Cette recherche est née de la volonté de mener une réflexion sur la pérennisation de la mendicité des talibés en milieu urbain sénégalais, notamment dans la ville de Dakar. Les talibés sont des enfants confiés par leurs parents à des maîtres coraniques pour l’apprentissage du Coran. À l'origine, cet apprentissage qui est une tradition religieuse se faisait exclusivement en zones rurales. Toutefois, depuis les années 1970, en raison des grandes sécheresses qui se sont abattues dans les zones rurales du Sénégal et qui ont appauvri les populations, s’est développée la migration vers les villes d’hommes et de femmes en quête de meilleures conditions de vie. L’enseignement coranique a été touché par ces mutations socio-économiques car depuis lors, certains maîtres coraniques qui sont avant tout des cultivateurs, s'installent dans les villes sénégalaises, accompagnés d’enfants destinés à être leurs talibés. Toutefois, arrivés en ville, ces enfants passent plus de temps dans les rues que dans les daaras (« écoles coraniques ») car leurs maîtres leur demandent de mendier quotidiennement et de leur ramener entre autres une somme d'argent fixée d'avance. Même si l’Etat sénégalais dispose de lois répressives contre la mendicité infantile, il arbore une attitude équivoque face à ce que des organisations internationales considèrent comme une exploitation infantile. Ainsi, pour appréhender la pérennisation du fait social qu’est la mendicité des talibés, cette thèse se propose d’étudier les pratiques sociales à l’égard des talibés mendiants, des pratiques qui consistent essentiellement à leur adresser des dons d’aumône. En plus des raisons religieuses et humanitaires qui peuvent justifier ces dons, ces derniers sont également effectués pour des raisons plus mystiques notamment après certaines divinations de marabouts de type féticheur/guérisseur/voyant. Comme on le verra dans le cœur de cette recherche, ces distributions d’aumône apparaissent ainsi tel un enchevêtrement de croyances religieuses et hétérodoxes. In fine, il s’agira à partir d’une méthodologie qualitative d’élucider et d’analyser les ambivalences tout comme les enjeux sociaux que recouvre la pérennisation de la mendicité des talibés dans la plupart des villes sénégalaises. / This research followed the will to lead an inspection about the perennation of children begging in Senegal urban areas. Talibes are children whose parents entrust to some koranic masters. At the very beginning, this kuranic teaching that is a religious tradition was solely organized in rural area. Even so, in the seventies, rural areas faced harsh droughts that empoverished its inhabitants. As a matter of fact, some men and women started leaving their villages in quest for better living conditions in Senegal big cities. Koranic teaching was also affected by these socio-economic mutations because since then, some koranic masters who are first and foremost growers, have set up in cities taking with them children who are meant to be their talibes. However, when the latter arrive in town they spend more time in the streets than into daaras (koranic schools) because their masters ask them to beg daily and to bring them among other things a specific amount of money. Thus, those children are at the same time talibes and beggars. Even though the Senegalese government owns repressive laws against children begging, it shows off an equivocal attitude towards this social phenomenon. In this way, to apprehend the perennation of children begging, this thesis aims to study and to re-examine social practices towards talibes-beggars. Those practices consist mainly in giving them alms. Apart from religious and humanitarian reasons that can justify those practices, the latter can also be operated for more mystical reasons namely after some divinations made by marabouts like fetishs, healers and diviners. The scope therefore is to elucidate and to analyze, through a qualitative methodology, both ambivalences and eventual issues involved in the perannation of talibes begging in most of senegalese cities.

<p>The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle.</p><p>Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression.</p><p>Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.</p>

The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle. Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression. Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.

事業採行贈品贈獎促銷活動時其動機除追求利潤極大化外，無外乎是要自市場競爭對手吸引交易相對人與其交易；若事業所提供之贈品或贈獎之價值過高，意圖藉此將競爭者逐出市場，或者是阻礙潛在競爭者進入市場，係屬於「顯失公平」之不公平競爭行為，應受公平交易法之規範，且由於贈品贈獎最主要之經濟性質為減價以促銷原產品，當贈品贈獎之價值過高時，此時提供贈品贈獎之事業就有可能涉及不公平競爭。 本研究論文以我國公平交易法對事業採行贈品贈獎促銷行為規範為出發，就104年修法前之案例探討及修法後之新發展，分別作案例分析及事業對新法條的看法調查。案例分析的部分，以個別案例事實、公平委員會處分理由進行評析；在事業對新法條的看法調查上，則採用實證研究，以問卷調查方式，收集整理受訪者意見，並就所得數據進行統計分析、檢定，所得結論與建議，期能提供後續研究者及公平委員會未來制定相關法條、辦法之參考。 / The intention to conduct the promotion of gift-away (gifts) and/or awards (prizes) is mainly to maximize the profits for the enterprises. In addition, it is also in the consideration where to solicit the customers to deal the business transactions from the competitors. The enterprise provides promotional gift and/or prizes of which the values are extremely high, and its initiative in origin is to kick-out the competitor from the market, or prevent any new marketers’ entries. These behaviors are so called “unfair” and shall be governed by the Fair Trade Act. In addition, the objectives of conducting gifts and/or prizes promotions are mainly to promote the sales by discounting the selling prices under the economics essential. Once the value of the gifts and/or prizes is extremely high, it would be potentially involve of the unfair competition. This study is made in accordance with Fair Trade Act in the area of enterprise’s campaigns of promotional gifts and/or prizes. It covers both cases studies of Business Guidance as issued by Fair Trade Commission in before 2015 and new development immediately after the amendments promulgated on February 4, 2015. As for cases study, it was done by analyzing the case facts, Business Guidance as issued by the Fair Trade Commission. As for the enterprises’ view on the new development of the amendments, this study adopt a survey solicited the feed backs for analysis. Based on the survey results, the report ended with conclusions and suggestions where could give some ideas for further studies as well as helps Fair Trade commission to proceed new amendments in the near future.

No description available.

Univ., Diss.--Washington, 2005.

Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt (Main), 2003. / Literaturverz. S. [317] - 356.

Thesis (D. Min.)--McCormick Theological Seminary, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-200).

The 1976 Tax Reform Act made many changes in the taxation of estate and gift transfers. Previously gifts and estates were taxed separately and the gift tax rate was 75 percent of the estate tax rate; and there was a $30,000 exemption for gifts and a $60,000 exemption for estate transfers. Under the new law the exemptions were repealed and replaced with a unified credit against the tax; and the tax on estate and gift transfers was combined into one increasing rate schedule. Under the prior law, deathbed gifts were advantageous because the gift tax paid on the transfer was excluded from the taxable estate but was allowed as a credit against the estate tax since gifts within three years of the date of death were included in the gross estate unless the estate could demonstrate that the gifts were not made in contemplation of death. Under the new law, gift taxes paid on transfers which occur within three years of the date of death are included in the taxable estate.