Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pavezzi_fc_me_sjrp.pdf: 562701 bytes, checksum: ad3004ebc0e9ea82a7805aa4a75d67b8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A glucoamilase é uma enzima importante na produção enzimática de xarope de glicose a partir do amido. Neste processo o amido é primeiramente dextrinizado pela ação da a-amilase a aproximadamente 100°C. Em seguida, a suspensão de dextrinas é resfriada a uma temperatura próxima de 55°C para a sacarificação, pela ação da glucoamilase. A característica de alta termoestabilidade para essa enzima é fundamental para agilizar o processo e reduzir custos operacionais. O presente estudo visou à obtenção, caracterização físico-química, bem como a cinética de termoinativação das glucoamilases mutantes de Aspergillus awamori expressa em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O gene da glucoamilase sofreu alterações através da técnica de PCR mutagênico, e os clones expressando glucoamilases mais termoestáveis foram selecionados e avaliados. A glucoamilase selvagem apresentou temperatura ótima de atividade a 58°C, as enzimas mutantes apresentaram atividades ótimas a 68°C para a linhagem M1, e 65°C para a linhagem M2. As glucoamilases mutantes M1 e M2 também apresentaram maior termoestabilidade que a enzima selvagem. As temperaturas de desnaturação térmicas na ausência de substrato por 1 hora foram 45, 50 e 55°C para as enzimas, selvagem, M1 e M2, respectivamente. Todas as enzimas apresentaram atividade ótima no pH 3,5 - 4,0, sendo que os mutantes M1 e M2 também exibiram maior estabilidade à variação de pH, retendo acima de 80% da atividade na faixa de pH 5,5 a 10,0. A meia vida (t1/2) a 70°C foi de 8,1 minutos para a glucoamilase mutante M2, 3,8 minutos para o mutante M1 e 3 minutos para a glucoamilase selvagem. A termoinativação das enzimas seguiram uma cinética de primeira ordem. A energia de desnaturação foi de 262,8 e 252,9 KJ mol-1 para os mutantes M2 e M1 respectivamente, e de 234,3 KJ mol-1 para... / Glucoamylase is an important enzyme for the production of glucose syrup made from starch. In this process, starch is initially dextrinized by the action of a a-amylase at approximately 100ºC. Secondly, the dextrins suspension is cooled down to a temperature near 55ºC for the saccharification, by the action of an glucoamylase. High thermostability is a fundamental characteristic for this enzyme to accelerate the process and to reduce operational costs. This work had the purpose of studying physicochemical characteristics as well as thermoinactivation kinetics of mutants glucoamylases of Aspergillus awamori expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucoamylases gene was modified through mutagenic PCR technique and the clones which produced more thermostable glucoamylases were selected and evaluated. The wild glucoamilase exhibited optimum temperature at 58ºC, the mutants from strain M1 and M2 acted optimally at 68ºC and 65ºC, respectively. The mutants M1 and M2 also exhibited higher thermostability when compared to the wild enzyme. Thermic denaturation temperatures in the absence of substrate for 1 hour were 45, 50 and 55ºC for the wild, M1 and M2 enzymes, respectively. All enzymes showed optimum activity at pH 3.5 4.0, and the mutants M1 and M2 also exhibited higher stability towards pH variation, maintaining 80% of activity in pH from 5.5 to 10.0. Half life (t1/2) at 70ºC was 8.1 minutes for mutant M2, 3.8 minutes for mutant M1 and 3 minutes for wild glucoamylase. The enzymes thermoinactivation followed a first order kinetics. Denaturation energy was 262.8 and 252.9 KJ mol-1 for mutants M2 and M1 respectively, and 234.3 KJ mol-1 for the wild enzyme. Thermodynamic parameter of thermoinactivation, .G was lower for wild glucoamylase showing a higher denaturation for the enzyme. All enzymes revealed similar activity profile on different substrates, of which corn starch was the best substrate for hydrolysis for all glucoamylases tested.

O Brasil apresenta cerca de 10 a 17,6% da biodiversidade mundial e apenas uma fração dela é conhecida. Os fungos filamentosos são bons produtores de enzimas e despertam um grande interesse biotecnológico. O amido é o principal carboidrato de reserva das plantas. Dentre as enzimas amilolíticas estão as glucoamilases, que catalisam a hidrólise das ligações -1,4 e -1,6 das extremidades da cadeia do amido liberando glucose. Neste trabalho foram isolados 25 fungos filamentosos de amostras de materiais em decomposição da Mata Atlântica. Dos micro-organismos com alta atividade amilolítica foram selecionados e identificados Aspergillus brasiliensis e Rhizopus oryzae. Foi realizada a otimização do cultivo e caracterização das amilases do extrato bruto de ambos os fungos. Após a obtenção destes dados foi selecionado A. brasiliensis, pois, sua amilase é mais termoestável e ainda não reportada na literatura. Após purificação a enzima foi identificada como glucoamilase, a qual é monomérica com 69 kDa e contém aproximadamente 21% de carboidratos. Apresenta um domínio de ligação ao amido na porção terminal e estrutura secundária rica em -hélice. Sua atividade ótima ocorre em pH 4,5 a 60°C, seu pI é de 3,21, pode ser ativada com a adição de Mn2+, e é inibida por glucose em concentrações maiores que 0,1 M. A glucoamilase apresenta excelente estabilidade ao pH e boa estabilidade a temperatura (a 50°C mantém 67% de atividade após 7 horas; a 55°C a meia vida é de 147 minutos). Com amido de batata a enzima apresentou as seguintes constantes cinéticas (km 2,21 mg/mL; Vmáx 155 U/mg; kcat 179 s-1; kcat/km 81,06). A glucoamilase foi imobilizada em DEAE-PEG com ativação de 12 vezes e possibilidade de reuso de 10 vezes com perda de apenas 31% de atividade. O derivado demostrou maior facilidade para hidrolisar a amilopectina do que à amilose. Também foi realizada uma análise de neighbor joining, que agrupou a glucoamilase de A. brasiliensis próxima às glucoamilases de espécies de Aspergillus, que são consideradas as mais derivadas. / Brazil holds about 10-17.6% of the world\'s biodiversity and just a percentage of it is known. Filamentous fungi are enzyme producers that have great biotechnological application. Starch is the main reserve carbohydrate in plants. Among the amylolytic enzymes there are the glucoamylases, that catalyze the hydrolysis of -1,4 and -1,6 linkages of the end of starch chains, and releases glucose. In this research 25 filamentous fungi from Atlantic forest decaying material samples were isolated. Among microorganisms with high amylolytic activity Aspergillus brasiliensis and Rhizoupus oryzae were selected and identified. The cultivation parameters were optimized and the enzymes of crude extract were characterized. Considering the previous data Aspergillus brasiliensis was selected because its amylases are more thermostable and it has not been described in the literature yet. After purification the enzyme was identified as a glucoamylase, which is monomeric with 69 kDa and about 21% of carbohydrates in its composition. The enzyme has a starch binding domain in the terminal position and its secondary structure is rich in -helix. The optimum pH for glucoamylase activity is 4.5, the temperature is 60ºC and its pI is 3.21. The enzyme can be activated by the addition of Mn+2, and inhibited in concentrations above 0,1M glucose. The glucoamylase has an excellent pH stability and a good temperature stability (at 50ºC 67% of the activity was retained after 7 hours; at 55°C its half-life was 147 minutes). The best kinetic values were obtained with potato starch (km 2.21 mg/mL; Vmax 155 U/mg; kcat 179 s-1; kcat/km 81,06). The glucoamylase was immobilized on DEAE-PEG, with an activation of 12 times and enzyme reuse 10 times with just 31% loss of its activity. The immobilized enzyme has a greater activity on amylopectin than amylose. A neighbor joining analysis with glucoamylases from filamentous fungi species was made and Aspergillus brasiliensis glucoamylase was grouped close to the glucoamylases of Aspergillus species, which are considered the most derivative.

O gênero Aspergillus tem se destacado na produção de enzimas de aplicação industrial, destacando-se dentre estas, as amilases, capazes de hidrolisar as ligações -glicosídicas do amido. As amilases são usadas nos processos industriais para a produção de etanol, glicose e xarope de frutose, além da indústria têxtil, de papéis e detergentes. Neste contexto, este trabalho visou a prospecção de fungos filamentosos para a produção de amilase e a padronização das condições de cultura do Aspergillus japonicus. A otimização das condições de reação da amilase produzida pelo fungo, a purificação, caracterização e teste de diferentes concentrações de íons na atividade enzima pura, a determinação do conteúdo de carboidratos, das constantes cinéticas e análise dos aminoácidos que compõem a glucoamilase purificada e a aplicação da amilase bruta produzida pelo fungo A. japonicus no processo de branqueamento do papel reciclado. Os resultados do screening de fungos filamentosos bons produtores de enzimas amilolíticas evidenciaram dois fungos com alta produção de amilase, os quais foram identificados como Aspergillus parasiticus e Aspergillus japonicus. Os estudos prosseguiram com o A. japonicus como fungo selecionado. Este fungo mostrou melhor produção enzimática no meio de cultura KHANNA e máxima produção amilolítica após 4 dias de crescimento em condições estáticas obtendo uma atividade de 44.65 (± 0.49) U/mL. O pH ideal do meio de cultivo foi de 5,5 e a temperatura ótima de 25°C. As melhores fontes de carbono para a produção enzimática foram o amido de batata e a maltose, respectivamente, e o melhor resíduo de alimento foi a casca e bagaço de laranja. Após a caracterização das condições de cultivo do fungo, vieram as caracterizações dos parâmetros físico-químicos da amilase. A temperatura e pH ótimo de ensaio enzimático foram padronizados sendo, respectivamente, 50C e 5,5. A amilase manteve a sua atividade em torno de 90% de 30º a 50ºC após uma hora de incubação, aproximadamente 95% de sua atividade nos pH de 4,0 a 6,0 e 50% nos pH de 6,5 à 9,0 após uma hora de incubação. Os produtos da hidrólise da amilase mostraram a formação apenas de glicose, na cromatografia de placa delgada de silica, podendo-se supor que esta enzima trata-se de uma glucoamilase, o que foi comprovado por experimentos subsequentes. A enzima bruta foi submetida a eluição em DEAE-cellulose e uma glucoamilase com massa molecular de 72 kDa foi purificada conforme determinado por SDS-PAGE. A temperatura ótima desta glucoamilase purificada foi de 65°C e o pH foi de 5.0. A enzima também demonstrou alta estabilidade a diferentes temperaturas e pH, assim como, uma grande quantidade de produtos gerados quando usada a amilopectina como substrato de reação. A glucoamilase mostrou uma alta ativação na presença de 10 mM de MnCl2, KCl, Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O, and 2-mercaptoetanol e um valor de Km de 0,59 mg/mL, Vmáx de 308,01 U/mg e Kcat de 369,58 (s-1). A quantidade de carboidratos que compõem a estrutura da enzima bruta e purificada foram quantificados sendo de 15% e 5,5%, respectivamente. A enzima pura teve seus aminoácidos identificados por análise comparativa com outros gêneros e espécies de fungos produtores de glucoamilase, a enzima também apresentou identidade com o domínio de ligação ao amido existente no fungo Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181. Quando a glucoamilase bruta foi aplicada no processo de biobranqueamento do papel reciclado impresso por tinta ao jato, a enzima apresentou uma média de 23,34% de aumento da alvura relativa quando comparada ao controle, já na polpa de papel de revista a enzima levou a uma média de 23,89% de aumento na alvura relativa. Os resultados apresentados abrem a possibilidade da utilização destas enzimas no biobranqueamento de polpa de celulose, para a produção e reciclagem de papel pelas indústrias. / The genus Aspergillus has been highlighted in the production of enzymes for industrial application, standing out among these, amylases, capable of hydrolyzing the ?-glycosidic linkages of starch. Amylases are used in industrial processes for the production of ethanol, glucose and fructose syrup, in addition to textiles, detergents and paper. In this context, this work aimed the prospecting of filamentous fungi to produce amylase and the standardization of Aspergillus japonicus culture conditions. The optimization of reaction conditions for amylase produced by the fungus, purification, characterization and testing different concentrations of ions in pure enzyme activity, determining the carbohydrate content, the kinetic constants, analysis of the amino acids that comprise the purified glucoamylase and the application of crude amylase in the bleaching process of the recycled paper. The results of the screening of filamentous fungi that produced good levels of amylolytic enzymes showed two fungi with high production of amylase, which were identified as Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus japonicus. The studies continued with A. japonicus as selected fungus. This strain showed the best enzyme production in the culture medium Khanna and maximum amilolytic production after 4 days of growth under static conditions obtaining an activity of 44.65 (± 0:49) U/ml. The optimum pH of the medium was 5.5 and the optimum temperature of 25°C. The best carbon sources for the enzyme production were potato starch and maltose, respectively, and the best food residue was orange peel and bagasse. After the characterization of fungal culture conditions, came the characterization of physical and chemical parameters of amylase. The temperature and optimum pH of enzyme assay were standardized being, respectively, 5.5 and 50°C. Amylase retained its activity around 90% at 30 to 50°C after one hour of incubation, approximately 95% of its activity in the pH range of 4.0 to 6.0 and 50% in pH range of 6.5 to 9.0 after an hour of incubation. Amylase hydrolysis products showed only the formation of glucose, in thin layer chromatography on silica, and it can be assumed that it is a glucoamylase, which was confirmed by subsequent experiments. The crude enzyme was subjected to elution through DEAE-cellulose and a glucoamylase showing a molecular weight of 72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE was purified. The optimum temperature of this purified glucoamylase was 65°C and the pH was 5.0. The enzyme also showed high stability at different temperatures and pH, as well as a large amount of products generated when used as a reaction substrate the amylopectin. Glucoamylase showed a high activation in the presence of 10 mM de MnCl2, KCl, Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O, and 2-mercaptoethanol and a Km value of 0.59 mg/mL, Vmax of 308.01 U/mg and Kcat of 369.58 (s-1). The amount of carbohydrates that compose the structure of crude and purified enzyme were measured at 15% and 5.5%, respectively. The pure enzyme had its amino acids identified by comparison with other genera and species of fungi producers of glucoamylase, the enzyme also showed identity with the existing starch binding domain in Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181 fungus. When the crude glucoamylase was applied in biobleaching process of the recycled paper printed by the ink jet, the enzyme showed an average of 23.34% increase in relative brightness as compared to control, in the journal paper pulp has led to the enzyme an average of 23.89% increase in the relative brightness. The results presented here open the possibility of using these enzymes in pulp biobleaching pulp for the production and recycling of paper by industry.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第12763号 / 論農博第2786号 / 新制||農||1016(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4786(農学部図書室) / 30615 / (主査)教授 平竹 潤, 教授 植田 充美, 教授 小川 順 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Resumo: A glucoamilase é uma enzima hidrolítica que catalisa a liberação sucessiva de β-D-glicose a partir do amido e oligossacarídeos relacionados. Neste trabalho foram estudadas as glucoamilases de Aspergillus awamori expressas em levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Foram utilizadas duas linhagens alteradas denominadas M1 e M2, e uma linhagem selvagem (WT), utilizada como parâmetros na comparação dos resultados. As enzimas foram produzidas em fermentação submersa, e amidos de diferentes origens vegetais foram utilizados como uma fonte extra de carbono na produção das enzimas. O melhor substrato para a produção da glucoamilase selvagem e da mutante M2 foi o amido de batata com 8,2 e 6,6 U/mL, respectivamente. Para a linhagem M1 foi o amido de mandioca com atividade enzimática de 5,9 U/mL. O amido de milho mostrou ser um substrato menos indicado para a produção destas enzimas. Para a purificação foi preparada uma coluna de afinidade com resina sepharoseTM 6B epóxi ativada ligada a acarbose, onde diferentes concentrações do ligante foram avaliadas. A coluna apresentou boa eficiência no processo de purificação conforme análise por eletroforese SDS-PAGE, com massas moleculares estimada em 100 kDa. A temperatura ótima de atividade das enzimas M1 e M2 foi 65 °C, enquanto que a selvagem teve sua atividade máxima em 60 °C. O pH ótimo de atuação das enzimas foi 4,5. As glucoamilases mutantes apresentaram maior termoestabilidade que a glucoamilase selvagem durante o processo de termoinativação, destacando principalmente a glucoamilase M2. A meia vida a 70 °C foi de 8,1 minutos para a enzima mutante M2, 4,1 minutos para a M1 e 3,0 minutos para a enzima selvagem. A energia de ativação para a desnaturação (Ead) foi de 252,9 e 262,8 KJ mol-1 para as enzimas M1 e M2 respectivamente, e de 234,3 KJ mol-1 para a selvagem. A maior energia dos mutantes indica maior resistência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Glucoamylase is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the consecutive liberation of β-D-glucose from starch and related oligosaccharides. In this work glucoamylases from Aspergillus awamori expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. Two mutant strains, denominated M1 and M2, were used and one wild strain (WS) was used as parameter to compare the results. The enzymes were produced in submerged fermentation and starches from different botanical origins were used as extra carbon source for enzyme production. The best substrate for the production of wild glucoamylase and of mutant M2 was potato starch with 8.2 and 6.6 U/mL, respectively. For strain M1 the best substrate was cassava starch with enzymatic activity of 5.9 U/mL. Corn starch revealed to be a less indicated starch for the production of these enzymes. For purification, an affinity column was prepared with activated SepharoseTM 6B epoxy linked to acarbose, and different concentrations of ligand were evaluated. The column exhibited good efficiency during the purification process according to SDS-PAGE analysis, with molecular masses estimated in 100 kDa. Optimum temperature for activities of M1 and M2 enzymes was 65°C, while the wild one exhibited maximum activity at 60°C. Optimum pH for enzyme action was 4.5. Mutant glucoamylases presented higher thermostability than wild glucoamylase during the thermoinactivation process, with M2 standing out. Half life at 70°C was of 8.1 minutes for mutant enzyme M2, 4.1 minutes for M1 and 3.0 minutes for wild enzyme. Activation energy for denaturation (Ead) was 252.9 and 262.8 KJ mol-1 for enzymes M1 and M2 respectively, and 234.3 KJ mol-1 for the wild one. The higher energy of the mutants indicates higher resistance of the protein structure, since more energy is required for the molecule to enter a transition and unfolding state. Thermodynamic parameter ΔG was higher... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Roberto da Silva / Coorientador: Heloiza Ferreira Alves-Prado / Banca: Maria de Lourdes T. de M. Polizeli / Banca: Fernando Araripe Gonçalves Torres / Banca: Henrique Ferreira / Banca: Eleonora Cano Carmona / Doutor

<p>Bioethanol is a fuel of tomorrow, and progress in the use of enzymes and reduction of non-fermentable materials by debranning will probably be a part to make it more economical with low environmental impact.</p><p> </p><p>Ethanol production based on debranned wheat was optimized in this study by batch experiments as well as continuous experiments in laboratory scale. Enzymes from Novozymes and Genencor were compared and no significant differences were discovered between the different set of enzymes. The yeast strains Ethanol Red and AmyloFerm were compared with traditional baker’s yeast and baker’s yeast were surprisingly the fastest to ferment, but Ethanol Red had higher viability during fermentation. Protease addition during saccharification does not seem to improve fermentation with baker’s yeast. Prolonged liquefaction and saccharification time does probably not have any large impact on glucose yield. The continuous lab-scale process has a potential to be a realistic model but the stirring has to be improved and the pipe diameter increased.</p>

Human maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) are the small-intestinal glucosidases responsible for catalyzing the last glucose-releasing step in starch digestion. MGAM and SI are each composed of duplicated catalytic domains, N- and C-terminal, which display complementary substrate specificities for the mixture of short linear and branch oligosaccharide substrates that typically make up terminal starch digestion products. As MGAM and SI are involved in post-prandial glucose production, regulating their activities with α-glucosidase inhibitors is an attractive approach to controlling blood glucose levels for the prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes. To better understand the complementary activities and mechanism of inhibition of these intestinal glucosidases, this thesis aims to characterize the individual N- and C-terminal MGAM and SI domains using a combination of X-ray crystallographic structural studies, enzyme kinetics, and inhibitor studies. First, the structure of the N-terminal domain of MGAM (ntMGAM) was determined in its apo form and in complex with the inhibitor acarbose. In addition to sequence alignments and kinetics studies, the structures provide insight into the preference of the N-terminal MGAM domain for short linear substrates and the C-terminal domain for longer substrates. Second, the structure of ntMGAM was determined in complex with various α-glucosidase inhibitors, including those currently on the market (acarbose and miglitol), a new class of inhibitors from natural extracts of Salacia reticulata (salacinol, kotalanol and de-O-sulfonated kotalanol) and chemically synthesized derivatives of salacinol. These studies reveal the features of the Salacia reticulata inhibitors that are essential for inhibitory activity and highlight their potential as future drug candidates. Third, the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of SI (ntSI) was determined in apo-form and in complex with kotalanol. Structural comparison of ntSI and ntMGAM reveal key differences in active site architectures, which are proposed to confer differential substrate specificity.

Human maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) are the small-intestinal glucosidases responsible for catalyzing the last glucose-releasing step in starch digestion. MGAM and SI are each composed of duplicated catalytic domains, N- and C-terminal, which display complementary substrate specificities for the mixture of short linear and branch oligosaccharide substrates that typically make up terminal starch digestion products. As MGAM and SI are involved in post-prandial glucose production, regulating their activities with α-glucosidase inhibitors is an attractive approach to controlling blood glucose levels for the prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes. To better understand the complementary activities and mechanism of inhibition of these intestinal glucosidases, this thesis aims to characterize the individual N- and C-terminal MGAM and SI domains using a combination of X-ray crystallographic structural studies, enzyme kinetics, and inhibitor studies. First, the structure of the N-terminal domain of MGAM (ntMGAM) was determined in its apo form and in complex with the inhibitor acarbose. In addition to sequence alignments and kinetics studies, the structures provide insight into the preference of the N-terminal MGAM domain for short linear substrates and the C-terminal domain for longer substrates. Second, the structure of ntMGAM was determined in complex with various α-glucosidase inhibitors, including those currently on the market (acarbose and miglitol), a new class of inhibitors from natural extracts of Salacia reticulata (salacinol, kotalanol and de-O-sulfonated kotalanol) and chemically synthesized derivatives of salacinol. These studies reveal the features of the Salacia reticulata inhibitors that are essential for inhibitory activity and highlight their potential as future drug candidates. Third, the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of SI (ntSI) was determined in apo-form and in complex with kotalanol. Structural comparison of ntSI and ntMGAM reveal key differences in active site architectures, which are proposed to confer differential substrate specificity.

Bioethanol is a fuel of tomorrow, and progress in the use of enzymes and reduction of non-fermentable materials by debranning will probably be a part to make it more economical with low environmental impact.   Ethanol production based on debranned wheat was optimized in this study by batch experiments as well as continuous experiments in laboratory scale. Enzymes from Novozymes and Genencor were compared and no significant differences were discovered between the different set of enzymes. The yeast strains Ethanol Red and AmyloFerm were compared with traditional baker’s yeast and baker’s yeast were surprisingly the fastest to ferment, but Ethanol Red had higher viability during fermentation. Protease addition during saccharification does not seem to improve fermentation with baker’s yeast. Prolonged liquefaction and saccharification time does probably not have any large impact on glucose yield. The continuous lab-scale process has a potential to be a realistic model but the stirring has to be improved and the pipe diameter increased.

A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae é o sistema eucariótico com a genética mais conhecida, reconhecido como \"GRAS\", vem sendo proposta como hospedeira para a expressão de genes que codificam produtos de interesse biotecnológico. No Brasil, vários processos industriais empregam linhagens selvagens de S. cerevisiae, incluindo a produção de etanol combustível. A maioria dessas linhagens industriais são mais vigorosas e apresentam crescimento muito mais rápido que as linhagens de laboratório, além de já estarem adaptadas a processos industrias de larga escala. Neste trabalho, foi estabelecido um sistema de transformação genética, que permite a inserção de genes codificadores de proteínas de interesse biotecnológico no genoma de linhagens selvagens haplóides ou de ploidia maior. O sistema de transformação origina de um vetor de clonagem, denominado YlpC, formado por um fragmento do gene CAN1 (permease da L-arginina e do análogo tóxico L-canavanina), contendo um sítio de restrição interno (BstEII), onde se realiza a inserção do cassete de expressão gênica desejado. A digestão do plasmídio resultante, com HindlIlI, causa a liberação do fragmento de DNA linear, composto pelo cassete de expressão flanqueado por seqüências de CAN1. Esse fragmento resultante é destinado à transformação de leveduras. As células recombinantes sofrem interrupção do gene CAN1 selvagem pelo cassete de expressão presente no fragmento de transformação, tornando-as resistentes à Lcanavanina, permitindo assim, a seleção positiva dos clones transformantes. Para análise da eficiência desse sistema a glicoamilase de A. awamori foi utilizada como proteína repórter. O cassete de expressão contendo a sequência sinal e estrutural da glicoamilase de A. awamori sob a regulação do promotor e terminador de transcrição de PGK de S. cerevisiae foi subclonado no vetor YlpC, dando origem ao plasmídio YlpCGC e depois pUCGc. Esses vetores, digeridos com HindlIlI, liberam o fragmento CGC, empregado nas transformações de levedura deste trabalho. Obtivemos sucesso na transformação de linhagens diplóides de laboratório. Análise dos esporos e amplificação de DNA por PCR, demonstrou que o fragmento CGC encontra-se inserido em ambos alelos CAN1 cromossômicos dessas linhagens recombinantes. Das 20 linhagens de levedura industriais, submetidas à transformação com o fragmento CGC, 10 resultaram em clones transformantes, e assim como os clones recombinantes de linhagens de laboratório diplóides, mantêm a informação adicional 100% estáveis. O sistema também se mostrou adequado para a construção de linhagem de levedura diplóide heterozigota CGC+/CGC:, empregada na detecção de substâncias indutoras de recombinação mitótica, que, como é conhecido, são potencialmente carcinogênicas. / The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the eukaryotic system with the most extensively studied genetics, it is generally recognized as safe, and it has broadly been used as a host system for the expression of heterologous genes of biotechnological interest. In Brazil, the vast majority of industrial processes, which include the production of fuel ethanol, utilize wild-type strains because of their higher resistance to adverse conditions, their adaptation to industrial processes in large scale, and because they exhibit higher growth rates than laboratory strains. In the present work, a genetic transformation system was developed for the chromosomal integration of heterologous genes of commercial interest in both haploid and polyploid industrial strains. This system utilizes an integrative shuttle vector, YIpC, which contains a CAN1 gene fragment (L-arginine permease and L-canavanine toxic analogous), bearing an internar restriction site (BstEII), where the gene expression cassette can be inserted. The resultant plasmid is then digested with HindlIII, releasing a linear DNA fragment containing the expression cassette flanked by CAN1 sequences. Following the introduction of the transforming fragment into yeast cells, the wild-type CAN1 gene is interrupted by the expression cassette, thus allowing positive selection of the recombinant clones by their resistance to the toxic properties of L-canavanive. To analyze the efficiency of this system, glucoamylase of Aspergillus awamori was used as reporter. An expression cassette containing the structural and signal sequences of A. awamori glucoamylase, under the control of the S. cerevisiae PGK1 transcriptional promoter and termination sequences, was subcloned in YIpC to obtain the plasmids YIpCGC and pUCGc. Both vectors, when digested with HindlIII, released a fragment (CGC) which was subsequently used for yeast transformation. Spore analysis and DNA PCR amplification indeed confirmed that the CGC fragment was inserted in both CAN1 chromosomal alleles of transformed diploid laboratory strains. Most importantly, 10 out of 20 industrial yeast strains submitted to transformation with the CGC fragment resulted in recombinant clones and, like observed for the diploid laboratory strains, the additional information was 100% stable. In concluding, this system also seems to be suitable for the construction of diploid heterozygote CGC+/CGC yeast strains, which in turn can be used for the detection of inductor substances of mitotic recombination that, as known, are potentially carcinogenic.