State grants are perceived to mitigate the fiscal disparities among local governments in providing services. However, cutbacks in state grants as a result of changes in state grant policy in different states affect local expenditures dedicated to maintaining service provisions to citizens. This dissertation constructs a theoretical model to explain the extent to which and the ways in which types of state grants, revenue diversity, and form of local government impact local spending and the provision of public programs when local governments experience cuts in state grants. The dissertation also argues that when facing state grant cuts, local governments with a council-manager form of government and with higher revenue diversity will experience reduced change in local expenditures and that decreases in state categorical grants will lead to more cuts in distributive program expenditures. Given the diversity of state and local arrangements, this dissertation conducts a comparative and panel data study to test the hypotheses in 351 and 271 municipalities in Massachusetts and Colorado, respectively, in 2000 through 2008. The empirical results indicate that the form of government and the degree of revenue diversification have a greater impact on the local spending behaviors in Colorado than in Massachusetts. Meanwhile, decreases in state categorical grants lead to more cuts in distributive program expenditures in both Massachusetts and Colorado. This dissertation concludes that the theoretical model explains the effects of state grant reductions on local spending better in Colorado than it does in Massachusetts.

Title: Use of grants for development of the field hockey sports club Slavia Praha Objectives: The main purpose of this thesis was to set up preferred goals for the field hockey sports club Slavia Praha to ensure its successfull development, with an emphasis on the use of grants provided by the City of Prague. Another goal is to create a list of available grant programs for sports clubs in Prague. Methods: Two analysis methods were applied in this study. The first one was based on the analysis of the documents related to the application for available grants. Thanks to this method the overview of the available grants opportunities was created. The second method was SWOT analysis regarding the field hockey sports club Slavia Praha which contributed to the setting up of new partial and strategic task for the positive development of the club. Results: The field hockey sports club in Prague, which own or long term lease the sports real properties, can apply to the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports for grants. The other field hockey sports clubs can apply for grants of the Prague City Hall or its town disctricts. The main results of this study were the set up of the strategic goals for the following 3 years period in relation to the provided grants and creation of sub-tasks to meet operational...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the social services financing from the region point of view. Considering to the wide topic the thesis is focused on allowance organizations which are mostly founded by the regions for this purpose. Allowance organization as a provider of social services, must be in accordance with the specific law because the social services comes under the public services as it is written in the thesis. This fact namely influences financing in this area thereby economy and allowance organization function. The whole system is difficult because of many things takes a part here the fact that allowance organizations are influence by its activities but also it is their legal form. In the theoretical part these facts are brought closer which leads to comprehensive and systematic understanding of the application part - which is understanding of the system where regions provides through its allowance organizations social services. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze providing of the social services on the real example and show the problems which providing of the social services brings. This thesis could work as a white-paper for improving and finding better ways namely of financing social services. The conclusion of this thesis is basically a summary of gained findings which are showing that there is a lot of to do and think about in area of social services.

This Thesis analyze organizational administrative steps and impact of integration of extensive EU 7th Framework Programme from Research and Development area into current small-medium company environment with foreign capital in local Czech market. Thesis pointing out to one of many ways of project implementation into intradepartmental structure it`s complexity and possible difficulties. The practical part analyses initial phase of the project, concrete deprivation, mistakes taken during implementation phase and than practical financial, administrative, legal and organizational recommendations.

Orientador: Maurício Augusto Leite / Resumo: O aumento do consumo de água nas atividades humanas tem ocasionado o surgimento de áreas de conflito pelo uso da água. Uma das atividades que utiliza a água é a irrigação, sendo relacionada em diversas áreas de conflito, tornando necessária uma estratégia para a gestão compartilhada nestas regiões. No Brasil, especificamente no estado de Minas Gerais, existem regiões com essa característica, tendo como exemplo o Triângulo Mineiro, Alto Paranaíba e Noroeste de Minas. Nesses locais, o uso do processo de outorga convencional é importante, mas não contempla algumas singularidades, colocando uma região que necessita da irrigação em um conflito que poderia ser sanado com alternativas de gestão. O uso da Outorga Coletiva pode ser uma alternativa em regiões de conflito, fornecendo aos usuários da água o protagonismo em parte do processo decisório, desde que possuam um procedimento operacional capaz de os guiar no desenvolvimento desse processo de outorga e no uso da água. Assim, esse trabalho teve por objetivo identificar uma forma para definição da intensidade dos conflitos e estabelecer uma classificação dessa intensidade encontrada e elaborar um manual de procedimento para o processo de Outorga Coletiva em áreas de conflito pelo uso da água, onde exista agricultura irrigada. À intensidade do conflito foi atribuído um índice, a partir da comparação entre a vazão disponível para outorga e a soma das vazões demandadas no trecho, além da vazão média de longa duração. Uma nova gradação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increase in water consumption in human activities has led to the emergence of areas of conflict over water use. One of the activities that uses water is irrigation, being related in several areas of conflict, making necessary a strategy for shared management in these regions. In Brazil, specifically in the state of Minas Gerais, there are regions with this characteristic, such as the Triângulo Mineiro, Alto Paranaíba and Noroeste de Minas administrative regions. In these places, the use of the conventional grants process is important, but does not contemplate some singularities, placing a region that needs irrigation in a conflict that could be remedied with management alternatives. The use of Collective Grants may be an alternative in conflict regions, providing water users with the leading role in the decision-making process, provided they have an operational procedure capable of guiding them in the development of this process of granting and in the use of water. The objective of this work was to identify a way to define the intensity of conflicts and to establish a classification of this intensity and to elaborate a manual of procedure for the Collective Grants process in areas of conflict over water use where there is irrigated agriculture. For the intensity of the conflict an index was assigned, based on the comparison between the available flow for grants and the sum of the flows demanded in the stretch, in addition to the average long-term flow. A new classificatio... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / This thesis investigates the problem of the economic organisation of the public sector. It begins by establishing context by considering the two related issues central to it: the boundary of the state and the internal organisation of government (Chapter 1). There is a growing literature that explores the boundary of the state in political economy terms. Moreover, the boundary of the state can be viewed in a similar light to the boundary of the firm. The Second Generation Theory of Fiscal Federalism explores the internal organisation of government through the lens of the theory of the firm. Second Generation Theory assumes that governments are subject to the same problems that firms face: for example, just like firms require institutions to align the incentives of managers and shareholders (e.g., better defined contracts), governments require institutions to align the incentives of politicians and citizens (e.g., better defined constitutions). In order to improve our understanding of economic performance over time, the state should be considered as a complex organisation held together by a series of public choice compromises. Chapter 2 considers one aspect of the state as an organisation: when a boundary change of an existing state generates a new state. It tries to economically capture the birth of a new state through boundary change by taking a cue from the theory of internal exit: the secession of a group of people from an existing state who will then go on to form a new state. Internal exit predicts an internal exit-proof tax rate, i.e., a state will set the tax rate so that internal exit will not occur (e.g., Quebec in Canada). However, in precolonial southern Africa (ca. 1600-1910), internal exit occurred. A well-known example of this is that of Mzilikazi who in the 19th century left the Zulu with his followers and formed his own, new state: the Ndebele. Why is it that in Africa internal exit as a threat failed and internal exit still took place? With the aid of a simple, historically informed model, this chapter offers a political economy explanation of why internal exit took place in precolonial southern Africa. The model shows how internal exit results from the payoff calculation of an elite member’s (e.g., Mzilikazi) desire to maximise his share of public revenue surplus. Chapter 3 considers the internal organisation of government through the role of intergovernmental grants in the context of laboratory federalism. The Public Economics literature on intergovernmental grants is extensive. In this extensive literature, grants are usually analysed according to consumer behaviour theory where income and substitution effects determine community spending (and ultimately community welfare). However, these effects shed little light on how local governments can use grants to experiment with policy (laboratory federalism) in order to develop new, successful policies. In fact, even casual empiricism shows that local governments routinely experiment with policy and achieve varying degrees of success. One recent example is Mayor Bloomberg’s range of anti-poverty experiments in New York City. Very little theory has been produced that ties policy experimentation with the role of grants, however. Chapter 3 takes an organisational view of grants, namely it likens them to incomplete contracts to show how certain grants can be policy instruments for the creation and discovery of new knowledge in the public sector. More precisely, the chapter develops an evolutionary learning model that captures the knowledge gains that different types of grants (e.g., lump-sum grants compared to matching grants) can engender. It shows that a lump-sum grant can bring about greater learning at the local government level than a closed matching grant. Chapter 4 concludes by summarizing and suggesting areas for future research. / MT2017

Subvenções e Assistências Governamentais compreendem uma contribuição econômica constituída por fundos públicos. A norma contábil as define como uma contribuição econômica pecuniária, que não se restringe somente à entrega de dinheiro, mas também de ativo que é outros tipo de incentivo, a exemplo da entrega de um ativo operacional (terreno, máquina e equipamentos), empréstimos com taxas de juros subsidiadas, incentivos fiscais federais, estaduais e municipais, financiamento para projetos e suas etapas de pesquisa, fundos de desenvolvimento regionais, dentre outros. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever as características que classificam as empresas que se beneficiam de tais incentivos . O escopo do estudo é descritivo, com uso de variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas, tomando como referência o estudo de Rezende (2015). Foi realizada uma análise documental a partir dos dados das empresas listadas no índice IBRX-100 da BM&FBovespa. Foram analisadas 791 notas explicativas correspondentes a 113 empresas entre os períodos de 2008 a 2014. As notas foram coletadas a partir dos sites da CVM e BM&FBovespa e para a realização das análises estatísticas dos dados utilizou-se a técnica de regressão logística, por meio do software Stata. Foi possível identificar que 48 empresas, correspondente a 43% da amostra, se beneficiaram de algum programa de incentivo do governo. Assim, quantificou-se R$ 30 bilhões de reais oferecidos pelos governos em subvenções ou assistências governamentais, no período estudado, com destaque para os setores de energia elétrica, consumo cíclico, comércio, construção e engenharia, e metalúrgica. Estes setores econômicos foram os mais incentivados e os Estados de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais contendo a maior concentração de empresas subsidiadas. Os resultados estatísticos apontam que as empresas mais lucrativas recebem mais subvenções e tem mais oportunidades de se beneficiar quando comparadas com empresas menos lucrativas. As variáveis tamanho da empresa e adoção das IFRS se mostraram igualmente significativas, sendo que a transição às normas internacionais aumentou o nível de divulgação das informações referentes às subvenções e às assistências governamentais recebidas, por estas empresas. Também se mostraram estatisticamente significativos o fato das empresas serem auditadas por grandes firmas de auditoria e o controle acionário ser privado. Estatisticamente, o fato da companhia apresentar contingências fiscais classificadas como prováveis e possíveis diminuem as oportunidades para a empresa poder se beneficiar de subvenções. O fato das empresas captarem recursos do BNDES foi estatisticamente significativo; cabe ressaltar que este tipo de financiamento já representa por se uma forma de subvenção. No entanto, a idade da empresa, o nível de governança corporativa e o custo de capital de terceiros, não apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significantes. Estes resultados coincidem com algumas das características já identificadas por Rezende (2015), quem analisou mais detalhadamente o impacto dos incentivos fiscais sobre os retornos, políticas de investimento e decisões de financiamento das empresas. Assim, pode-se concluir que as características destas empresas representam variáveis relevantes para avaliar a probabilidade de determinada empresa usufruir ou não subvenções ou incentivos fiscais / Governmental Grants subsidies are an economic contribution offered with public funds, the accounting standard defines them as a financial economic contribution that is not restricted to be the delivery only in cash but also with assets as other kind or incentives, as an example, a Public institution can donate a fixed asset (land , machinery and equipment) , or give loans with lower interest rates than the market, it can be offer tax holidays, finance projects in early stages of research and development, and it can institutionalize regional development funds, among others. In this context, this study aimed to identify the characteristics that classify companies that benefit from these resources. The scope of the study is descriptive with help of quantitative and qualitative variables with reference to the study of Rezende (2015). A survey data analysis was conducted with financial data of companies listed on IBRX-100 BM & FBovespa index . 791 financial notes corresponding to 113 companies in the years 2008 to 2014 were reviewed. They were collected from the websites of CVM and BM&FBovespa and for the statistical analysis a logistic regression using Stata software was applied. It was possible to identify that 48 companies corresponding to 43% of the sample were benefited quantifying around R$30 billion offered as government assistance during the study period for the sample. The emphasis is given to electrical energy, metallurgic, trade, construction and engineering, and metal as the most encouraged economic sectors, and the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais with the highest concentration of subsidized companies. Statistical results also show that most profitable companies receive grants and have more opportunities to benefit from it compared to less profitable companies. Also, the size of the company and the variable IFRS were equally significant, what seems to encourage that the transition to international standards increased disclosure of information relating to subsidies and government assistance by these companies. It was also statistically significant that companies be audited by large firms. Statistically, the fact that the company present tax contingencies classified as probable and possible decrease opportunities for the company to benefit from this public funds. And it was statistically significant that companies capture BNDES funds, resources that already represents a form of subsidy. These results coincide with some of the features already identified by Rezende (2015) were the author analyzed in detail the impact of tax incentives on returns, investment policies and business financing decisions. By this, we can conclude that statistically significant features may indicate an impact on the likelihood of companies to use subsidies or incentives from the government

Subvenções e Assistências Governamentais compreendem uma contribuição econômica constituída por fundos públicos. A norma contábil as define como uma contribuição econômica pecuniária, que não se restringe somente à entrega de dinheiro, mas também de ativo que é outros tipo de incentivo, a exemplo da entrega de um ativo operacional (terreno, máquina e equipamentos), empréstimos com taxas de juros subsidiadas, incentivos fiscais federais, estaduais e municipais, financiamento para projetos e suas etapas de pesquisa, fundos de desenvolvimento regionais, dentre outros. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever as características que classificam as empresas que se beneficiam de tais incentivos . O escopo do estudo é descritivo, com uso de variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas, tomando como referência o estudo de Rezende (2015). Foi realizada uma análise documental a partir dos dados das empresas listadas no índice IBRX-100 da BM&FBovespa. Foram analisadas 791 notas explicativas correspondentes a 113 empresas entre os períodos de 2008 a 2014. As notas foram coletadas a partir dos sites da CVM e BM&FBovespa e para a realização das análises estatísticas dos dados utilizou-se a técnica de regressão logística, por meio do software Stata. Foi possível identificar que 48 empresas, correspondente a 43% da amostra, se beneficiaram de algum programa de incentivo do governo. Assim, quantificou-se R$ 30 bilhões de reais oferecidos pelos governos em subvenções ou assistências governamentais, no período estudado, com destaque para os setores de energia elétrica, consumo cíclico, comércio, construção e engenharia, e metalúrgica. Estes setores econômicos foram os mais incentivados e os Estados de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais contendo a maior concentração de empresas subsidiadas. Os resultados estatísticos apontam que as empresas mais lucrativas recebem mais subvenções e tem mais oportunidades de se beneficiar quando comparadas com empresas menos lucrativas. As variáveis tamanho da empresa e adoção das IFRS se mostraram igualmente significativas, sendo que a transição às normas internacionais aumentou o nível de divulgação das informações referentes às subvenções e às assistências governamentais recebidas, por estas empresas. Também se mostraram estatisticamente significativos o fato das empresas serem auditadas por grandes firmas de auditoria e o controle acionário ser privado. Estatisticamente, o fato da companhia apresentar contingências fiscais classificadas como prováveis e possíveis diminuem as oportunidades para a empresa poder se beneficiar de subvenções. O fato das empresas captarem recursos do BNDES foi estatisticamente significativo; cabe ressaltar que este tipo de financiamento já representa por se uma forma de subvenção. No entanto, a idade da empresa, o nível de governança corporativa e o custo de capital de terceiros, não apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significantes. Estes resultados coincidem com algumas das características já identificadas por Rezende (2015), quem analisou mais detalhadamente o impacto dos incentivos fiscais sobre os retornos, políticas de investimento e decisões de financiamento das empresas. Assim, pode-se concluir que as características destas empresas representam variáveis relevantes para avaliar a probabilidade de determinada empresa usufruir ou não subvenções ou incentivos fiscais / Governmental Grants subsidies are an economic contribution offered with public funds, the accounting standard defines them as a financial economic contribution that is not restricted to be the delivery only in cash but also with assets as other kind or incentives, as an example, a Public institution can donate a fixed asset (land , machinery and equipment) , or give loans with lower interest rates than the market, it can be offer tax holidays, finance projects in early stages of research and development, and it can institutionalize regional development funds, among others. In this context, this study aimed to identify the characteristics that classify companies that benefit from these resources. The scope of the study is descriptive with help of quantitative and qualitative variables with reference to the study of Rezende (2015). A survey data analysis was conducted with financial data of companies listed on IBRX-100 BM & FBovespa index . 791 financial notes corresponding to 113 companies in the years 2008 to 2014 were reviewed. They were collected from the websites of CVM and BM&FBovespa and for the statistical analysis a logistic regression using Stata software was applied. It was possible to identify that 48 companies corresponding to 43% of the sample were benefited quantifying around R$30 billion offered as government assistance during the study period for the sample. The emphasis is given to electrical energy, metallurgic, trade, construction and engineering, and metal as the most encouraged economic sectors, and the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais with the highest concentration of subsidized companies. Statistical results also show that most profitable companies receive grants and have more opportunities to benefit from it compared to less profitable companies. Also, the size of the company and the variable IFRS were equally significant, what seems to encourage that the transition to international standards increased disclosure of information relating to subsidies and government assistance by these companies. It was also statistically significant that companies be audited by large firms. Statistically, the fact that the company present tax contingencies classified as probable and possible decrease opportunities for the company to benefit from this public funds. And it was statistically significant that companies capture BNDES funds, resources that already represents a form of subsidy. These results coincide with some of the features already identified by Rezende (2015) were the author analyzed in detail the impact of tax incentives on returns, investment policies and business financing decisions. By this, we can conclude that statistically significant features may indicate an impact on the likelihood of companies to use subsidies or incentives from the government

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Genira Chagas Correia.pdf: 10910795 bytes, checksum: f561b9a001446c02866b3dadb3717f66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Starting from the legislation as the conducting wire, this research puts in question the power influences that permeate the grants distribution of authorization/concession to Brazilian broadcasting. Because of a methodological issue, this research emphasizes four main events, whose analyses correspond to the determined chapters: signing of decree 20.407 in 1931; promulgation of Law 4.117 in 1962; Federal Constitution of 1988 and publishing of General Broadcasting Law in 1997. It was used as a principal that the political control of the grants influences the limitation of symbolical exchanges in quotidian manifestations of audience. To John B. Thompson, main theorist used in this research, individuals are continuously involved in communication with each other and in the exchange of symbolical content information . To the author, these exchanges, produced and reproduced by electronic means of dissemination are covered with ideological characteristics. The empirical research comprehends a historical survey of legislation and the reasons why it was instituted. To confirm this hypothesis, public and private collections were gone through, including on-line sources and periodicals. Many interviews were also made to compensate for the lack of information about Brazilian broadcasting. The trajectory of the thesis showed that the Estate is effectively the paradigm of political power, always apt to legislate for the ideas´ control. The majority of the concessionaries showed how to dribble the coercive acts, constituting themselves in strength similar to Estate. In order to do that, they count on primordial support of parliamentary broadcasters. To be plural and contemporary, national electronic broadcast media needs a legislation that contemplates new technologies and social cravings / Partindo da legislação como fio condutor, esta pesquisa problematiza as influências de poder que permeiam as distribuições de outorgas de autorização/concessão para a radiodifusão brasileira. Por questão metodológica, o estudo foca quatro eventos principais, cujas análises correspondem aos capítulos determinados: assinatura do Decreto 20.047 em 1931; promulgação da Lei 4.117 em 1962; Constituição Federal de 1988 e publicação da Lei Geral de Telecomunicações em 1997. Partiu-se do princípio de que o controle político das outorgas influencia na limitação das trocas simbólicas nas manifestações cotidianas da audiência. Na visão de John B. Thompson (1998, p. 24), principal teórico utilizado nesta pesquisa, os indivíduos são continuamente envolvidos na comunicação uns com os outros e na troca de informações de conteúdos simbólicos . Para o autor, essas trocas, produzidas e reproduzidas pelos meios eletrônicos de difusão, revestem-se de características ideológicas. A pesquisa empírica compreende um levantamento histórico da legislação e das razões pelas quais foi instituída. Para comprovar a hipótese, percorreram-se acervos públicos, particulares e também fontes on-line, inclusive de periódicos. Realizou-se, ainda, uma série de entrevistas para suprir a falta de informações sobre a radiodifusão brasileira. O percurso da tese demonstrou ser o Estado efetivamente o paradigma do poder político, sempre apto a legislar pelo controle das ideias. Os concessionários, em grande parte, demonstraram saber driblar os atos coercitivos, constituindo-se em força semelhante à do Estado. Para isso, contam com o apoio fundamental dos radiodifusores parlamentares. Para serem plurais e contemporâneos, os meios eletrônicos de difusão nacional necessitam de uma legislação que contemple as novas tecnologias e os anseios sociais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Genira Chagas Correia.pdf: 10910795 bytes, checksum: f561b9a001446c02866b3dadb3717f66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Starting from the legislation as the conducting wire, this research puts in question the power influences that permeate the grants distribution of authorization/concession to Brazilian broadcasting. Because of a methodological issue, this research emphasizes four main events, whose analyses correspond to the determined chapters: signing of decree 20.407 in 1931; promulgation of Law 4.117 in 1962; Federal Constitution of 1988 and publishing of General Broadcasting Law in 1997. It was used as a principal that the political control of the grants influences the limitation of symbolical exchanges in quotidian manifestations of audience. To John B. Thompson, main theorist used in this research, individuals are continuously involved in communication with each other and in the exchange of symbolical content information . To the author, these exchanges, produced and reproduced by electronic means of dissemination are covered with ideological characteristics. The empirical research comprehends a historical survey of legislation and the reasons why it was instituted. To confirm this hypothesis, public and private collections were gone through, including on-line sources and periodicals. Many interviews were also made to compensate for the lack of information about Brazilian broadcasting. The trajectory of the thesis showed that the Estate is effectively the paradigm of political power, always apt to legislate for the ideas´ control. The majority of the concessionaries showed how to dribble the coercive acts, constituting themselves in strength similar to Estate. In order to do that, they count on primordial support of parliamentary broadcasters. To be plural and contemporary, national electronic broadcast media needs a legislation that contemplates new technologies and social cravings / Partindo da legislação como fio condutor, esta pesquisa problematiza as influências de poder que permeiam as distribuições de outorgas de autorização/concessão para a radiodifusão brasileira. Por questão metodológica, o estudo foca quatro eventos principais, cujas análises correspondem aos capítulos determinados: assinatura do Decreto 20.047 em 1931; promulgação da Lei 4.117 em 1962; Constituição Federal de 1988 e publicação da Lei Geral de Telecomunicações em 1997. Partiu-se do princípio de que o controle político das outorgas influencia na limitação das trocas simbólicas nas manifestações cotidianas da audiência. Na visão de John B. Thompson (1998, p. 24), principal teórico utilizado nesta pesquisa, os indivíduos são continuamente envolvidos na comunicação uns com os outros e na troca de informações de conteúdos simbólicos . Para o autor, essas trocas, produzidas e reproduzidas pelos meios eletrônicos de difusão, revestem-se de características ideológicas. A pesquisa empírica compreende um levantamento histórico da legislação e das razões pelas quais foi instituída. Para comprovar a hipótese, percorreram-se acervos públicos, particulares e também fontes on-line, inclusive de periódicos. Realizou-se, ainda, uma série de entrevistas para suprir a falta de informações sobre a radiodifusão brasileira. O percurso da tese demonstrou ser o Estado efetivamente o paradigma do poder político, sempre apto a legislar pelo controle das ideias. Os concessionários, em grande parte, demonstraram saber driblar os atos coercitivos, constituindo-se em força semelhante à do Estado. Para isso, contam com o apoio fundamental dos radiodifusores parlamentares. Para serem plurais e contemporâneos, os meios eletrônicos de difusão nacional necessitam de uma legislação que contemple as novas tecnologias e os anseios sociais