Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

This dissertation investigates the influence of western missionaries upon African Christians in general and more specifically, Baptists in Kenya. Of particular concern to this study is western influence on the concept and practice of Christian ministry in Kenya Baptist churches. It is asserted that western missionary influence has been negative upon Kenya Baptist churches in the concept of Christian ministry. Missionaries introduced a distinction between clergy and laity, emphasizing a ministry model of paid clergymen who dominate and drive their respective congregations. This contradicts clear New Testament teaching that every believer is a minister and is spiritually gifted to do Christian ministry in the context of the local church. Pastors are needed to equip and free church members to minister. Thus, it is concluded that Baptists in Kenya need to change from following missionary introduced patterns of Christian ministry to that which is spiritual gifts-based and lay dependent. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Practical Theology)

This thesis deals with non-profit organizations, funding of them and accounting of chosen sources of funding i.e. gifts and grants. Attention is also paid to comparing accounting of these sources of funding in governmental and nongovernmental non-profit organization and to evaluation differences.

Corinto, a terceira maior cidade do Império Romano, era constituída por muitos povos, culturas, filosofias, religiões, estilos de vida, e reconhecida como a mais helenista das cidades do NT. Era uma cidade cosmopolita mediada pela elite, dominada pelo poder estrangeiro, intelectualmente viva, materialmente próspera e moralmente corrupta. O ideal dos coríntios era o desenvolvimento do indivíduo. A cidade, reconstruída em 44 a C, foi repovoada por veteranos, pessoas de classes mais baixas, libertos vindos de Roma, deserdados romanos, escravos, apartados das comunidades de apoio e das suas tradições que constituíam suas identidades. O sistema dominante era o patronato escravagista. Corinto era submetida a Roma e tinha o latim como língua oficial. Nela se consolidaram os cultos mistéricos. A comunidade cristã de Corinto contrapõe-se ao contexto como sociedade alternativa. Os dons e carismas do Espírito tornam-se a discussão fundamental, conforme 1Cor 12-14. Paulo põe-se em defesa dos carismas da edificação e submete os demais dons à agape. O Deus Uno e Trino constitui a fundamento dos carismas, que na unidade do seu ser age e distribui a diversidade de carismas e dons, afim de suprir as necessidades do povo de Deus. Os fenômenos carismáticos / pentecostais testemunham as guerras, as migrações em massa, as calamidades, as mudanças sociais, filosóficas e teológicas, os contextos históricos que implicam profundas mudanças no ser e na comunidade humana. O êxtase marca a história ao longo dos séculos, sendo também uma das expressões do catolicismo atual, das igrejas históricas, bem como a diversidade de igrejas pentecostais e enfoques teológicos. / Corinth, the third largest city of the Roman Empire, was constituted by many peoples, cultures, philosophies, religions, lifestyles, and known as the most Hellenistic cities of the NT. It was a cosmopolitan city mediated by the elite, dominated by foreign powers, intellectually alive, materially prosperous and morally corrupt. The ideal of the Corinthians was the development of the individual. The city reconstructed in the 44th C, was populated by veterans, people of lower social classes, freed from Rome, disinherited Roman slaves, apart from supportive communities and traditions that constitute their identities. The patronage was the dominant system of slavery. Corinth was submitted to Rome and had Latin as official language. It was consolidated the mystery cults. The Christian community in Corinth opposed to the context as an alternative society. The gifts and charisms of the Spirit become a fundamental discussion, as 1 Cor 12-14. Paul points out in defense of the charisms of the building and submit the other gifts to the agape. The Triune God is the foundation of the charisms which the unity of his acts and be distributes a diversity of charisms and gifts in order to meet the needs of the people of God. The phenomena charismatic / Pentecostal witness wars, mass migrations, natural disasters and the social, philosophical and theological, historical contexts that involve profound changes in the being and the human community. The ecstasy marks the history over the centuries and is also one of the expressions of Catholicism today, the historic churches, as well as the diversity of Pentecostal churches and theological approaches.

The main goal of this thesis was to analyze the gifts, promotional items and representation expenses of the accounting and tax perspective. Further to address the accounting and tax cases to specific cases of practice and finally the evaluation of the legislative action in this area.

Birka is Sweden’s first urban settlement during the Viking period and its growth is mainly because of the settlement’s extensive trade. The area has many graves and the female graves in Birka are a good source for interpretation of the Viking woman and the variety of roles and work she had. Archaeologists are assessing graves and interpreters them from the material remains found, such as jewelry, weapons, and gifts. Researchers often have a predetermined interpretation on certain items that are considered feminine or masculine and the gender is determined from this. After the gender is decided it is commonly that the individuals are categorized into groups, and women tend be grouped together into one, regardless that the archaeological data and material shows that they have different attributes, and should be categorized as such. Men on the other hand have a variety of activities and jobs from which they can be determined by, whilst women’s work tends to be highlighted as chores, rather than work, as their doings usually are in the private sphere. To put women together as one simply because they are women is not only problematic regarding what the material shows, but it is also preventing the development in research of women. There will be a gap in the narrative due to the lack of female activities which occurred but are either ignored or reduced. During the last few decades, there has been an increase in research regarding women in all fields of research and a development of several theories on how to interpret various factors. One of them is intersectional theory, which will be used in this paper. A selection of female Viking graves from Birka are used with this theory to develop a greater picture of what women were doing, rather than just being women, and what needs to be considered to do so.

L’étude que nous avons menée sur la représentation des xenia dans la Tunisie romaine, s’inscrit dans le cadre général du rapport de l’architecture domestique avec l’affirmation du statut social de l’élite africaine. La construction de la domus était, sans doute, un projet stratégique qui exigeait des notables une réflexion sérieuse sur la meilleure façon d’exalter les signes extérieurs de leur richesse, de leur bon goût et, en définitive, de leur appartenance à l’idéal de vie romain dans lequel l’hospitalité, exprimée par le décor de xenia, occupe une place de choix. Les mosaïques à xenia dans la Tunisie romaine sont les plus nombreuses à l’échelle de l’Empire. elles représentent trois particularités, la première concerne la composition des pavements : les motifs de xenia sont représentés isolés et, dans la plupart des cas, associés à d’autres thèmes décoratifs ; la deuxième se rapporte à la répartition de ces mosaïques dans l’espace domestique, couvrant toutes les composantes de la domus et non pas seulement les pièces réservées aux hôtes ; la troisième, enfin, touche à la sémantique des xenia qui traduit certains aspects de l’histoire mentale de l’élite Afro-romaine. / The mosaics of xenia in the Roman area of Tunisia are the most numerous at the scale of the Empire. They present three particularities, the first one concerns the compositions of the ornamental tiling: the xenia motifs are represented isolated and, in most cases, associated with other decorative themes; the second one relates to the distribution of those mosaics in the household space covering all components of the domus and not just the rooms reserved for the hosts; finally the third one touches the semantic of the xenia which does not refer itself only about hospitality.

This research discusses the role of the baptism and infilling of the Holy Spirit in missions through a specific focus on Ghanaian Pentecostal Churches. Scripture, history, scholarly works, interviews, observations, ecumenical documents, as well as relevant documents of Ghanaian Pentecostal churches were used to study the issue under discussion. In order to achieve the objective for the topic chosen, the research also discusses some of the major factors that led to Pentecostalism in Ghana – i.e. the concern of the indigenes about their worldview not being addressed by the Western missionaries that came to serve in Ghana. In the desire of the then Ghanaian Christians to have their worldview addressed, they resorted first to the Pentecostalism initiated by the African Initiated Churches, and then to the current trend of Pentecostalism in Ghana. The findings reveal that, though one of the factors that has made Pentecostalism so acceptable to Ghanaians is the way it has addressed their worldview; Ghanaian Pentecostal Churches themselves are of the opinion that the role of the Holy Spirit is the major factor. Their argument is that, it takes the role of the Holy Spirit to convict a sinner of his or her sins and incorporate the person into the body of Christ. After this incorporation, the person needs to be continually filled with the Holy Spirit in order to be able to live according to the will of God. Furthermore, it is the Holy Spirit that also empowers believers to work both within and outside the church. This empowerment is manifested through the gifts that the Holy Spirit gives to believers – for both their personal edification and the perfection of the church. As believers operate in the gifts of the Holy Spirit, God works through them in the power of the Holy Spirit to fulfill the missio Dei. It was finally revealed that, although the Holy Spirit is the power behind mission, the human factor cannot be forgotten. With this in mind, it was argued that Ghanaian Pentecostal churches have put into place various missional approaches, to help them to effectively participate in the missio Dei. These missional approaches were therefore discussed in the light of the “five marks of mission” (i.e. Evangelism, discipleship, responding to the social needs of people through love, transforming the unjust structures of society and safe guarding the integrity of creation) and Krintzinger et al.’s holistic mission approach (i.e. kerygmatic, diaconal, fellowship and liturgical). / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Science of Religion and Missiology / PhD / Unrestricted

A Christian’s calling is largely misunderstood among the Churches today by both the clergy and the laity. It is not just a call to believe the Gospel, nor is it merely a call to pastoral ministry or to the mission field, rather it is a call to do specific good works that God has prepared in advance for you to do (cf. Eph.2:10). Rick Warren contends that this especially focused ministry depends on the way God has 'shaped' you. SHAPE stands for spiritual gifts, heart, abilities, personality and experience. Warren’s SHAPE analysis is a useful tool to help equip Christians by identifying their callings. Church elders could incorporate elements of SHAPE analysis into their equipping process and thus bring great benefit and clarity to those who battle to discern their call to specific good works. While the plain reading and applying of the Bible (according to the literal, grammatical, historical hermeneutic) is the primary method of guidance and is sufficient for identifying a Christian’s calling and equipping him to do it (cf. 2Tim. 3:16-17), this does not prevent the use of other helpful tools such as SHAPE analysis. Unfortunately many Christians do not devote themselves to a study of the Bible and so they lack general knowledge of it and therefore lack direction when it comes to their ministry calling. Christians therefore need all the help they can get, including SHAPE analysis. Care does need to be exercised when using SHAPE analysis for it can be understood as being highly introspective, which has dangers attached to it and even includes personality-analysis, which lacks Biblical precedent. The absence of thorough Bible study and godly character from the calling equation is also a cause for concern and makes SHAPE analysis deficient on its own to equip the believer effectively for ministry. Using SHAPE in addition to the general application of the Bible is however most beneficial. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Le genre épistolaire présente entre le IVe et VIe siècle apr. J.-C. un nombre significatif d'actes d'offrir qui ont rarement été examinés de manière systématique en histoire de l'Antiquité tardive. Les cadeaux interpersonnels ne sont pas seulement des objets qui passent de main en main, mais des actes de communication, dont l'analyse différenciée est en mesure d'apporter des précisions sur les interactions entre le donateur et le destinataire, les choix médiatiques et la volonté de transmettre des messages à l'aide d'objets. En appliquant les outils des sciences de la communication à une source littéraire particulière, cette thèse présente une approche alternative de la question du don dans l'Antiquité tardive. / Letters from the 4th to the 6th century A.C. show a significant number of gift-giving situations. These have never been systematically analyzed in late antique history. Interpersonal gifts might be interpretated as acts of communication, not only as objects passed over from hand to hand. In order to determine the interaction between the giver and the addressee, their choices of media and the desire of tansmitting messages throught objects, a differenciated analysis is important. With the help of well-established tools from communication studies, the work at hand presents an alternative method for approching gift-giving in Late Antiquity.