμα που παρουσιάζουμε στην εργασία αυτή, αφήνεται ως ανοιχτή ιδέα για την εφαρμογή της και σε άλλες έννοιες πέρα από το εμβαδόν, του οποίου η περίπτωση πιστεύουμε ότι αποτελεί ένα καλό υπόδειγμα / There are many studies concerning students' behavior in the problem solving agenda. The majority of them refers either to college students or students of upper secondary school. Some of them who deal with younger pupils give more emphasis to the students' behavior vis-a-vis with certain problem solving elements such as conjecturing, verification or decision making. Moreover, this problem solving traditiondoes not usually stress a constant mathematical theme. This is why we propose the term 'Problem Solving Ancillary to a concept' (APS) in our case that of area. In a first stage APS equippes students-solvers with a set of techniques relevant to the specific concept through a series of problems with common conceptual backdrop (in our case that of the area). Later the usage of these techniques does not enhance the concept any more. Instead of this the solvers involved their knowledge of the concept they already possessed in order to organize the known methods that were relevant to the concept so as to set up effective strategies that could solve the problem. The APS platform gives an unusual support to solvers' reasoning and this results to developing quite impressive strategy-making. There is one more reason making all of the above mentioned important: the contribution of the computer environment to some of the problem solving elements such as verification. We recorded and present the development of verification processes in this environment. These processes were more frequent and in a great variety compared to the ones in paper and pencil environment. Finally APS-platform is presented as an open idea beyond area. The case of area however is an excellent example towards this perspective.