Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudia_ lopes.pdf: 1090267 bytes, checksum: 0046c70242b43bfef4a590933029e9c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / Periodontitis is often associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and can be considered a chronic complications. Growing evidences suggests that periodontal disease has an adverse effect on glycemic control and an active role in the pathophysiology of complications related to DM, as in type 1 diabetes mellitus as in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: Compare the response of basic periodontal therapy in diabetes patients with diabetes type 1 and type 2. Methodology: We selected 70 patients with periodontitis, these were divided into three groups: Control group (systemically healthy patients); Group test 1 (patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus); Group test 2 (patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus). The groups received basic periodontal treatment after clinical examination. The analyzis were performed at 0, 3 and 6 months, clinical parameters including periodontal and gingival crevicular amount of fluid. They were measured glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and prostaglandin E2 concentration. Results: There was an improvement in all clinical periodontal parameters evaluated in both groups as well as the amount of gingival crevicular fluid. It occurred more significant decrease (p<0,05) in HbA1c and PGE2 expression in group test 1, after 6 months. Conclusion: The basic periodontal treatment was more effective for glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus / A periodontite é frequentemente associada com diabetes mellitus (DM) e pode ser considerada uma das complicações crônicas da doença. Crescentes evidências apontam que a doença periodontal (DP) tem um efeito adverso sobre o controle glicêmico e uma participação ativa na fisiopatologia das complicações relacionadas ao DM, tanto no diabetes mellitus tipo 1(DM1) quanto no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: Comparar a resposta do tratamento periodontal básico em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e tipo 2. Metodologia: Foram selecionados 70 pacientes com periodontite, estes foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo controle (pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis); Grupo teste 1 (pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1); Grupo teste 2 (pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2). Os grupos receberam tratamento periodontal básico, após exame clínico. As análises foram realizadas aos 0, 3 e 6 meses, incluindo parâmetros clínicos periodontais e a quantidade de fluido crevicular gengival (GCF). Foram dosadas a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e a concentração de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) no GCF. Resultados: Houve melhora de todos os parâmetros clínicos periodontais avaliados em todos os grupos, bem como na quantidade de fluido crevicular gengival. Ocorreu diminuição mais expressiva (p<0,05) da HbA1c e da expressão de PGE2 no grupo teste 1, após 6 meses. Conclusão: O tratamento periodontal básico mostrou-se mais eficaz para o controle glicêmico dos pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

O Ministério da Saúde adverte que o Diabetes Mellitus é um problema de saúde pública devido sua alta taxa de prevalência. Estudos demonstram a correlação entre o funcionamento psicodinâmico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e o controle glicêmico. Considerando que o controle glicêmico adequado minimiza os riscos para a mãe, o feto e o futuro bebê, salienta-se a importância de um atendimento psicoterápico na fase gestacional. Contudo, não existem pesquisas sobre Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada (PBO) enquanto técnica terapêutica para este tipo de população. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar possibilidades e limites da PBO no atendimento a gestantes portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) com mau controle glicêmico. A metodologia utilizada para a pesquisa foi o clinico-qualitativo. O estudo envolveu quatro gestantes portadoras de DM1 com mau controle glicêmico. As gestantes foram encaminhadas pela Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, local onde as mesmas são atendidas. Foram utilizados como instrumentos: entrevista clínica psicológica; Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada; e Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada. As gestantes que concordaram em participar assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido que após lido e explicado, foi assinado pela pesquisadora e gestante. Foram realizadas duas ou três entrevistas inicias para o diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado e planejamento da PBO. O número de sessões utilizadas para PBO foi definido conforme o diagnóstico adaptativo da gestante e sua situação-problema. As entrevistas e as sessões psicoterápicas tiveram duração de 45 minutos e frequência de uma vez por semana. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através da comparação entre o diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado realizado antes e depois da PBO. Foi verificado se ocorreu nas gestantes, durante estes períodos, mudanças adaptativas; além da averiguação das alterações no controle glicêmico, antes e após a PBO. A pesquisa expôs que houve mudanças de grupo adaptativo da qual as gestantes pertenciam. Cecília e Beatriz obtiveram melhora no diagnóstico adaptativo. Por intermédio do acompanhamento da evolução do controle glicêmico, pode-se verificar alterações com o decorrer da PBO: a porcentagem de hipoglicemias e hipoglicemias graves melhoraram; as porcentagens de valores alterados e de hiperglicemias, por sua vez, tiveram piora com o decorrer da gravidez, e, mesmo com a PBO, o rigoroso controle alimentar e insulinoterapia, inclusive em internações, foram dificilmente controlados. Das quatro gestantes estudadas duas tiveram crise adaptativa e as soluções encontradas por elas foram satisfatórias. O que pode restringir o processo psicoterapêutico é a transferência negativa persistente, contudo, ela pode ser trabalhada e minimizada. As possibilidades da PBO no atendimento às gestantes com DM1 encontradas na pesquisa foram: melhorar a eficácia da adaptação; auxiliar as pacientes em crise a solucionarem-na sem a queda da eficácia da adaptação; e, possibilitar as pacientes encontrarem soluções mais adequadas para suas situações-problema / The health ministry adverts that Diabetes Mellitus is a public health concern due to its high prevalence rate. Studies demonstrate the existing relation between the psychodynamic functioning of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the glycemic control. Considering that the adequate glycemic control minimizes risks for the mother, fetus and the future baby, it reinforces the importance of psychotherapeutic treatment during the pregnancy. However, there arent any researches on Operationalized Brief Psychotherapy (OBP) as a therapeutic technique for this kind of population. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibilities and the limits of OBP in the treating of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus with deficient glycemic control. The methodology used for the research was the clinical-qualitative method. The study involved four pregnant women with DM1 with deficient glycemic control. The women were appointed by the Obstetric Clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina from the University of São Paulo, place where they were already being treated. The instruments employed were Psychological Interviews, the Operationalized Adaptive Diagnosis Scale and Operationalized Brief Psychotherapy. The women who agreed to take part in the research signed a consent form that, after read and explained, was then signed by the research agent and the subjects. Two or three initial interviews took place for the Operationalized Adaptive Diagnosis and the planning of the. The number of sessions employed for the OPB was defined in accordance to the adaptive diagnosis of the subject and their problem-situation. The interviews and the psychotherapeutic sessions lasted 45 minutes with the frequency of once a week. The analysis of the results was made through the comparison between the operationalized adaptive diagnosis done before and after the OPB. During these periods, it was verified if there were any adaptive changes in the subjects and, moreover, the analysis of any alterations in the glycemic control before and after the OPB. The research showed that there were changes in the adaptive group to which the subjects belonged. Cecília and Beatriz had an improvement in the adaptive diagnosis. Through the analysis of the evolution of the glycemic control, it was possible to verify alterations during the OPB: the percentage of both hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia showed improvement; however, the percentage of altered rates and of hyperglycemia showed a downturn throughout the pregnancy and, even with the OPB, a strict diet control and insulin therapy, including during admissions, were hardly controlled. From the four pregnant women in the study, two of them had an adaptive crisis and the solution found by them was satisfactory. What can restrict the therapeutic process is the persisting negative transference, however, it can be minimized. The possibilities of the OPB in the treatment of pregnant women with DM1 found with the research were: improving the efficiency of the adaptation, assisting patients in crisis to resolve them without losses in adaptation efficiency and, make patients more able to find more adequate solutions to their problem-situations

By the year 2025, it is anticipated that over 300 million individuals world wide will have type 2 diabetes, with a projected increase from 84 to 288 million (170%) in developing countries and from 51 to 72 million (42%) in developed countries. Diabetes leads to a markedly increased risk of heart disease and renal failure and to expensive and debilitating retinopathy and neuropathy. Cognitive decline is also increased. As there is accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of moderate carbohydrate, low fat dietary patterns compared to high carbohydrate diets, this thesis will focus on the effects of moderate carbohydrate high protein dietary patterns (total carbohydrate: protein: fat ratio of 40%:34%:26%) on glycemic control, risk factors for macrovascular disease and cognitive function. Information on two key areas in type 2 diabetes will be presented, 1. Acute effects of dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels assessed using continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) with verification of these results through a small repeat study. 2. Chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels, HbA1c, cognitive function, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and renal function. In the acute study, we recruited 23 subjects with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomized to each of 4, 3-day interventions in a cross over design with a 4 day wash out period in which the carbohydrates were distributed differently at each meal; carbohydrates evenly distributed across the day, or carbohydrates loaded at breakfast, lunch or dinner. Glucose levels were continuously measured using CGMS. Outcomes were assessed by postprandial peak glucose (Gmax), time spent above 12 mmol/L (T>12) and total area under the glucose curve (AUC20). The intervention showed that an even distribution of carbohydrates did not optimise blood glucose control, whereas carbohydrates loaded at the lunch time meal provided the most favourable postprandial profile. To verify these results we conducted a repeat study. Six of the previous participants accepted the invitation to return and complete the even distribution arm of the study after a 20 week time lag. The intervention showed that although HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), AUC, exercise and ambient temperature remained constant there was a significant effect of change in sunlight hours on Gmax, suggesting an effect of sunlight. To assess the chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns on the determinants of HbA1c, cognitive function, CVD risk markers and renal function under conditions of weight loss, we recruited 82 participants with type 2 diabetes. These participants were randomised to one of two high protein energy restricted dietary patterns that differed in cholesterol content, for a 12 week period, in a parallel design. A sub group of these participants completed cognitive function testing with (n=34) or without (n=17) CGMS at baseline and at 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the intervention the determinants of HbA1c under conditions of energy restriction were evaluated. The intervention showed the change in FBG accounted for most of the variance in change in HbA1c, but % energy reduction also contributed independently of FBG. Both energy restricted high protein diets equally improved glycemic control, particularly T>12, AUC, HbA1c and FBG. Fifty one participants completed cognitive testing to evaluate the effect of weight loss and blood glucose control on cognition. Cognitive function was not altered by time, diet, baseline lipid levels. Working memory was predicted by FBG. Short term memory was predicted by FBG, Gmax and AUC24. Sixty five participants completed 12 weeks of the intervention to assess CVD risk markers and renal function. Renal function was maintained and CV markers improved on both dietary patterns, with greatest improvement in HDL-C observed in the group consuming a high protein, energy restricted dietary pattern, high in dietary cholesterol. In conclusion, in the context of a high protein, carbohydrate restricted dietary pattern, cognitive function and renal function did not change, while glycemia and CV risk profiles improved with weight loss over the short term. Under conditions of energy balance diurnal glucose profiles were optimal when the carbohydrates were loaded in the lunch meal. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342253 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

By the year 2025, it is anticipated that over 300 million individuals world wide will have type 2 diabetes, with a projected increase from 84 to 288 million (170%) in developing countries and from 51 to 72 million (42%) in developed countries. Diabetes leads to a markedly increased risk of heart disease and renal failure and to expensive and debilitating retinopathy and neuropathy. Cognitive decline is also increased. As there is accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of moderate carbohydrate, low fat dietary patterns compared to high carbohydrate diets, this thesis will focus on the effects of moderate carbohydrate high protein dietary patterns (total carbohydrate: protein: fat ratio of 40%:34%:26%) on glycemic control, risk factors for macrovascular disease and cognitive function. Information on two key areas in type 2 diabetes will be presented, 1. Acute effects of dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels assessed using continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) with verification of these results through a small repeat study. 2. Chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels, HbA1c, cognitive function, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and renal function. In the acute study, we recruited 23 subjects with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomized to each of 4, 3-day interventions in a cross over design with a 4 day wash out period in which the carbohydrates were distributed differently at each meal; carbohydrates evenly distributed across the day, or carbohydrates loaded at breakfast, lunch or dinner. Glucose levels were continuously measured using CGMS. Outcomes were assessed by postprandial peak glucose (Gmax), time spent above 12 mmol/L (T>12) and total area under the glucose curve (AUC20). The intervention showed that an even distribution of carbohydrates did not optimise blood glucose control, whereas carbohydrates loaded at the lunch time meal provided the most favourable postprandial profile. To verify these results we conducted a repeat study. Six of the previous participants accepted the invitation to return and complete the even distribution arm of the study after a 20 week time lag. The intervention showed that although HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), AUC, exercise and ambient temperature remained constant there was a significant effect of change in sunlight hours on Gmax, suggesting an effect of sunlight. To assess the chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns on the determinants of HbA1c, cognitive function, CVD risk markers and renal function under conditions of weight loss, we recruited 82 participants with type 2 diabetes. These participants were randomised to one of two high protein energy restricted dietary patterns that differed in cholesterol content, for a 12 week period, in a parallel design. A sub group of these participants completed cognitive function testing with (n=34) or without (n=17) CGMS at baseline and at 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the intervention the determinants of HbA1c under conditions of energy restriction were evaluated. The intervention showed the change in FBG accounted for most of the variance in change in HbA1c, but % energy reduction also contributed independently of FBG. Both energy restricted high protein diets equally improved glycemic control, particularly T>12, AUC, HbA1c and FBG. Fifty one participants completed cognitive testing to evaluate the effect of weight loss and blood glucose control on cognition. Cognitive function was not altered by time, diet, baseline lipid levels. Working memory was predicted by FBG. Short term memory was predicted by FBG, Gmax and AUC24. Sixty five participants completed 12 weeks of the intervention to assess CVD risk markers and renal function. Renal function was maintained and CV markers improved on both dietary patterns, with greatest improvement in HDL-C observed in the group consuming a high protein, energy restricted dietary pattern, high in dietary cholesterol. In conclusion, in the context of a high protein, carbohydrate restricted dietary pattern, cognitive function and renal function did not change, while glycemia and CV risk profiles improved with weight loss over the short term. Under conditions of energy balance diurnal glucose profiles were optimal when the carbohydrates were loaded in the lunch meal. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342253 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-10T14:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDB.pdf: 11488073 bytes, checksum: e161623d5cf03f13400ba78b788a3243 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:56:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDB.pdf: 11488073 bytes, checksum: e161623d5cf03f13400ba78b788a3243 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:56:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDB.pdf: 11488073 bytes, checksum: e161623d5cf03f13400ba78b788a3243 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:56:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDB.pdf: 11488073 bytes, checksum: e161623d5cf03f13400ba78b788a3243 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The thesis consists of three studies described below. Study I, entitled: Poor glycemic control impacts the linear dynamic and nonlinear heart rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose objective was to evaluate the relationship between glycemic control and cardiac autonomic modulation in patients with T2DM without autonomic neuropathy cardiovascular. This is a descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study. The resting heart rate (HR) and RR interval (RR intervals) were obtained and calculated by linear methods and nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV). Insulin, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose and HbA1c were obtained by blood tests. We concluded that the poor glycemic control associated with cardiac autonomic modulation indices in patients with type 2 diabetes, though not exhibit cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Following the Study II, entitled Type 2 diabetes coexistence of effects and systemic hypertension (SH) in HRV and cardiorespiratory performance, which aimed to evaluate the influence of hypertension in cardiac autonomic neuropathy and cardiorespiratory fitness in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. The evaluation included collection of iRR for further analysis of HRV, it was collected in the supine position followed by incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (ICET) on a cycle ergometer. The results revealed a greater loss of HRV when there is overlapping of diseases. Additionally, there was an association of responses affected HRV with cardiopulmonary function markers impaired to exercise. Finally, the Study III, entitled: Potential effects on cardiorespiratory and metabolic status after a physical aerobic concurrent training program and has resisted in diabetic volunteers - Randomized Study and controlled. The objective was to evaluate metabolic profile, glycemic control and exercise capacity in diabetic volunteers after participating in an aerobic and resistance concurrent training program (AR-CT) for a period of three months. The evaluation included the ICET the cycle ergometer and 1-RM tests. Ventilation, hemodynamic measurements were performed during the ICET and peripheral muscle strength by isokinetic dynamometer. The program consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise and 30 minutes of resistance exercise of upper and lower limbs. The results showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile in addition to increased peripheral muscle strength and exercise capacity. These data together suggest that the exercise program constitutes an important strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, producing both physiological and functional improvements in this population. / A tese constou de três estudos descritos a seguir. O Estudo I, intitulado: Pobre controle glicêmico impacta a dinâmica linear e não-linear da frequência cardíaca no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), cujo objetivo foi avaliar a relação entre controle glicêmico e modulação autonômica cardíaca em indivíduos com DM2 sem neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, prospectivo e transversal. A frequência cardíaca de repouso (FC) e intervalo RR (iRR) foram obtidos e calculados por métodos lineares e não-lineares de variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC). Insulina, HOMA-IR, glicemia de jejum e HbA1c foram obtidas por análises sanguíneas. Concluímos que o controle glicêmico deficiente relaciona-se com índices de modulação autonômica cardíaca em indivíduos com DM2, ainda que não apresentem neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular. Na sequência, o Estudo II, intitulado: Efeitos da coexistência da diabetes tipo 2 e da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) na VFC e no desempenho cardiorrespiratório, que objetivou avaliar a influência da HAS na modulação autonômica cardíaca e aptidão cardiorrespiratória de sujeitos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A avaliação incluiu coleta de dos iRR, para posterior análise da VFC, a mesma foi coletada na posição supina seguida de teste de exercício cardiopulmonar incremental (TECI) no cicloergômetro. Os resultados revelaram um maior prejuízo da VFC quando há sobreposição das doenças. Adicionalmente, houve associação das respostas prejudicadas da VFC com marcadores de função cardiopulmonar prejudicada ao exercício. Finalmente, o Estudo III, intitulado: Potenciais efeitos no status cardiorrespiratório e metabólico após um programa de treinamento físico concorrente aeróbio e resistido em diabéticos – Estudo Randomizado e Controlado. O objetivo foi avaliar perfil metabólico, controle glicêmico e capacidade de exercício em voluntários diabéticos após participarem de um programa de treinamento concorrente aeróbio e resistido (TC-AR) por um período de 3 meses. A avaliação incluiu o TECI no cicloergômetro, exames laboratoriais, teste isocinético e teste de 1-RM. Foram realizadas medidas ventilatórias, hemodinâmicas durante o TECI bem como da força muscular periférica por meio da dinamometria isocinética. O programa foi constituído por 30 minutos de exercícios aeróbios e 30 minutos de exercícios resistidos de membros superiores e inferiores. Os resultados mostraram melhora do controle glicêmico e do perfil lipídico, além de aumento da força muscular periférica e da capacidade de exercício. Esses dados juntos sugerem que o programa de exercícios constitui-se uma importante estratégia no tratamento de DM2, produzindo melhoras tanto fisiológicas como funcionais nessa população.

L’objectif général de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet du diabète de Type 1 et de l’hyperglycémie chronique (reflétée par un niveau élevé d’HbA1c), chez des patients indemnes de complications micro et macrovasculaires, sur la disponibilité en oxygène (O2) au niveau musculaire et cortical et ses répercussions sur l’aptitude physique aérobie. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes attardés à étudier l’effet du diabète et des niveaux élevés d’HbA1c sur les différentes étapes de la cascade d’oxygène (à savoir la diffusion alvéolo-capillaire, le transport artériel et la libération de l’O2 au niveau musculaire) ainsi que sur l’oxygénation musculaire estimée par la Spectroscopie dans le proche Infra-Rouge (NIRS) durant un exercice incrémental et voir les répercussions possibles sur la consommation maximale d’oxygène (&#12310;V &#775;O&#12311;_2max). Nous avons montré que les patients DT1 présentent une capacité de diffusion alvéolo-capillaire ainsi qu’une capacité de transport artériel d’O2 comparable aux sujets sains. En revanche, les patients ayant un niveau élevé d’HbA1c présentent une altération de &#12310;V &#775;O&#12311;_2max ainsi qu’une réduction du volume sanguin musculaire (reflétée par une baisse de l’hémoglobine totale) et une nette baisse de la déoxyhémoglobine (HHb) au niveau du muscle actif aux intensités proches de l’exercice maximal. Ce dernier résultat pourrait s’expliquer par l’affinité plus importante de HbA1c pour l’O2 et/ou une altération de la redistribution de débit sanguin entre les vaisseaux nutritifs et non nutritifs. L’altération du volume sanguin au niveau musculaire chez les patients présentant un mauvais contrôle glycémique peut prévenir les cliniciens du dysfonctionnement de la microcirculation survenant avant même qu’une microangiopathie se manifeste à l’état clinique (Étude 1). Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la fonction cérébrale. Notre objectif étant d’évaluer l’hémodynamique cérébrale durant un exercice incrémental maximal. Nous avons trouvé une altération de l’hémodynamique cérébrale (baisse de l’hémoglobine totale) aux intensités proches de l’exercice maximal chez les patients DT1 qui présentent un mauvais contrôle glycémique (Étude 2). Ces deux travaux nous montrent bien que les sujets diabétiques de type 1 indemnes des complications micro et/ou marcovasculaires présentent une faible aptitude physique aérobie qui peut s’expliquer à la fois par une altération de l’oxygénation musculaire et cérébrale. Ces études mettent également en évidence l’intérêt d’associer la NIRS avec un exercice maximal. Ce dernier place les tissus en situation de besoin maximal en O2 ce qui permet de mettre en exergue des altérations fonctionnelles de la microcirculation avant même l’apparition de complications microvasculaires détectables par les tests cliniques habituels. / This study sought to investigate whether type 1 diabetes and high levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) influence oxygen supply including alveolar capillary diffusion, oxygen delivery and release, to active muscle and prefrontal cortex during maximal exercise. We first studied the effect of high level of HbA1c on oxyhemoglobin dissociation at the active muscle measured by Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS) during maximal exercise. We found that alveolar capillary diffusion and arterial oxygen content was comparable between patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy subjects. However, patients with inadequate glycemic control but without any clinically detectable vascular complications displayed an impaired aerobic capacity as well as a reduction in blood volume and a dramatic impairment in deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) increase in active skeletal muscle during intense exercise. The latter supports the hypotheses of an increase in O2 affinity induced by hemoglobin glycation and/or of a disturbed balance between nutritive and nonnutritive muscle blood flow. Furthermore, reduced exercise muscle blood volume in poorly controlled patients may warn clinicians of microvascular dysfunction occurring even before overt microangiopathy (Study 1). Secondly, we aimed at investigating prefrontal cortex hemodynamic during an incremental maximal exercise in patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes, taking into account chronic glycemic control. We observed that levels and changes in regional cerebral blood volume – as reflected by change in total hemoglobin – were lower at high intensities of exercise in patients with inadequate glycemic control (Study 2).In summary, the physiological stimulus of maximal exercise coupled with NIRS measurement highlighted subclinical disorders of both cerebral hemodynamic and muscle oxygenation in poorly-controlled patients with type 1 diabetes albeit free from any clinical microangiopathy.

L’activité physique (AP) est liée à plusieurs bénéfices pour la santé chez les personnes atteintes de diabète de type 1 (DT1), mais elles sont peu actives dû à la peur des hypoglycémies liée à l’AP. Un apport en glucides est souvent requis pour prévenir les hypoglycémies lors d’une AP, mais il y a un manque de connaissances quant à la quantité à consommer et la distribution temporelle idéales des glucides. Notre objectif est de comparer l’efficacité de 2 stratégies de collation pour maintenir la glycémie dans les cibles (4,0 - 10,0 mmol/L) lors d’une AP chez les adolescents et adultes avec le DT1. Les participants (N=33) ont effectué 2 interventions durant lesquelles une heure d’ergocycle à intensité moyenne a été réalisée. Ils consommaient un apport en glucides de 0,5g/kg du poids corporel et cet apport était aléatoirement consommé en une prise unique (PU) avant l’AP ou en une prise répartie (PR) avant et pendant l’AP. La GC était mesurée toutes les 10 minutes durant l’AP. Quatre participants ont eu une hypoglycémie durant l’AP avec la PU comparativement à 6 participants pour la PR (P=0,42). Il n’y avait pas de différence significative pour le pourcentage de temps passé dans les cibles entre les deux stratégies (PU : 75 ± 35%; PR : 87 ± 26%; P=0,12). Nos résultats suggèrent qu’un apport en glucide de 0.5g/kg du poids corporel est une option raisonnable pour une AP d’intensité moyenne d’une heure. Les deux stratégies sont similaires pour prévenir les hypoglycémies lors de l’AP. / Physical activity (PA) is associated to many health benefits in people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but these patients are not very active due to the fear of PA-related hypoglycemia. Carbohydrate intake is often required to prevent hypoglycemia during PA, but there is a lack of knowledge about the ideal amount to consume and the timing distribution of carbohydrates. Our objective is to compare the efficacy of two snack strategies to maintain glucose levels in the target range (4.0 – 10.0 mmol/L) during PA in adolescents and adults living with T1D. The participants (N = 33) took part in 2 interventions during which one hour of moderate intensity ergocycle was performed. They consumed a carbohydrate intake of 0.5g/kg of body weight and this intake was randomly consumed in a single intake (SI) before PA or in a distributed intake (DI) before and during PA. Capillary blood glucose was measured every 10 minutes during PA. Hypoglycemia occurred in 4 participants with SI compared to 6 participants for DI (P = 0.42). There was no significant difference in the percentage of time spent in the target range between the two strategies (SCI: 75 ± 35%; DCI: 87 ± 26%; P = 0.12). Our results suggest that a carbohydrate intake of 0.5g/kg of body weight is a reasonable option for one hour of moderate PA. The two snack strategies are similar to prevent hypoglycemia during PA.

The ability of the soluble fibre (1->3)(1->4)-β-D-glucan to attenuate postprandial glycemic responses depends on its viscosity which, in turn, depends on molecular weight (MW) and dose. However, the effect of altering viscosity by changing solution volume is unknown. Furthermore, β-glucan solutions may form hard gels when left to age, but the effect of these gels on glycemic responses is unknown. Therefore, the effects of varying the MW and volume of β-glucan solutions and hard gels, on glycemic responses were determined. The results showed that glycemic responses were reduced by increasing viscosity by increasing MW but not by reducing solution volume. Although β-glucan gels reduced the rate of glucose diffusion in vitro, they had no effect on glycemic responses in vivo. Thus, changing solution viscosity through changes in volume does not alter the effect of β-glucan on glycemic response, and β-glucan gels are ineffective at attenuating in vivo glycemic responses.

The ability of the soluble fibre (1->3)(1->4)-β-D-glucan to attenuate postprandial glycemic responses depends on its viscosity which, in turn, depends on molecular weight (MW) and dose. However, the effect of altering viscosity by changing solution volume is unknown. Furthermore, β-glucan solutions may form hard gels when left to age, but the effect of these gels on glycemic responses is unknown. Therefore, the effects of varying the MW and volume of β-glucan solutions and hard gels, on glycemic responses were determined. The results showed that glycemic responses were reduced by increasing viscosity by increasing MW but not by reducing solution volume. Although β-glucan gels reduced the rate of glucose diffusion in vitro, they had no effect on glycemic responses in vivo. Thus, changing solution viscosity through changes in volume does not alter the effect of β-glucan on glycemic response, and β-glucan gels are ineffective at attenuating in vivo glycemic responses.