O metabolismo cerebral é altamente dependente da glicose, que é derivada a partir da circulação sanguínea e metabolizada pelos astrócitos e outras células neuronais, através de várias vias. A captação da glicose no cérebro não envolve transportadores de glicose insulino-dependentes; no entanto, esse hormônio afeta o fluxo de glicose do cérebro. Alterações nos níveis de S100B (uma proteína derivada de astrócitos) no líquido cefalorraquidiano têm sido associados a alterações no metabolismo da glicose; no entanto, não há evidência que a insulina modula o metabolismo da glicose e a secreção de S100B. Investigamos então o efeito da S100B no metabolismo da glicose, medindo a incorporação de 3H-glicose em dois modelos, em células de glioma C6 e fatias hipocampais agudas, investigando o efeito da insulina sobre a secreção de S100B. Os nossos resultados mostram que: (a) a S100B em níveis fisiológicos diminui a captação de glicose, através da via do receptor multiligante RAGE e através da ativação da via de sinalização da proteína-quinase / ERK, e que (b) insulina estimulada a secreção de S100B via sinalização de PI3K. Os nossos resultados indicam a existência de uma relação insulina-S100B na modulação de glicose no tecido cerebral, o que pode melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre o metabolismo da glicose em várias condições, tais como a cetose, demência induzida por estreptozotocina e exposição farmacológica aos antipsicóticos, onde as mudanças de sinalização da insulina e extracelular celular de S100 foram relatados. / Brain metabolism is highly dependent on glucose, which is derived from the blood circulation and metabolized by the astrocytes and other neural cells via several pathways. Glucose uptake in the brain does not involve insulin-dependent glucose transporters; however, this hormone does affect the brain’s glucose in flux. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid levels of S100B (an astrocyte-derived protein) have been associated with alterations in glucose metabolism; however, there is no evidence as to whether insulin modulates glucose metabolism and S100B secretion. Herein we investigated the effect of S100B on glucose metabolism, measuring 3H-glucose incorporation in two preparations, C6 glioma cells and acute hippocampal slices, and we also investigated the effect of insulin on S100B secretion. Our results showed that: (a) S100B at physiological levels decreases glucose uptake, through via the multiligand receptor RAGE and mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling, and that (b) insulin stimulated S100B secretion via PI3K signaling. Our findings indicate the existence of insulin-S100B modulated glucose utilization in the brain tissue, and may improved our understanding of glucose metabolism in several conditions such as ketosis, streptozotocin-induced dementia and pharmacological exposure to antipsychotics, where changes of insulin signaling and extracellular cellular of S100 have been reported.

O antioxidante resveratrol, uma fitoalexina encontrada, principalmente em uvas e também em quantidades significativas em vários tipos de vinho tinto, é um promissor produto natural, com atividades antitumoral, cardioprotetora e neuroprotetora. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar em células de glioma C6 o efeito do resveratrol sobre proliferação celular e alguns parâmetros específicos relacionados a astrócitos (captação de glutamato, glutamina sintetase e secreção de S100B), comumente associados com o papel protetor dessas células. Além disso, foi investigado o efeito genoprotetor do resveratrol em condições de estresse oxidativo induzido por peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) em células C6. A proliferação celular foi significativamente reduzida após tratamento com 100 e 250 μM de resveratrol. Uma rápida incubação com resveratrol (1 h) induziu um aumento linear na captação de glutamato e na atividade da glutamina sintetase. O dano ao DNA foi medido pelo ensaio Cometa. Para investigar os efeitos do resveratrol sobre o dano ao DNA induzido por H2O2 utilizou-se dois modelos de indução de estresse oxidativo. A mudança de parâmetros gliais pode contribuir para o papel protetor de astrócitos em condições de injúria cerebral, reforçando o uso deste composto no arsenal terapêutico contra doenças neurodegenerativas e desordens isquêmicas. Resveratrol também foi capaz de prevenir o dano oxidativo ao DNA celular, provavelmente, devido a suas propriedades antioxidantes, isto pode ser importante para proteger o DNA em doenças relacionadas com estresse oxidativo. / The antioxidant resveratrol, a phytoalexin found mainly in grapes and also substantial amounts in several types of red wine, is a promising natural product with anticancer, cardio-protective and neuroprotective activities. The objective of the present study was to investigate in C6 glioma cells, the effect of resveratrol on cell proliferation, cell death and some specific parameters of astrocyte activity (glutamate uptake, glutamine synthetase and secretion of S100B) commonly associated with the protective role of these cells. Furthermore, it was investigated the genoprotective effects of resveratrol under conditions of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in C6 cells. Cell proliferation was significantly decreased following treatment with 100 and 250 μM resveratrol. Short-term (1 h) of resveratrol exposure induced a linear increase in glutamate uptake and in glutamine synthetase activity. DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay. For investigate the effects of resveratrol against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 on DNA damage, two models of oxidative stress induction were used. Changes in glial activities can contribute to the protective role of astrocytes in brain injury conditions, reinforcing the use of this compound in the therapeutic arsenal against neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic disorders. Resveratrol was able to prevent oxidative damage to cellular DNA, probably, due to its antioxidant properties, it may be important in diseases for protecting against DNA damage through oxidative stress.

Nanopartículas de polímeros biodegradáveis têm atraído um intenso interesse nos últimos anos, pois esses sistemas podem prover vetorização de forma sustentada, controlada e atuar como carreadores de fármacos aumentando a eficácia terapêutica e diminuindo os efeitos adversos. Doenças degenerativas do sistema nervoso central têm sido vistas como um problema pela complexa patogênese e pela dificuldade na vetorização de fármacos. Dentre essas, estão os gliomas e os insultos isquêmicos, os quais são pobremente responsivos às intervenções terapêuticas. Atualmente, o tratamento com indometacina em doenças inflamatórias tem sido relacionado com diversos efeitos adversos gastrointestinais. Neste contexto, o presente estudo avaliou os efeitos do tratamento com indometacina em nanocápsulas em modelos experimentais de gliomas, isquemia cerebral, inflamações aguda e crônica em ratos. O tratamento com indometacina em nanocápsulas foi mais potente do que indometacina em solução em diminuir a viabilidade e a proliferação celular de linhagens de gliomas. Esse efeito citotóxico foi seletivo para as células tumorais. Adicionalmente, nós observamos em um modelo in vivo de gliomas que nanocápsulas poliméricas foram capazes de vetorizar a indometacina ao cérebro. Essa vetorização reduziu o crescimento de glioblastoma e aumentou a sobrevida dos animais. Estes efeitos foram mediados, pelo menos em parte, por mecanismos antiproliferativos e anti-angiogêncos. Além disso, o tratamento com indometacina em nanocápsulas apresentou efeitos neuroprotetores em culturas organotípicas de hipocampo expostas à privação de oxigênio e glicose. Esses efeitos foram mediados pela redução dos níveis de fosforilação de ERK1/2 e JNK, redução na iNOS e na ativação glial. Adicionalmente, a indometacina em nanocápsulas reduziu os níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, sugerindo que o bloqueio da neuroinflamação está envolvido no efeito neuroprotetor observado. Em modelos de inflamação crônica em ratos (modelo de artrite), o tratamento sistêmico com indometacina em nanocápsulas produziu simultaneamente uma redução nos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e um aumento da citocina anti-inflamatória IL- 10. A maior eficácia anti-inflamatória foi associada a uma redução da toxicidade gastrointestinal. Juntos, nossos resultados sugerem que a indometacina em nanocápsulas pode ser considerada uma alternativa terapêutica promissora para o tratamento de gliomas, de isquemia cerebral e de inflamação crônica. / Nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers have attracted intensive interest in recent years because these systems can provide a sustained, controlled, and targeted delivery acting as drug carriers thus leading to high therapeutic efficiency and low side effects. Degenerative diseases of the central nervous system have long been viewed as a problem due to the complex pathogenesis of these disorders and the difficulty in drug delivery. Among these diseases, are the gliomas and the ischemic insults, which are poorly responsive to therapeutic interventions. Actually, indomethacin treatments for inflammatory diseases are related with several gastrointestinal side effects. Within this context, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules treatment in experimental models of gliomas, cerebral ischemia, acute and chronic inflammation in rats. Indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules treatment was more potent that indomethacin in solution in decreasing the viability and the cell proliferation of glioma lines. This cytotoxic effect was selective for tumoral cells. In addition, we have observed in an in vivo model of gliomas that polymeric nanocapsules are able to successfully carry indomethacin into the brain tumor. Local delivery of indomethacin reduced glioblastoma growth and improved the animals' survival. These effects were mediated, at least in part, by antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms of indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules. Also, indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules treatment presented neuroprotective effects in organotypic hippocampal cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. These effects were mediated by the reduction in the levels of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation, reduction in iNOS and glial activation. Additionally, indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that the blockage of neuroinflammation is involved in the neuroprotective effect observed. In models of chronic inflammatory in rats (arthritis model), the systemic treatment with indomethacin loaded nanocapsules produced simultaneity a reduction of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increased in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The antiinflammatory efficacy increase was allied to an improved gastrointestinal safety. Taken together, our results imply that nanocapsule formulations containing indomethacin might be considered as promising alternative therapeutic for gliomas, cerebral ischemia and chronic inflammation treatment.

Every year more than fourteen-thousand adults in the United States are diagnosed with glioma, the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Gliomas arise from glue like glial cells and present with a range of grade and prognosis. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV glioma, is the most common glioma subtype and carries dismal prognosis with fewer than one half of patients surviving one year after diagnosis. The standard treatment for GBM is resection followed by a cocktail of chemo and radiation therapy. Unfortunately, complete surgical resection is impossible for GBM, and intra-tumor heterogeneity, a GBM hallmark, negatively impacts chemo and radiation therapy efficacy. This thesis contains six chapters that evaluate advanced imaging and statistical methods that may be used to improve glioma management. Chapter one presents background information to establish the relationship of four subsequent studies with ranging topics on advanced imaging techniques, biopsy sampling, and radiomic analysis. In chapter two, a case report is presented that demonstrates the importance of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion sequences. In this case, a patient with a benign cerebral lesion presents with receptive aphasia and of the imaging data acquired, only ASL showed decrease cerebral aphasia. Chapter three describes the impact biopsy selection has on correlation between prognostic and histologic features in 35 patients with GBM. Multiple biopsy selection methods were compared, resulting in a wide range in correlation significance. Chapter four presents different voxel-wise radiomic models in adult glioma patients. From one voxel-wise radiomic model, predicted disease compositions (PDC) were computed in 17 glioma patients and were able to significantly (α = 0.05) predict overall survival, tumor grade, and endothelial proliferation. Chapter five describes the feasibility and hardware constraints of simultaneous PET/MR imaging protocols. A dynamic infusion of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was administered with simultaneous MR imaging including echo planar imaging (EPI) based sequences used for functional MRI (fMRI). Heat from the EPI sequences deposited in the PET detector hardware and resulted in significant hardware failure. Finally, chapter six provides outlook and application to glioma clinical management considering the methods and findings presented in each study.<br>

Low-grade diffuse astrocytomas have an intrinsic tendency for malignant progression but the factors determining the kinetics of this process are still poorly understood. We report here the case of a male patient who developed a fibrillary astrocytoma at the age of 33 years and who underwent six surgical interventions over a period of 17 years without radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The first three biopsies spanned a period of 11 years and led to the diagnosis of low-grade, diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II), with a growth fraction (MIB-1 labeling index) of 2.3-3.7%. The fourth to sixth biopsies showed histological features of anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III), with growth fractions between 5.0 and 10.5%. The fraction of gemistocytic neoplastic astrocytes also increased, from 0.3% in the first biopsy to 17.5% in the last biopsy and preceded the increase in proliferative activity and transition to anaplastic astrocytoma. The fraction of tumor cells immunoreactive to BCL-2 increased from 0.3% to 8.2%. A p53 mutation in codon 273 (CGT→TGT, Arg→Cys) was identified in the first biopsy and persisted throughout the course of the disease. However, the fraction of cells with p53 protein accumulation increased significantly during progression, from 3.2% in the first biopsy to 13.7% in the last. The absence of additional genetic alterations (PTEN mutations, loss of chromosome 10 and 19q) may be responsible for the slow progression and lack of glioblastoma features even after a 17-year disease duration.

No description available.

No description available.

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) administered on a low dose, intermittent (metronomic) schedule has numerous defined mechanisms of immunomodulation. Certain immunotherapies also elicit anti-cancer responses through activation of host immune responses; however, combination with chemotherapy is often required for such responses. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to determine the best combination strategies that retain the benefits of chemotherapy without precluding the effectiveness of immunotherapy. This research characterized the anti-tumor efficacy of CPA chemotherapy combined with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunotherapy (CpG-1826) in a mouse model of glioma and used a high throughput sequencing approach to identify potential mechanisms of synergy. CpG-1826 treatment delayed growth and increased tumor-infiltrating immune cells in GL261 gliomas implanted in immunocompetent mice. Although anti-tumor responses varied between individual animals, both high and low CpG-1826-responsive mice showed increased anti-tumor responses when CpG-1826 was combined with CPA treatment; further, improved responses were observed with combination treatment in non-immunogenic B16F10 melanoma tumors. When CpG-1826 was combined with CPA, tumor-associated macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, and cytotoxic T cells were increased and long-term GL261 glioma regression with immune memory was achieved. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunotherapy can thus be effectively combined with CPA treatment to enhance immune-based anti-tumor responses, even in poorly immunogenic cancer models. While gene expression studies have demonstrated an important link between immune infiltration and disease outcome in glioma, many different cell types are present in the tumor microenvironment, and the contributions of each cell type to composite tumor gene expression are largely uncharacterized. We used RNA-sequencing to analyze gene expression from total tumor tissue and isolated populations of CD45+ (total immune cells), F4/80+ (macrophages), and CD45- (tumor cells) cells from combination chemoimmunotherapy treated mice. Pathway analysis revealed that monotherapy or combination therapy with CPA and CpG-1826 enhanced immune processes in each cell population. Further, a number of pathways that may contribute to the efficacy of combination treatment were identified, including cell cycle progression, cell death, extracellular matrix remodeling and immune cell chemotaxis. Overall, the research presented in this thesis characterizes an effective combination of metronomic CPA and CpG-1826 immunotherapy and identifies key mechanisms of efficacy, providing novel insights into effective combination chemoimmunotherapy treatments. / 2021-11-05T00:00:00Z

<p>Brain tumors are an incredibly diverse group of neoplasms, as evidenced by their varied locations in the brain, histological characteristics, and genetic alterations. Brain tumor heterogeneity can be potentially explained by distinct oncogenic events or cells-of-origin, or by region-specific intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Brainstem Glioma (BSG) is a particularly deadly brain tumor, afflicting 200-300 children in the United States each year. High-grade BSG (also known as Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma, DIPG) cannot be surgically removed, and the standard treatment of radiation therapy provides only temporary relief from symptoms. The past 5 years has witnessed a dramatic increase in knowledge regarding the biological basis of this disease along with the realization that BSG is distinct from other more common types of glioma, such as cerebral cortex glioma (CG). It was the goal of this study to investigate the regional differences in gliomas arising in the brainstem versus the cerebral cortex, using mice as a model system, and to begin to understand the contributions of the various possible sources of heterogeneity.</p><p> </p><p>In doing so, we have uncovered region-specific gene expression patterns in these two types of pediatric gliomas that are apparent even when the initiating genetic alterations and cell-of-origin are kept constant. Focusing on the <italic>paired box 3</italic> (Pax3) gene, which is expressed at higher levels in BSG than CG, we have found that Pax3 expression not only characterizes mouse BSGs driven by PDGF signaling, Ink4aARF-loss, p53-loss, and H3.3-K27M expression, but also identifies a novel subset of human BSGs that are associated with <italic>PDGFRA</italic> alterations and wild type <italic>ACVR1</italic> and that commonly harbor <italic>TP53</italic> alterations and the H3.3-K27M mutation. </p><p>As Pax3 plays a pro-tumorigenic role in other types of cancer, we hypothesized that Pax3 expression contributes to the brainstem gliomagenesis process as well. By utilizing mouse models, we found that Pax3 inhibits apoptosis and promotes proliferation of Nestin-expressing brainstem progenitor cells <italic>in vitro</italic> and enhances PDGF-B-driven BSG <italic>in vivo</italic>. Furthermore, we speculate that Pax3 expression may be a marker for Wnt pathway activation in BSG, which is targetable via pharmacologic agents. Indeed, a subset of Wnt inhibitors tested effectively slowed the growth of BSG cells <italic>in vitro</italic>, however cross talk with the Shh pathway might indicate that dual Wnt and Shh inhibition is necessary.</p><p>In addition, the regional expression pattern of Pax3 in gliomas correlates with its expression in normal murine brain development, leading us to hypothesize that Pax3 progenitor cells in the neonatal brainstem can serve as a cell-of-origin for BSG. We discovered that targeting Pax3 progenitors with PDGF-B overexpression and Ink4aARF- or p53-loss induces high-grade BSG that physiologically resemble the human disease. This novel and distinct model of BSG may be utilized in the future for preclinical studies.</p><p>The identification of Pax3 as a regional marker of mouse and human BSG has led to the discovery of a novel subset of the human disease, the identification of a novel oncogene contributing to pathogenesis, and the characterization of a novel cell-of-origin with the potential to give rise to the disease. This information contributes significantly to the current understanding of the mechanisms and cellular origins of BSG, and will hopefully instruct future investigations into how to better treat this disease.</p> / Dissertation

O glioblastoma multiforme, tumor de alta malignidade é conhecido por ser um câncer de difícil cura devido sua resistência ao tratamento de quimioterapia. Neste contexto sabe-se a existência de um gene responsável pelo fenótipo de resistência (MDR) e produção de proteínas associadas à resistência a uma grande variedade de drogas (MRPs). As proteínas de resistência a múltiplas drogas funcionam como bombas de efluxo, capazes de retirar das células compostos citotóxicos, deixando o tratamento quimioterápico sem o efeito esperado. Atualmente a suposta relação entre as ciclooxigenases e as proteínas de resistência a múltiplas drogas tem sido estudada em alguns tipos de câncer e na maioria deles observa-se uma relação positiva no sentido da COX poder participar da super-expressão de proteínas de resistência, fazendo com que as células fiquem ainda mais resistentes ao tratamento. O objetivo do projeto é analisar o possível efeito das COX 1 e 2 na expressão e atividade de MDRs e MRPs. / Glioblastoma multiforme, a highly malignant tumor is difficult to cure because of its resistance to chemotherapy treatment. A well-established cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) involves the increased expression of members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, many of which transport chemotherapeutic compounds from cells. Multidrug resistance proteins can act as efflux pumps allowing. The cells to remove cytotoxic compounds and often leaving the chemotherapy treatment without the expected effect. The possible relationship between cyclooxygenase and MDRPs has been studied in several cancers and in most there is a positive relationship. The role of cyclooxygenases (COX) has been extensively studied, especially COX-2, which is expressed in many human cancers. Recently studies have been performed to identify whether the presence of COXs has some involvement with the expression of MDRPs. A positive correlation between COXs and MDRPs has been identified in certain cancers. To analyze the possible relationship between COX 1 and 2 and the expression and activity of MDRs and MRPs in gliomas. The following family members of ABC transporters were studied: MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4 e MRP5. Our analysis show e da constitutive expression of Cox-2 in U138MG and U251 cells, as well as the expression of all the MDRPs studied (MDR1 and MRPs1-6). However, in the U138MG cell line where COX-1 was not is expressed there was a large decrease in the expression of MDR1 in comparison with the COX 1 positive U251 cell line.