Open Government Data, an initiative of the open government movement, is believed to have the potential to increase government transparency, accountability, and citizens' participation in government affairs. It is also posited that they will contribute to economic growth and value creation. The Canadian federal, provincial, and local governments have been actively opening and releasing open datasets about multiple subjects of interest to the public. However, evidence of the benefits of using open datasets is scant, with no empirical research undertaken to understand how the data are used and what value is being created. This study, based on a qualitative, grounded theory method, focuses on the works and experiences of 17 Canadian open data intermediary firms to discover patterns and themes that explain how the data were used, what resources were needed, the value created, and the challenges faced. The data collection is based on semi-structured interviews conducted virtually with the founder or company's executives. The data analysis provided insights into how open government data were used, the organizational challenges the open data intermediaries faced, the state of open government data, and the economic value created. The findings highlighted the key similarities and differences in the activities the open data intermediaries performed and the importance of resources and capabilities in developing products/services that contribute to economic value creation. The study concluded by listing five challenges impacting the use of open government data: (a) awareness, (b) quality of open government data, (c) competencies of users, (d) data standards, and (e) value creation.

The main purpose of this study is to assess the factors of library readiness in Indonesian government agencies for implementing and using linked open government data (LOGD). The studies investigated readiness factors in the context of TOE framework: technology, compatibility, complexity, relative advantage, organization: top management support, internal readiness, environment: competitive pressure, external support, peer pressure. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, encompassing surveys and interviews, to gather data from a representative sample of libraries inside Indonesian government organizations. The quantitative research design results indicates that compatible technology, external support and peer pressure are significant factors in the readiness level to implement LOGD in Indonesia perceived by librarians. The qualitative design research employed to explore the quantitative research design found that in the technological perspective are data quality policy, metadata standard policy, privacy and security policy are the main factors to make LOGD compatible in the library. From the environmental perspective are government agency libraries in Indonesia needs law and legal policy and technical policy in LOGD for bibliographic data. The external support also needs commitment and support engagement to ensure the government agencies library in Indonesia is ready to implement LOGD. Indonesian government librarians should consider the peer communication among other librarian as essential factors in LOGD implementation. To increase readiness of LOGD implementation in the government agencies library across Indonesia, the Indonesian government should create compatible technology policies for government agencies library, creating national policy to support LOGD in technical aspect, and creating peer partnership among government agencies library in Indonesia.

開放政府資料能帶來龐大的經濟效益以及達到透明治理的理念，已成為電子治理最重要的議題之一，各國政府如美國、英國、加拿大無不積極推動開放政府資料政策。我國行政院亦將政府資料開放列為第四階段電子化政府計畫的項目之一，中央機關與地方政府將分別建立開放資料平台，並要求將機關所擁有之資料逐步開放予社會大眾使用。在此背景下，財政部財政資訊中心預建置財政資訊共享服務平台，來達到資料開放政策的目標。本研究目的在於該平台的推動在實務上面臨了哪些困難，後續還有哪些地方需要克服，這樣的經驗能帶給其他行政機關哪些啟示。 本研究首先整理國內外開放政府資料的文獻，其次介紹創新擴散理論，作為財政資訊中心推動財政資訊共享服務平台的階段基礎，並以訪談法蒐集相關資料。本研究最後以議題設定與配對階段、再定義/再建構階段、闡述階段及例行化階段為主軸，分別探討各階段的推動工作與困境。 本研究發現，推動財政資訊共享服務平台的主要工作與困境包括溝通策略、法律規範、分工方式、業務單位的抗拒與資料的價值。財資中心在政策規劃面、組織管理面以及法律規範面仍有改進空間，包括改變同仁的觀念態度、提出明確的評估報告、團隊成員的代表性、訂定行政規則以及與相關單位共商修法議題。未來有意推動相關政策的機關，除了前述財資中心應該改進之處，尚須注意組織文化以及公民參與的部分，讓政策推動的阻力降至最低。 / Open government data (OGD) can brings great economic benefit and promotes more openness in government, it has become one of the most important issues in e-Government around the world. An open data policy was enacted by the Executive Yuan at the end of 2013, both central and local governments should gradually release their possessed data to the public. In the context of open data policy, Fiscal Information Agency, MOF tries to establish an open data platform of Ministry of Finance. However, the open data policy in Taiwan is still in a stage of sprouting, it is an innovation policy and brand new notion to many governments, the objective of this research is to analyze what obstacles does Fiscal Information Agency, MOF meet when promoting the open data platform of Ministry of Finance, and how could this experience be learned. First of all, the research introduces the literatures about open data. Secondly, quoting the Innovation Diffusion Theory as the conceptual framework and conducting interviews. The analysis about the works and obstacles is individually based on the phase of agenda setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying and routinizing. The results show the main work and obstacles including the strategy of communication, legal norms, division of labor, resistance of agency and the value of data. There are still areas of improvement for Fiscal Information Agency, MOF, such as changing the concept of colleagues, providing a tangible report about open data and the representativeness of group. The lessons from this study are expected to provide insights to the Taiwan government when it tries to engage the open data policy.

M. Tech. Business Information Systems / Information and communications technology (ICT) has proved to be a significant tool for both private and public sectors in the enhancement of service delivery. Organisations need to identify the socio-economic, political and technological needs that would help them to strengthen their business positions in order to remain competitive in the globalised economy. To achieve this goal, organisations need to accelerate the ICT skills (e-skills) development within their settings. However, there is a general lack of e-skills within South Africa. Further still, there is also lack of standards that could be followed in the development of these skills. This calls for a contextualised framework to guide e-skills development within the South African private and public sectors. The goal of this study was to use a balanced scorecard to develop a framework that could be used to align e-skills development with the strategic business objectives of the Limpopo Provincial Government of South Africa.

Submitted by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-02-14T13:33:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DURVAL VIEIRA PEREIRA.pdf: 2783976 bytes, checksum: c9a2323462b1a68f94c5e66da32966bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-02-14T16:29:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DURVAL VIEIRA PEREIRA.pdf: 2783976 bytes, checksum: c9a2323462b1a68f94c5e66da32966bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T16:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DURVAL VIEIRA PEREIRA.pdf: 2783976 bytes, checksum: c9a2323462b1a68f94c5e66da32966bd (MD5) / Objetiva propor um modelo conceitual dos dados sobre acidentes do trabalho para publicação dos dados governamentais mantidos pela Previdência Social. Busca na literatura modelos conceituais ou vocabulários sobre acidentes do trabalho, analisa o Vocabulário Controlado do Governo Eletrônico (VCGE), o modelo de publicações de dados sobre acidentes do trabalho publicado pela Dataprev e o tesauro e a taxonomia da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT). Identifica a ausência de um modelo conceitual dos dados da Previdência Social para publicação em formato aberto e utiliza as tecnologias de Web Semântica, de forma a torná-las compartilháveis, acessíveis e reutilizáveis. Seleciona e analisa definições de acidente do trabalho e identifica conceitos e relacionamentos. Classifica os conceitos encontrados de acordo com as ontologias UFO-B e DUL. Utiliza o modelo Entidade-Relacionamento para auxiliar na elaboração de um modelo que consiga representar o domínio sobre acidente do trabalho. Constata a necessidade da elaboração de um vocabulário específico para descrever os conceitos sobre acidentes do trabalho como forma de enriquecer a representação dos dados analisados. Representa uma amostra dos dados em RDF, utilizando o modelo conceitual e o vocabulário proposto. Conclui que a elaboração do modelo conceitual e a descrição em RDF pareceram adequadas para organizar e fornecer um nível mínimo de semântica aos dados sobre acidente do trabalho da Previdência Social brasileira. / This project studies the conceptualization model about occupational accidents at Social Security for open government data. It conducts research literature to identify conceptual models or vocabulary about workplace accidents from the analysis of E-Government Controlled Vocabulary (VCGE from the Portuguese language), the occupational accident model published by Dataprev and also the taxonomy and thesaurus of International Labour Organization (ILO). It identifies the absence of a conceptual model for Social Security data for publication in an open format using Web Semantics technologies, to make this data sharable, affordable and reusable. It selects and discusses the definitions of occupational accidents by identifying concepts and relationships. It classifies the concepts found in accordance with ontologies UFO-B and DUL. It uses the Entity-Relationship model to assist in developing a model that can represent the domain of occupational accident. It notes the need to develop a specific vocabulary to describe the concepts of occupational accidents as a way to enhance the representation of the data analyzed. It represents part of the data in RDF using the proposed conceptual model and vocabulary. It concludes that the development of the conceptual model and description in RDF seemed appropriate to organize and provide a minimum level of semantic data on occupational accident at Brazilian Social Security.

This study explores Open Data actors in Kenya, focusing on the issue of transparency and accountability. Drawing on an exploratory quantitative analysis of existing statistical material of usage of the Kenya Open Data Initiative website and 15 qualitative interviews conducted primarily in Nairobi, the study analyses key factors – both enabling and disabling – that shape transparency initiatives connected to Open Data in Kenya. The material is analysed from three perspectives: a) a review based on existing research around impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives; b) based on theories on human behaviour in connection to transparency and accountability; and c) introducing a critical perspective on power relations based on Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘governmentality’. The study shows that the Kenya Open Data Initiative has potential to become an effective transparency and accountability initiative in Kenya, but that its future is heavily dependent on current trends within the political context and fluctuations in power relations. Applying a stronger user-perspective and participatory approach is critical.Open Data is a relatively new area within the governance and development field, and academia can play an important role in enhancing methodology and impact assessments to create more effective and sustainable initiatives and ensure that future Open Data initiatives can be both accessible and constitute a base for accountability.

Dados governamentais abertos é resultado, de uma série de novas exigências da sociedade para com seus governos. Entre estas exigências pode-se citar a busca por uma maior transparência e participação na gestão dos recursos públicos, maior controle sobre a qualidade dos serviços prestados, além de uma maior responsabilização por parte de seus gestores sobre a utilização destes recursos. Os governos para tentar atender a estas exigências fazem uso dos recursos da tecnologia de informação e comunicação, assim surge à possibilidade da disponibilização de dados em formato aberto, que tem como premissas básicas a transparência, colaboração e inovação. O tema dados governamentais abertos assume grande importância, pois aproximadamente uma centena de países desenvolve iniciativas neste sentido. De forma paralela a este fato, gestores públicos enfrentam desafios na implementação de projetos de dados governamentais abertos, pois este requer múltiplas interações entre governos e sociedade e ainda não existe um entendimento disponível em guias, ferramentas ou teorias para lidar com a abertura de dados no setor público.Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal propor um modelo genérico de produção e utilização de informações sob a ótica conceitual da cadeia de valor; o modelo visa atender as necessidades do ecossistema brasileiro de dados governamentais abertos. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas com membros de governos e da sociedade. Os resultados apontam que possíveis vantagens são visualizadas por membros de governos e da sociedade pela atuação em dados governamentais abertos. Os resultados confirmam a existência e necessidade da formação de redes entre governos e sociedades, bem como a importância de diversos atores da sociedade que atuam neste ecossistema, como fatores facilitadores ou motivadores para a realização de diversas atividades. Existem diversas barreiras ou fatores inibidores, em especial com questões relacionadas a legislação e qualidade da informação disponibilizada. O modelo proposto aponta atores e respectivas atividades, bem como quais fatores podem prover sustentabilidade ao desempenho das mesmas e indica como determinada atividade impacta as demais. De forma coerente as premissas da cadeia de valor, o modelo proposto contém atividades primárias e secundárias. / Open Government Data is the result of new demands from society towards their governments. Among these demands can cite search for greater transparency and participation in the management of public resources, greater control over the quality of services, and greater accountability on the part of its managers on the use of these resources.Governments to try to meet these demands make use resources of information technology and communications and the possibility arises of providing data in open format. Open Government Datahas the basic premises transparency, collaboration and innovation. The theme is of great importance because approximately one hundred countries are developing initiatives in this sense.Parallel to this fact, public managers has challenges in implementing initiatives of Open Government Data. This requires several interactions between governments and society and there is still no understanding available in guides, toolsor theories to deal with the opening of data in the public sector.This work aimed to propose a generic model of production and use of information in the conceptual view of the value chain. The model aims to meet the needs of the Brazilian ecosystem Open Government Data collection was conducted from interviews with government members and society.The results indicate that members from government and society realize benefits by acting in Open Government Data.The results confirm the existence and or need for networking among governments and societies.Actors from society that act as factors that facilitate or motivate for performing various activities by others actors.There are several barriers, specially with legal factors and information quality.The model indicates actors and their activities, and what factors can provide sustainability to the same performance and indicates how a particular activity impacts the others. Consistently the assumptions of the value chain, the model contains primary and secondary activities.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de publicação de dados de execução do orçamento público em acordo com a legislação brasileira. A partir das leis e da revisão da literatura foram levantados requisitos que devem ser considerados numa publicação de dados que seja processável por máquina. São apresentadas dimensões de dados como qualidade de dados, metadados e taxonomia, além das abordagens Dados Governamentais Abertos e Linked Data. A proposta de publicação resultante além de alinhada com os requisitos estudados prevê processamento por máquina em três níveis: tratamento de dados, validação de dados e colecionamento de conjuntos de dados. Com as tecnologias selecionadas, como XBRL e XSLT, alcançou-se um modelo que atendeu cartorze requisitos levantados, abrindo caminho para estudos como a de uma rede de conjuntos de dados baseada nesta proposta. / This paper presents a proposal for publishing public budget data in accordance with Brazilian law. From the laws have raised requirements that must be considered in the publication data format that is machine-processable. From the literature review were also raised requirements that are part of the proposed publication of this work, such as controlled vocabularies, metadata and taxonomy. Two approaches of open data were also considered in the preparation of the publication format: Open Government Data and Linked Data. The proposed publication resulting from this work, that use technologies like XBRL and XSLT, is aligned with the raised requirements provides three levels of machine-processing: data processing, data validation and collecting datasets.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de publicação de dados de execução do orçamento público em acordo com a legislação brasileira. A partir das leis e da revisão da literatura foram levantados requisitos que devem ser considerados numa publicação de dados que seja processável por máquina. São apresentadas dimensões de dados como qualidade de dados, metadados e taxonomia, além das abordagens Dados Governamentais Abertos e Linked Data. A proposta de publicação resultante além de alinhada com os requisitos estudados prevê processamento por máquina em três níveis: tratamento de dados, validação de dados e colecionamento de conjuntos de dados. Com as tecnologias selecionadas, como XBRL e XSLT, alcançou-se um modelo que atendeu cartorze requisitos levantados, abrindo caminho para estudos como a de uma rede de conjuntos de dados baseada nesta proposta. / This paper presents a proposal for publishing public budget data in accordance with Brazilian law. From the laws have raised requirements that must be considered in the publication data format that is machine-processable. From the literature review were also raised requirements that are part of the proposed publication of this work, such as controlled vocabularies, metadata and taxonomy. Two approaches of open data were also considered in the preparation of the publication format: Open Government Data and Linked Data. The proposed publication resulting from this work, that use technologies like XBRL and XSLT, is aligned with the raised requirements provides three levels of machine-processing: data processing, data validation and collecting datasets.

Este trabalho apresenta um grupo de processos para a integracao de dados e esquemas das receitas e despesas da execucao do orcamento publico brasileiro nas tres esferas governamentais: governo federal, estadual e municipios. Estes processos visam resolver problemas de heterogeneidade encontrados pelo cidadao ao buscar por informacoes publicas em diferentes entes. Estas informacoes atualmente sao disponibilizadas pelos portais de transparencia que seguem a obrigatoriedade definida pelo arcabouco legal brasileiro, no qual estes devem publicar, dentre outras informacoes, o registro de receitas, despesas, transferencias financeiras e processos licitatorios, de forma integra, primaria, autentica e atualizada. Porem, apesar das exigencias citadas por lei, nao existe um padrao para publicacao, alem de inconsistencias e ambiguidades de dados entre os diferentes portais. Assim, este trabalho visa resolver estes problemas de heterogeneidade enfrentados pelo cidadao. Para tal, como prova de conceito foram selecionados os dados de receitas e despesas do governo federal, do governo do estado de Sao Paulo e de 645 municipios do estado de Sao Paulo. Este trabalho padronizou um modelo conceitual de receitas e despesas baseado no manual tecnico do orcamento redigido pelo governo federal anualmente. A partir deste modelo criou-se esquemas de dados padronizados de acordo com os datasets que estao disponibilizados nos portais de transparencia de cada ente federativo, assim como um esquema integrado entre estes. Os dados de execucao orcamentaria do periodo de 2010 a 2014 dos governos citados foram extraidos dos portais, passando por um processo de transformacao e limpeza, e carregados no sistema integrador. Apos os dados carregados no sistema, a partir do prototipo foi possivel obter informacoes a respeito da execucao orcamentaria as quais nao eram possiveis de se realizar de forma direta acessando os portais de transparencia, ou, quando possivel o trabalho de compilacao da informacao seria muito elevado. Tambem foi possivel analisar e apontar possiveis falhas sistemicas nos portais de transparencia atraves dos resultados obtidos no processo, podendo contribuir com a melhoria destes. / This dissertation presents a process group for data integration and schemes of the Brazilian public budget s revenues and expenditures from all government level spheres (municipalities, states and nationwide). These process group aims to solve some heterogeneity problems to access public information provided by different government entities. Budget information is currently disclosed on e-gov portals, which must comply the requirements set by the Brazilian legal framework. Data about revenues, expenses, financial transfers and bidding processes must be published in a primary, authentic and updated way. However, there is no standards for publication, besides the poor data quality and inconsistencies found in the same data provided by different portals. Thus, this work aims to give some contributions to address these heterogeneity problems. To achieve this, we implemented a proof of concept that gathers revenue and expenditure data from the Brazilian federal government, the state government of Sao Paulo and 645 municipalities of Sao Paulo state. As a result, this work has standardized a conceptual model of revenues and expenses based on the technical manual of the budget. From this model, we created standardized data schemas according to the datasets that are available at the website of transparency of each government entity, as well as an integrated scheme between them. Data disclosed from 2010-2014 by all mentioned government were gathered, cleaned and loaded into the prototype. The resulting data warehouse allows queries about budget execution in Brazil that are not possible to perform directly accessing the transparency portals, or, when it is possible, this compilation work is very time consuming. During the validation phase was also possible to analyze and identify possible some failures in the e-gov portals and some recomendations try to give some contribution to their improvement.