It is a difficult task to define the little word “modernity”. One may argue quite a lot about what modernity is as well as when modernity breaks trough. The burgess class was the group who initiated modernity in most cases. Since these people mainly dwelled in the cities it was in the cities were modernity started. The creation of an industry demanded new methods of working. Discipline, rationality and a new conscience of time followed as consequences of the industry. Modernity reached small towns and countryside slowly and the old structures were hard to break down. There are of course different aspects of modernity as the modernity of material life, the modernity of ideas and the modernity of culture. The modernity of material life tends to reach people before that of ideas or culture. In the small city of Visby existed many parts of modernity in the material life between 1880-1910. Telephones reached the city very early just like sewing machines or bicycles. Electricity lighted streets and homes just a few years after the turn of the century. Modern things seem to have reached the shopkeepers first, even before the upper class. The paper “Gotlands Allehanda” held a liberal view towards new ideas or writers and seems to have supported the enlightenment of the commons. The modern drama gained slowly ground among the many comedies on the local stage. But through the papers can we find many articles that indicate that Visby was a bit backward in many ways. Hogs were still housed in the streets and there were problems with clean water as well as public sanitary. So in many ways Visby before 1910 was modern on the surface and the old structures gave way only with difficulty.

In this study, the sea trout (Salmo trutta) spawning migration was studied in the river Själsöån, Gotland, to assess the main external factors determining upstream migration and seasonal changes in fish parameters. Additionally population trends were studied by examination of old data. The most important external factors for upstream migration were the air pressure, air temperature and wind direction. No significant difference was found between when males and females migrated upstream. Larger females in better condition started migration earlier than the smaller females in poorer condition. Later arriving females stayed in the stream for a shorter period. Regarding changes over time, the results showed that the variation between years in number of spawners, female size and condition, and sex ratio was high but with no trends. The population appears to be stable.

Inaug.-Diss.--Uppsala. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Part of illustrative matter in pocket. Bibliography: p. 556-560.

The aim of this study was to investigate trends in population size and dynamics in two populations of the rare orchid Anacamptis palustris on Gotland. The study also examined if there were any correlations between the climate factors, temperature and precipitation, and the amount of flowering plants of A. palustris on Gotland. I found that low temperature during 16 April- 15 June and abundant precipitation in June results in a higher number of flowering plants the same year. Previous studies shows that A. palustris commutes considerably in number of flowering plants between years. Because of the variety in flowering frequency and lack of regular inventories, it is hard to interpret any trends in population growth. Therefore it requires annual inventories in the future to determine whether the populations are decreasing or increasing.

This bachelor thesis is about the possibility of restoring a eutrophic bay in the Baltic Sea. Today the Baltic sea is affected by unnatural amounts of nutrients which affects the ecology in a negative way. To restore the ecology of the Baltic sea national, international and local actions must be undertaken. The case-study of this essay is about the project “Rädda Burgsviken” that is doing local efforts when trying to save the bay from eutrophication. Thepurpose is to see how effective local actions are when trying to achieve a good ecological balance in the bay. Furthermore, the purpose is to acknowledge which actions are effective and what they require to be executed and sustained. The essay is based on a qualitative text analysis and qualitative interviews with two central respondents. The result of this essay indicates that the actions been made have a good or potential good outcome and that they must cooperate with the local area regarding tourism and business because they are dependent on each other.

The tourism industry is accounted for high monetary revenues but is also responsible for a high amount of emissions globally. In this study the emissions from the tourism sector are discussed with a special focus on the Swedish island, Gotland. Because Gotland is an island there are limited ways to travel to the island. There are generally three ways to get to the island, by ferry, airplane or by a cruise ship. Approximately 70% of the tourists travel by ferry and it is therefore the focus of this study. In this study emissions from tourism were calculated by the travel to and from the island, and during the stay. Emissions from transport on the island to various destinations were calculated as well as emissions from accommodations. The result from the study shows that the tourism on Gotland has far lower emissions than the general global tourism. This is mostly due to the low emissions from the electric production in Sweden. / Turism står för höga ekonomiska intäkter samtidigt som den står för höga utsläpp globalt. I studien diskuteras utsläpp från turism med fokus på den svenska ön, Gotland. Eftersom Gotland är en ö, är färdmedel till ön begränsade. Generellt finns det tre sätt att resa till ön, via färja, flygplan eller kryssningsfartyg. Cirka 70% av besökarna reser till ön med färja och är därför i fokus under studien. I studien beräknades turismens utsläpp genom resa, till och från ön samt under vistelsen. Under vistelsen beräknades utsläpp från transport på ön, till olika destinationer samt utsläpp från boende. Resultaten från studien pekar på att en turist på Gotland har mycket lägre växthusgasutsläpp än den genomsnittliga globala turisten. Den största anledningen är de låga utsläppen från svensk elproduktion.

<p>Politicians Week in Visby has since the late 1960s developed to be a fairly unique concept in Swedish politics, which even in recent years has begun to be exported to other countries in Europe. Curiosity and interest around the arrangement of activities and actors have in the past decade become increasingly both nationally and internationally. The purpose of this study has therefore been to find out how “Almedalsveckan” as a political arrangement emerged and developed. The question that the study mainly tries to answer is how “Almedalsveckan” became a concept of the open democratic meeting between politicians, citizens, journalists and various organizations in the Swedish society. To find out, mainly newspaper articles from the Gotland newspapers has been used, as well as an interview with the former municipal politician Jan Lundgren (s) has been made. Source material has also been obtained from the Library of Almedalen in the Gotlandica department, “Almedalsveckan” official website, Gotland Tourist, SCB and SIKA. The investigation has been defined to include the election-years for the period 1968 - 2009 but other years have also been used to see how political participation has been in non-election year and in 2009 to root development at the present time. The results from the survey show how the arrangement evolved to this stage as a meeting place for political debate in which politicians, citizens, journalists and various organizations engaged in informal conversations.</p>

13 individuals from the Viking Age trading place in Fröjel, Gotland, were examined for this thesis. The aim was to gain a deeper knowledge about the individuals, and the main focus was to study their health. Three men, eight women and two children were examined. The age of the two children was estimated to around birth, and was no longer relevant for this thesis. The age distribution showed that two individuals were young (10-24 years), seven individuals were adults (18-44 years) and two individuals were middle-aged or older (35-79 years). The estimated height of the individuals was a little bit greater than the average for this time period. Various pathologies were observed during the analysis, for example osteoarthritis, Schmorl’s nodes and osteomyelitis. Dental diseases such as caries, calculus and periapical changes were also present. Nine of the eleven adults were tested for osteoporosis, all with good results. Traces of activity were seen in some of the individuals. Fractures were observed and X-rayed, and some of them showed traces of infections. One individual, the man in grave 03504, showed trauma related to violence. Over all, the results from the material from Fröjel were expected, and similar changes can be observed in material from the same era, as Birka and Fjälkinge, and from the early medieval towns Lund and Skara.

The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to examine whether there was an elite on Gotland during Roman Iron Age or not. To explain this focus has been put on the roman goods. The contexts in which the roman artifacts are found indicate that they can be tied to what might have been an elite on Gotland during Roman Iron Age. They might also have been used as means of expressing wealth and prestige. Because the roman artifacts found on Gotland most often are drinking utensils they are also associated with drinking rituals. Drinking rituals are thought to have been very important events in which wealth, political influence, and status could have been expressed. Roman artifacts found in graves also indicate that they might have owned by some kind of elite, because they have been placed together with other status objects. The thesis does not exclude other events or phenomena that took place during the Roman Iron Age. The Iron Age society as a whole is also studied; this is meant to give a broader understanding of the people being researched.

The electric grid of Gotland is connected to the mainland via a 90 km HVDC Classic bipole of 2 * 130 MW. The HVDC link balances the load and production on the island to maintain the frequency within limits, the load varies between 50 and 180 MW throughout the year. The power production on the island comes mainly from wind power. Today, the installed power is about 170 MW but the wind power production will be further exploited and the plan is to add another 500 MW of wind power capacity to the existing plants. These plants will be connected to a new 130 kV transmission grid which will have a connection to the existing 70 kV grid at a new substation called Stenkumla. Along with the increased wind power production on the island comes the need of increased transmission capacity to the mainland. A VSC HVDC link of 500 MW is planned for this purpose and it will be connected to Stenkumla. As of today, it is not certain whether the two grids will be connected or not. Having connected grids is in the interest of the grid owner Gotlands Energi AB, GEAB since they then could utilize the technology of the new link and thereby ensure stableoperation during faults that today would lead to black out. In this thesis the feasibility of having connected grids was investigated and the study was divided into three main parts. •Reactive power and voltage profiles •Short circuit study •Converter trip study This study shows that under the assumptions made regarding production grid layout and proportion of WTG types there will be no need for adding reactive power compensation equipment. That is provided that demands are set on wind power plant contractors to have their equipment contributing with reactive power compensation, even during no load. A trip of the SvK VSC HVDC converter during full power production causes the most severe stress to the system. The major problem proved to be surviving the first 100 ms after converter trip without loosing angular stability and the most important measure to improve the stability was active power reduction of the wind turbines. The overall conclusion is that it is feasible to have connected grids during normal operation but demands has to be put on wind power plant contractors.