A mucilagem de chia é um hidrocolóide e têm sido visto como um ingrediente com potencial para utilização no segmento de alimentos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo extrair e caracterizar a mucilagem da semente de chia para obter mais informações sobre suas propriedades tecnológicas e aplicá-la em biscoito salgado isento de glúten. Para a extração da mucilagem foi aplicado o método de extração aquosa, na concentração de 1:40 semente: água (m/m) durante 90 minutos, posterior filtração simples e secagem por 20 horas a 50ºC. Foram caracterizadas a semente inteira, a mucilagem e a torta resultante do processo de extração. Os resultados obtidos mostram que todos são adequados nutricionalmente para o consumo. A mucilagem apresentou um rendimento médio de 6% e os géis de mucilagem apresentaram valores de firmeza, coesão, elasticidade e gomosidade semelhantes aos da goma xantana, apresentando pouca pigmentação, o que a caracteriza a viabilidade do seu uso como espessante, melhorador de textura e qualidade nutricional em biscoitos isentos de glúten. Foram produzidas três formulações de biscoito, uma padrão (FP), uma adicionada de mucilagem (FM) e outra adicionada de goma xantana (FX), sendo mantido fixos os outros ingredientes na formulação. As analises de composição centesimal dos biscoitos indicaram que não houve diferença significativa entre a FP e a FM. Ao aplicar a mucilagem no biscoito salgado produzido com farinhas isentas de glúten, pode-se perceber que os efeitos obtidos em relação a textura foram em menor escala comparados aos da goma xantana. / Mucilage of chia seeds is a hydrocolloid and has been seen as an ingredient with potential for use in the food segment. The present study has as objective extract and characterize the mucilage from chia seeds in order to obtain more information about its technological properties and apply it on gluten-free biscuit. To extract the mucilage, the aqueous method was applied at the concentration of 1:40 seed: water (m / m) for 90 minutes, afterwards simple filtration and drying for 20 hours at 50 ° C. The results obtained show that all of three are nutritionally adequate for consumption. The mucilage show an average yield of 6% and the mucilage gels showed values of firmness, cohesion, elasticity and gumness similar to those of xanthan gum, showing little pigmentation, which characterizes the viability of its use as a thickener, texture enhancer and Nutritional quality in gluten-free biscuits. Three formulations of biscuit, one standard (FP), one added mucilage (FM) and one added xanthan gum (FX) were produced, the other ingredients being kept fixed in the formulation. The analyzes of the centesimal composition of the biscuits indicated that there was no significant difference between the FP and FM. When the mucilage was applyed in the salty biscuit produced with gluten-free flours, it can be seen that the effects obtained in relation to the texture were in a smaller scale compared to the xanthan gum.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade, o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica da inclusão de derivados do milho: água de maceração (AM), glúten (GM), farelo de glúten (FG), germe (GEM) e dextrina (D) em dietas para tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) e do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). No primeiro, secundo e terceiro experimentos, avaliaram-se a digestibilidade in vivo do AM para a tilápia e para o pacu, e GM, FG, GEM e D somente para o pacu. No quarto e no quinto experimentos, foram avaliados o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica de AM para a tilápia e o pacu. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 126 juvenis de tilápia (peso médio de 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (peso médio de 29,50 g ± 5,13 g) e 108 pacus (peso médio de 77,69g ± 17,65g). Estes peixes foram acondicionados em seis gaiolas submersas em seis aquários de alimentação com capacidade de 100 L de água, e para a coleta de fezes, utilizaram-se três aquários cilíndricos de fundo cônico de 250 L. Para os ensaios de desempenho, foram utilizados 200 alevinos de tilápia (peso médio de 2,81 ± 0,15g) distribuídos em 20 caixas de 130L com densidade de 10 peixes por caixa, e 140 pacus (peso médio de 3,42± 0,30g) distribuídos em aquários de 40L com densidade de sete peixes por aquário. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB) de AM: 94,15% e 84,93%, para tilápia e 97,10% e 98,43%, para pacu, respectivamente. Já para os ingredientes GM, FG, e GEM obtiveram-se os seguintes valores de CDAPB para o pacu: 99,62%, 84,92%, 70,97%, e para CDAEB: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectivamente. Em relação à D, foi determinado apenas o CDAEB de 85,16%. Quanto ao ensaio de desempenho, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, para as duas espécies, exceto para a taxa de eficiência protéica referente à tilápia. A análise de viabilidade econômica demonstrou que as inclusões de 8% de AM em dieta para tilápia nilótica, e 6% em dietas experimentais para o pacu foram os tratamentos que mais reduziram os custos relacionados à formação da dieta em comparação ao controle. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the digestibility, performance and economic viability of corn derivative ingredients inclusions in diets: condensed fermented corn extractive (CE), gluten meal (GM), corn gluten feed 21% (CGF) and dextrin (D) to Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In the first, second and third experiments, were evaluated the digestibility of CE of tilápia and pacu, and others ingredients, just for pacu. In fourth and five experiments, performance assay of CE of tilápia and pacu were evaluated. For the digestibility assays, were used 126 juveniles of tilápia (weight mean 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (weight mean 29,50 g ± 5,13 g), and 108 pacus (weight mean 77,69 g ± 17,65g). The fishes were assigned were assigned to six 100L feeding tanks and three 250 L cylindrical tanks with conical bottom, to feces collection. For the fourth and fifth experiments, were used 200 tilápia fingerlings (weight mean 2,81 ± 0,15g) distributed in twenty 130L tanks and 140 pacu fingerlings (weight mean 3,42± 0,30g) distributed in twenty 40L aquaria. For the CE digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and energy (CE): 94.15% and 84.93%, for tilápia, 97.10% and 98.43%, for pacu, respectively. For the GM, CGF and CG digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of ADCCP: 99,62%, 84,92% 70,97%, and ADCCE values: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectively. In relation to D, were obtained only the ADDCE value: 85,16%. For the performance assays, no significant differences in relation to parameters evaluated were found for both species, except the protein efficiency ratio of tilápia. The evaluation of economic viability demonstrated that inclusions of 8% of AM in diet for Nile tilápia, and 6% in diets for pacu were the treatment that most reduced the cost related to diets elaboration.

Les matériaux agroressourcés à base de gluten de blé présentent des propriétés mécaniques qui ne leurs permettent pas de concurrencer celles des plastiques usuels issus de la pétrochimie. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse visent (i) à améliorer les propriétés d'élongation et de résistance des matériaux gluten pour atteindre celles des polymères courants et (ii) à maîtriser la réactivité du gluten au cours de l'élaboration des matériaux afin de pouvoir utiliser les procédés connus de la plasturgie. L'enjeu scientifique est de comprendre la réactivité du gluten sous l'effet des traitements thermomécaniques et les mécanismes régissant les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux. Les fonctions réactives visées sont les thiols/disulfures qui assurent la réticulation des protéines du gluten. Nous avons testé l'effet de bloqueurs de thiols de type maléimide mono- et bifonctionnels, de nature, de taille et d'hydrophobicité variées. Ces derniers ont éventuellement été bloqués par réaction de Diels-Alder. L'ajout d'additifs de type bismaléimide bloqué par réaction de Diels-Alder permet de différer la réticulation à l'étape de thermoformage et de substituer aux liens covalents habituels des liens thioéthers. L'ajout de cet additif permet de doubler l'élongation à la rupture du matériau gluten mais entraîne la chute de la rigidité. L'effet de l'ajout de molécules bis- et tétrathiols a également été testé. Ces additifs ont permis d'augmenter par plus de 1,5 fois l'élasticité des matériaux gluten. Une analyse multi-échelle (moléculaire par FTIR, macromoléculaire par SEC et macroscopique par test de traction ; le tout complété par une analyse DMTA) de la structure et des propriétés a montré que l'absence de gain en élasticité était due au maintien d'une organisation structurale majoritaire en hélices-α, qui est le propre du gluten natif. La création d'interactions interprotéiques par feuillets-β a été identifiée comme seule responsable du gain d'élasticité des matériaux, la formation d'agrégats protéiques par le biais de liaisons disulfures ou thioéthers ne jouant qu'un rôle secondaire. Un mécanisme réactionnel mettant en avant les conditions qui assurent la participation de toutes les classes de protéines du gluten à la constitution du réseau protéique est discuté. Deux nouvelles voies prometteuses de mélange avec du caoutchouc et copolymérisation par « grafting from » ont été explorées et restent à approfondir. / Wheat gluten can be used to make biomaterials. Nevertheless their mechanical properties are not competitive with commonly used petroleum-based plastics. The purposes of this work aim at (i) improving strain and strength properties of gluten-based materials in order to reach those of common polymers and (ii) controlling gluten reactivity during material process in order to use already well-known processes for manufacturing plastics. The scientific stakes are to understand gluten reactivity during thermo-mechanical treatments and the mechanisms which govern mechanical properties of materials. The reactive functions of gluten are thiols/disulfides which are responsible of gluten proteins crosslinking. The effect of thiol blocker molecules such as mono and bismaleimide of various nature, sizes and hydrophobicity was tested. These molecules were eventually blocked by Diels-Alder reactions. The addition of bismaleimide blocked by Diels-Alder reaction enables to postpone the crosslinking to the thermo-molding step and also to substitute disulfides bonds for thioether bonds. The addition of this additive succeeds in doubling the strain at break of gluten-based material but leads to a decrease of the stiffness. The effect of addition of bis- and tetrathiol molecules was also considered as tests. These additives lead to increase by 1.5 times the elasticity of gluten-based materials. A multi-scale study (molecular scale by FTIR, macromolecular scale by SEC and macroscopic scale by tensile test, all supported by DTMA analysis) of the structure and properties showed that a predominant conformation with α-helices which is the case of native gluten, leads to a decrease of elasticity. The formation of β-sheets interproteic interactions was identified as the only responsible of elasticity increases of the material. The formation of proteic aggregates with disulfide and thioeter bonds only plays a secondary role. A reaction mechanism highlighting the conditions that ensure the participation of all types of gluten proteins in the gluten network upbuilding is discussed. Two new promising ways of rubber melt and copolymerization by “grafting from” technique were explored and need to be further developed.

L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer des matériaux biodégradables (nano-)composites à libération contrôlée de pesticides, afin d'améliorer leur efficacité et limiter leurs impacts sur l'environnement (pertes par lessivage, dégradation etc.). La stratégie a consisté à réaliser par extrusion des matériaux à base de gluten de blé et de nanoparticules d'argile pour moduler la libération d'un herbicide modèle (l'éthofumesate) introduit dans la matrice. Combinée au gluten, l'utilisation d'argiles vise à moduler les propriétés de transfert de matière en jouant 1/sur des phénomènes de sorption (affinité entre pesticide et argiles), et 2/sur des phénomènes de diffusion (structure des composites gluten/argiles). Cette étude a soulevé différentes questions scientifiques : • Identifier les mécanismes impliqués dans les phénomènes de sorption et de désorption de l'éthofumesate sur différentes argiles • Comprendre comment la présence des nanoparticules d'argiles dans une matrice de gluten de blé pouvait induire des changements de propriétés du matériau telles que la sensibilité à l'eau et la vitesse de biodégradation, en lien avec les modifications structurales. • Identifier le déterminisme des modifications des propriétés de transfert de l'éthofumesate dans les « matériaux complets » (gluten-nanoparticules d'argiles-éthofumesate) dans des systèmes modèles et en conditions réelles (sol agricole).C'est grâce à une démarche intégrée, associant des outils d'étude appartenant à des domaines de compétences complémentaires comme la science des matériaux, les matériaux nanocomposites, l'agronomie, la formulation de pesticides et la modélisation des propriétés de transfert, qu'il a été possible de répondre aux différents objectifs scientifiques. Cette étude contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de transfert de composés d'intérêt au sein de matériaux à base d'agropolymères en présence de nanoparticules d'argile. Elle a notamment permis de pondérer l'importance de la structure nanocomposite, par rapport aux phénomènes de sorption, lorsqu'on s'intéresse à la modulation des propriétés de transfert au sein d'un matériau. / The objectives of this study were to develop (nano)composite biodegradable materials for the controlled delivery of pesticides with the aim being to improve their efficiency and limit their negative impacts on the environment (due to leaching, degradation etc.). Our strategy has consisted in using an extrusion process to design materials based on wheat gluten and clay nanoparticules in order to fine tune the release of a model herbicide (ethofumesate) introduced into the matrix. Combined with gluten, the use of nanoclays aims to modulate transfer properties by acting on 1/ sorption phenomenon (driven by pesticide/clay affinity), and 2/diffusion phenomenon (depending on wheat gluten/clay structure). This study has led to different scientific questions : • Identify mechanisms involved in sorption/desorption behaviour of ethofumesate on different clays • Understand how the presence of nanoclays in a wheat gluten matrix was able to induce changes in material properties such as water sensitivity and biodegradation rate, in relation to structural changes • Identify the determinism of these changes in transfer properties in the case of the finished materials containing wheat gluten/nanoclay/ethofumesate, both in model medium and in real conditions (soil)Responding to these different scientific objectives has been possible using an integrated approach, combining tools of complementary skill fields such as material science, nanocomposite materials, agronomy, pesticide formulation and transfer modeling properties This study contributes to a better understanding of transfer properties of interesting compounds in the case of agropolymer based materials containing or filled with nanoclays. This work has notably enabled to balance the importance given at the nancomposite structure contribution in relation to sorption phenomenon in a context where the objective is to modulate material transfer properties.

La investigación presenta una síntesis académica sobre el rol que cumplen los restaurantes y los negocios gastronómicos en satisfacer la demanda de alimentos libres de gluten a nivel mundial. Los alimentos libres de gluten están evolucionando y su llegada al mercado es cada vez más rápida tanto en restaurantes, tiendas naturistas y en muchos de los negocios que se dedican a la producción de alimentos y bebidas. Además, estos alimentos benefician a los celíacos, un nicho de mercado poco explorado, que se caracteriza por tener una estricta dieta libre de gluten por el resto de su vida. Se trata de una investigación basada en la revisión bibliográfica descriptiva y evaluativa. El principal aporte de esta investigación es el de presentar un análisis del uso y consumo de los alimentos aptos para celíacos en la oferta gastronómica a nivel mundial. Se presenta información sobre la variedad de productos que existen aptos para celíacos, así como la variedad de alimentos sin gluten que son ofrecidos en restaurantes, pastelerías y heladerías internacionales. Los principales hallazgos son que los productos, restaurantes y negocios aptos para celíacos a nivel mundial han aumentado, a partir de lo cual debe existir un mayor control y supervisión de todos estos para garantizar una mayor seguridad para los afectados por la enfermedad celíaca. Pese a ello, en Perú aún es poca la oferta de alimentos orientada a este nicho de mercado en comparación con otros países. / The research presents an academic synthesis of the role of restaurants and food businesses in meeting the demand for gluten-free foods worldwide. Gluten-free foods are evolving and reaching the market faster and faster in restaurants, health food stores and in many food and beverage businesses. In addition, these foods benefit coeliac, a little explored niche market, which are typical by having a strict gluten-free diet for the rest of their lives. The main contribution of this research is to present an analysis on the use and consumption of foods suitable for coeliac in the gastronomic offer worldwide. Information presented on the variety of products that exist suitable for coeliac, as well as the variety of gluten-free foods that are presented in restaurants, bakeries and international ice cream shops. A descriptive-evaluative bibliographic review will be apply to this research. The main findings are that products, restaurants and businesses suitable for coeliac worldwide have increased, from which there must be greater control and monitoring of all these to ensure greater safety for those affected by celiac disease. Despite this, in Peru there is still little food supply oriented to this market niche compared to other countries. / Trabajo de investigación

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Barry J. Bradford / The transition from gestation to lactation requires numerous physiological and metabolic adaptations in order for the body to maintain relative homeostasis. For the modern dairy cow, the difficulty to meet these challenges is increased many-fold due to the large demand for energy and metabolites placed on the body by the high producing mammary gland. Milk fever or periparturient hypocalcemia can be defined as a failure of the calcium homeostatic mechanisms to maintain serum calcium around the time of calving. Though clinical cases may only arise in ≈ 5% of transition cows, subclinical rates are much higher. Animals suffering from even subclinical milk fever are much more susceptible to numerous other transition disorders. Preventing milk fever by formulation of the prepartum ration may be accomplished by decreasing the dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) which can be defined as the balance between positively and negatively charged ions in the diet. An experiment was designed to test 2 diets containing t products designed to deliver supplementary anions to the diet versus a control ration with no added anions. Total serum calcium and incidence of postpartum health disorders were not affected by prepartum dietary treatment. Though DCAD was drastically different between the control ration and the 2 anionic diets, the concentration of the strong cation potassium was low across all treatments which presumably prevented hypocalcemia with the onset of lactation. Though our diets contained low concentrations of potassium, many diets used by dairymen contain forages that are high in potassium and thus might benefit from the addition of anions. An experiment of an unrelated nature was conducted to observe the effects of 2 diets containing wet corn gluten feed (46 or 56% of DM) as the primary energy substrate and tallgrass prairie hay (14 or 20% of DM) as the sole source of physically effective fiber versus a control ration containing alfalfa and corn silage. The 20% tallgrass prairie hay diet resulted in milk components and efficiencies similar to those of the control ration, but production and income over feed cost did not match that of the control ration in this situation.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / J.S. Drouillard / A series of experiments were conducted in which wheat gluten film forming solutions were modified by various means to produce films that would improve resistance to ruminal degradation. There was an interaction between pH and temperature, whereby low pH (pH 3) and high temperature (75°C) of film forming solution resulted in films that had highest resistance to microbial degradation. Strategies that proved unsuccessful in improving resistance to ruminal degradation included use of the cross-linking enzyme, transglutaminase; induction of a Maillard reaction; and increasing the time of heating film forming solutions. Utilizing HCl versus acetic acid as the means to lower the pH of the film forming solution resulted in poor film formation, which can be attributed to glutenin‟s solubility in acetic acid. When acetic acid was replaced with 25% HCl, however, no compromise in film formation was observed and ruminal degradability was not affected. In order to develop an economical and effective means of encapsulating lysine for rumen bypass, wheat gluten and corn zein were evaluated as encapsulation materials. Coating soybean meal with either wheat gluten or zein resulted in superior protection against ruminal degradation when compared to unprotected soybean meal. Compared to wheat gluten, zein was observed to have greater resistance to ruminal degradation in vitro. Lysine was encapsulated by the spray dry method with wheat gluten or zein. Results from an in vitro ammonia release experiment were inconclusive with respect to effectiveness of the encapsulation process. Wheat gluten films were approximately 59% degraded in pepsin solution. Our results suggest that 72% of the wheat gluten film will bypass the rumen and 59% of the bypass fraction of the film will be degraded in the abomasum. Wheat gluten and zein are suitable candidates for development of encapsulated nutrients for ruminal protection.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Barry J. Bradford / Increased pressure for land use and greater demand for cereal grains have substantially increased feed costs for dairy producers. This has forced nutritionists to devise novel diet formulation strategies to help keep feed costs in check. As a result, dairymen are incorporating wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) into diets. Numerous studies have reported production responses to dietary inclusion of WCGF, but few have reported ruminal effects. Therefore an experiment was conducted to monitor production, while simultaneously measuring ruminal fermentation and total-tract digestion in 8 Holstein cows fed 0, 12, 24, and 36% WCGF (DM basis). Results from this study were consistent with recently published papers indicating that increasing dietary levels of WCGF linearly increases milk and milk component production. However, results demonstrate that this increase in production is related to an increase in feed intake, not improved digestibility. In addition to escalating grain prices, recent pressure for land and water use has led to a decrease in the availability of alfalfa. A second experiment was conducted to determine if forage fiber provided by alfalfa hay is necessary to maintain production in diets containing 31% WCGF (DM basis). Eighty primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in two 4 × 4 Latin squares to evaluate the effects of feeding alfalfa at 0, 7, 14, and 21% of diet DM. Feeding higher proportions of alfalfa tended to increase ECM yield and decrease BW gain, suggesting that metabolizable energy supply was repartitioned from BW gain to milk production as more alfalfa was included. However, partial budget analysis determined that decreasing alfalfa inclusion rate may improve farm profitability by reducing feed costs and expenses associated with manure handling, despite small losses in productivity. Overall, these research projects suggest that large proportions of WCGF can effectively be fed to dairy cattle without sacrificing milk production, even without the use of alfalfa hay. Therefore, WCGF can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional dietary ingredients.

Cereals contain naturally occurring biopolymers (for example proteins and starches) that can be used as renewable raw materials in a variety of speciality chemical applications. The separation of protein and starch biopolymers from wheat is well established and relies on a group of proteins called glutens that have a unique network-forming functionality. Oat and other cereals do not naturally contain these gluten proteins and typically rely on chemical-based separation techniques which alter the chemical and physical structures and damage the inherent natural functionality of the biopolymers. This research study investigated the separation of the protein and starch fractions from cereals using the Al-Hakkak Process, a new aqueous process. This process involves adding water and wheat gluten protein to cereals that do not contain gluten. The wheat gluten interacts with the cereal proteins, facilitating the separation of the starch and protein fractions whilst retaining their inherent natural functionality. The aim of this research project was to investigate and optimise the pilot scale separation performance of the Al-Hakkak Process using oat flour. As very little prior research had been carried out, the focus was to characterise the oat starch and protein separation performance and gain an understanding of the mechanisms involved. A variety of techniques were employed. Large scale deformation rheology was used to gain an understanding of the oat-gluten dough rheology and establish the relationship between the rheology and the separation performance. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to investigate the structure of the oat-gluten protein network. The molecular interactions between the oat and gluten proteins were studied using gel electrophoresis. The network-forming functionality of the new oat-gluten protein was explored. The influence of various processing parameters on the pilot scale separation performance was investigated and the results compared with other data collected through the study to identify key processing parameters. This research programme has resulted in interesting, encouraging and some unexpected outcomes and these are discussed in detail in the thesis. It was concluded that an insoluble protein network formed in the oat-gluten dough and both kneading and extraction processes were found to contribute to the formation of this. A key conclusion was that the changes that took place in the oat-gluten dough were similar to, but not identical to, the changes that occur in wheat dough. It was proposed that the mechanism for the development of a protein network in oat-gluten dough differed from wheat dough for two main reasons: a) the presence of the oat flour disrupted the normal wheat gluten behaviour, and b) components in the oat flour altered the activity of the gluten proteins. The research identified key processing parameters for the Al-Hakkak Process including kneading time, gluten content, and sodium chloride content of the oat-gluten dough as well as sodium chloride concentration, pH, and temperature of the extract liquor. An important discovery was that the oat and gluten proteins interacted at a molecular level through reducible, covalent, bonding (most likely disulphide linkages) to form the insoluble protein network in the oat-gluten dough. It was concluded that these reducible bonds coupled the individual protein subunits to form new hybrid oat-gluten protein molecules (a combination of oat proteins and gluten proteins). Both insoluble and soluble proteins in the oat and gluten flour were involved in the formation of the insoluble protein network in the oat-gluten dough. This outcome has applications beyond the Al-Hakkak Process, as this new knowledge can be applied to the wider dough processing industry. It was concluded that the wheat gluten was the source of the protein network-forming functionality of the hybrid oat-gluten protein and that the oat proteins had a diluting effect. It was proposed that oat-gluten protein flour from the Al-Hakkak Process could be reused to replace the commercial wheat gluten flour in subsequent production batches. During spray drying of the starch stream, the soluble biopolymers in the extract liquor were found to act as an adhesive and glued individual starch granules together to form spherical agglomerates. Acidification of the extract liquor was found to enhance this agglomeration. It was proposed the acidified starch granules were sticker during spray drying due to the partial acid hydrolysis of the starch granule suface which enhanced the agglomeration.

2007 metais ūkininkų E. Guževičiaus (Alytaus r.) ir V. Svoto (Vilkaviškio r.) ūkiuose atlikti gamybiniai lauko bandymai. Vilaviškio rajono dirvožemiai yra vidutiniškai humusingi ir humusingi, turintys didelį magnio ir mažą mineralinio azoto kiekį. Judriojo fosforo ir kalio čia esti vidutiniškai. Šie dirvožemiai priskiriami prie išplautžemių. Alytaus rajone vyrauja lengvo priemolio karbonatingi išplautžemiai ir karbonatingi giliau glėjiški rudžemiai, kuriuose gausu magnio, kiek mažiau kalio, vidutiniškai – humuso ir mineralinio azoto. Tyrimams pasirinkti skirtingų rajonų ūkiai su skirtingomis dirvožemio ir agroklimatinėmis sąlygomis, siekiant įvertinti skystųjų azoto trąšų su aminorūgštimis įtaką žieminių kviečių ir vasarinių miežių derliui ir derliaus kokybei. Nustatyta, kad skystosios amidinio azoto trąšos su aminorūgštimis nežymiai didino žieminių kviečių produktyvumo elementus, tačiau skirtingų koncentracijų poveikis buvo kitoks. Karbonatiniame išplautžemyje gausiausias grūdų derlius gautas miežius patręšus trąšomis su 1,5% aminorūgščių. Kituose laukeliuose gauti derliaus pokyčiai buvo neesminiai. Aminorūgštys įtakojo žaliųjų proteinų kaupimąsi grūduose. Nustatyta, kad skystosios amidinio azoto trąšos su aminorūgštimis didino žieminių kviečių grūduose baltymų kiekį, sedimentacijos ir šlapiojo gilitimo vertes. / In 2007, farm production field trials were carried out in the E. Guževičius (Alytus region) and V. Svotas (Vilkaviškis region) farms. In Vilkaviškis region the soils are average humous and humous, with high level of magnesium and low level of mineral nitrogen. The mobile phosphorus and potassium is found in the average quantities there. These soils belong to scour soil. In Alytus region light loam carbonative scour soil and carbonative deeper slimy brown soils predominate. These brown soils are rich in magnesium, potassium to a lesser extent, on average - humus, and mineral nitrogen. The farms from different regions not only with different soils, but even with variant agro-climate conditions were selected for the research, to evaluate the liquid nitrogen fertilizer with amino acids influence on winter wheat and spring barley harvest and crop quality and technological properties. Found that liquid amidive nitrogen fertilizer with amino acids slightly increased the productivity of winter wheat cells, but the effects of different concentrations were totally mixed. In the carbonative scour soil the largest grain yield was obtained when barley was feeded fertilizers with 1.5% amino acids. Other options to receive the crop change was minor. Amino acids affected the crude protein and fat accumulation in grain. Found that fertilization liquid amidive nitrogen fertilizer with amino acids increased the grain protein content, sedimentation, and wet gluten values.