Portland, OR, is the site of a unique urban food cart phenomenon that provides opportunities for small business ownership and access points for culturally specific food for the city's foreign-born and minority populations. Known as a "foodie haven," Portland also has an active sustainable food movement with engaged citizens and support from city and regional policies aimed at significantly increasing the consumption of local food. To date, there have been no in-depth studies on the sourcing habits of Portland food cart owners and whether or not these street-level actors are involved in the area's local alternative food movements (AFNs). The current understanding of the Portland food cart phenomenon is based on studies that have focused on carts and pods located in the central business district and "inner-ring" areas of the city. Areas beyond these locations (defined as Eastern Portland) are currently home to the majority of the city's growing foreign-born and minority populations. This thesis uses a situational analysis framework to explore the food supply practices of ethnic food cart owners operating in Eastern Portland cart pods. I investigate the feasibility of purchasing locally grown ingredients for use in ethnic cuisines and the degree to which cart owners incorporate the region's prevailing locavore ethics into their everyday culinary practices. Findings from this inquiry suggest that ethnic cart owners in Eastern Portland have a range of habitus, or personal dispositions and embodied knowledge, that is reflected in how they perceive the benefits of and barriers to "buying local" and the extent (if any) that they engage with AFNs in the Portland area. I assert that ethnic food cart owners in Eastern Portland are performing multiple community roles by providing access points for culturally specific cuisines for their particular ethnic groups, while also offering exotic experiences to other residents and tourists alike. I discuss variations within the food cart phenomenon itself by highlighting the differences in design, amenities, types of access, and neighborhood customer bases of cart pods located in Eastern Portland. Finally, I discuss future research directions for understanding the dynamics of food supply chains in small-scale, direct-to-vendor relationships and the implications for local and regional food sustainability policy goals.

Bakgrund E-handel av livsmedel är en av de e-handelsbranscher som växer starkast i Sverige just nu. Enligt Svensk Digital Handel förväntas e-handel av livsmedel omsätta 5,7 miljarder kronor år 2016, vilket innebär en ökning med 38 procent från föregående år. Den första satsningen på e-handel av livsmedel gjordes i början av 2000-talet, dock lade de flesta aktörer inom branschen i Sverige ned efter bara några år. Idag år 2016 är denna typ av bransch mer mogen än vad den var då, på grund av snabbare internetuppkopplingar och att fler har datorvana och även större vana att handla på internet. Dock stod livsmedelshandeln på internet för endast 1,5 procent av den totala livsmedelshandeln i Sverige år 2015. Trots att e-handeln av livsmedel ökar är det alltså fortfarande många konsumenter i Sverige som inte köper livsmedel på internet. Syfte Syftet med studien är att identifiera barriärer till att handla lösplock av livsmedel på internet för konsumenter i Sverige som inte tidigare har använt sig av konceptet. Som en del av syftet ingår även att identifiera eventuella likheter och skillnader för olika typer av hushåll genom att analysera om barriärerna varierar beroende på hur hushållens utformning och förutsättningar ser ut. Genomförande Studien utgår från ett konsumentperspektiv och med en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ strategi genomfördes intervjuer med tio hushåll. De hushåll som deltog i intervjuerna hade ännu inte e-handlat livsmedel och det som undersöktes var varför de inte anammat konceptet. Ett uppföljningsmoment genomfördes därefter där de intervjuade hushållen bads att testa att handla livsmedel på internet för att sedan svara på några korta frågor i en uppföljningsintervju. Sju av hushållen medverkade i uppföljningsmomentet. För att sätta resultatet från de intervjuade hushållen i perspektiv och för att skapa bredd i studien genomfördes även en enkätundersökning där 154 respondenter deltog. Slutsats 38 barriärer till e-handel av livsmedel identifierades. Dessa barriärer har grupperats i följande kategorier: vana, sättet de handlar livsmedel på, att inget problem uppstår, personlighet, okunskap, fördelar med fysiska livsmedelsbutiker, negativa aspekter eller antaganden som de har till e-handel av livsmedel, att de inte har möjlighet samt att de är skeptiska. Alla barriärer som går under dessa kategorier presenteras i studien. Inga mönster som identifierar att barriärerna varierar beroende på hur hushållens utformning och förutsättningar ser ut kunde hittas. Att flera olika hushållstyper studerades kan dock tänkas ha bidragit till att många olika barriärer kunde identifieras. / Background Grocery e-commerce is one of the e-commerce sectors with the strongest growth in Sweden right now. According to Svensk Digital Handel, the expected turnover for grocery e-commerce in 2016 is 5,7 billion SEK, which is equal to an increase of 38 percent compared to the previous year. The initial investment in the grocery e-commerce industry was made around year 2000, however, most of the businesses in Sweden was shut down after only a few years. Today, this type of industry is more mature than it was at that time because of faster internet connections and that more people are used to using computers and shopping on the internet. But still the grocery e-commerce is responsible for only 1.5 percent of the total turnover in the grocery industry in Sweden in 2015. Despite the fact that the use of grocery e-commerce increases, there are still many Swedes who are not using the internet for buying groceries. Aim The study aims to identify barriers to buy groceries online for consumers in Sweden who have not previously used the concept. A part of the aim is also to identify possible similarities and differences of the different types of households by analysing if the barriers vary depending on the type of household. Completion The study is using a consumer perspective, and with an abductive and qualitative approach ten interviews was conducted. The households that participated in the interviews had not yet tried grocery shopping online and we examined why they did not yet adopt the concept. After the interviews all the households were asked to try the grocery e-commerce concept, of which seven of them took part. Those were asked a few questions in a follow-up interview. To put the results of the interviews of the households in perspective, and to broaden the study, a survey was also carried out, were 154 respondents participated. Conclusion 38 barriers to grocery e-commerce were identified. The barriers have been categorised info following categories: habit, the way they are buying groceries, there is no problem existing, personality, ignorance, that they prefer traditional grocery stores, negative aspects or assumptions about grocery e-commerce, that they do not have the opportunity and they are sceptical. All the barriers in these categories are presented in the study. No patterns that identifies that the barriers vary depending on the type of household could be found. That different household types were studied could however have contributed to the fact that many different types of barriers could be identified.

<p>More relevant price comparisons between groceries are possible. This study points out</p><p>one possible path through an example. The purpose of this approach is to develop a</p><p>model in a realistic context. The main assumption behind the proposed model is that</p><p>price always has to be compared to quality. The model (algorithm) starts with a basket</p><p>with the cheapest goods. The next step is to substitute goods with more priceworthy</p><p>alternatives. Priceworthy are defined as quality points divided by the cost of substitution.</p><p>The quality aspects that are considered should be both imortant and hard to</p><p>estimate for the target group of the price comparison. Some quality aspects are generally</p><p>not payed as much attention to as they could. Three examples are taste, content and</p><p>company sustainablity rating.</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to investigate how to achieve higher consumer</p><p>relevance when designing price comparisons of groceries. What are the important</p><p>factors? The study deals with the concepts of perceived quality and relevance in this</p><p>particular case. Methods have included studies of literature and previous price</p><p>comparisons, followed by interviews with qualified people within the grocery branch.</p>

More relevant price comparisons between groceries are possible. This study points out one possible path through an example. The purpose of this approach is to develop a model in a realistic context. The main assumption behind the proposed model is that price always has to be compared to quality. The model (algorithm) starts with a basket with the cheapest goods. The next step is to substitute goods with more priceworthy alternatives. Priceworthy are defined as quality points divided by the cost of substitution. The quality aspects that are considered should be both imortant and hard to estimate for the target group of the price comparison. Some quality aspects are generally not payed as much attention to as they could. Three examples are taste, content and company sustainablity rating. The main purpose of this study is to investigate how to achieve higher consumer relevance when designing price comparisons of groceries. What are the important factors? The study deals with the concepts of perceived quality and relevance in this particular case. Methods have included studies of literature and previous price comparisons, followed by interviews with qualified people within the grocery branch.

The thesis focuses on nutrition of preschool children. It describes quality as a set of attributes such as health safety, usage features and nutrition value. Special accent is set on legal aspects of food quality and boarding at kindergarten. The thesis also dealis with bio groceries and their implementation in children's meals. A position of consumers to healthy nutrition of preschool children and bio groceries is evaluated by a survey.

Over the past years there has been a significant increase in the use of e-commerce and to which extent it is used. This has enabled a bigger market for consumption than ever before, and physical stores has now gained competition from the online based stores. Due to this market evolution, the consumers now have every opportunity to purchase goods at any time suitable. The concept of impulse-buying behaviour has thus become more relevant for research, as the markets are evolving, which raises questions if consumers are evolving parallelly. The commerce of groceries online is one market that has yet to be researched regarding impulse-buying behaviour, as it is a relatively new way of purchasing groceries. Members of Generation Y are the most frequent users of grocery shopping services online, which is why this is the demography of choice for this analysis. This study is inspired by previous research within the topic of impulse-buying behaviour, as well as the lack of research within this topic in regard to groceries. The research will aim to examine and identify how impulse purchases manifest themselves in an online environment when buying groceries. The study follows both classical impulse theory research as well as modern day consumer behaviour research, in order to gain a general understanding of impulse- buying behaviour of consumers. Existing research provides relevant information regarding the subject of impulse purchases; however, this study will contribute to the subject with a new perspective. Existing studies are focusing on either impulse purchase online or offline, impulse purchases or grocery shopping individually, which is why there is a research gap where these phenomena intersect. The study is expected to provide deeper understanding of how members of generation Y, or millennials, in Stockholm, act when shopping online, with emphasis on their perception of impulsive consumption behaviour. As well as examining online consumption, behaviour in physical stores will be examined and pitted against behaviour online in order to show differences and/or similarities between the two. Individual characteristics of generation Y will also be identified and compared to existing theories concerning their behavioural patterns. The study revealed that impulse purchases of groceries online is neither consistent, nor frequent, behaviour for consumers. Impulse purchases online were found to be most affected by income but also planning of the purchase made beforehand played a part. Delivery fees was an unexpected driver of impulse purchases in this research. A factor which indicated that this drives the consumer to purchase more impulsively to reach the delivery limit. Further, the study discovered that the proclivity of impulse purchases differs depending on whether shopping online or in a physical store. Individuals more prone to being affected by environmental stimuli and emotions also showed a higher probability of purchasing items on impulse in a physical store than online. Lastly, members of generation Y showed signs of materialistic, self-monitoring, risk-averse and socially aware characteristics, thus confirming many theories about the generation.

The grocery retailing has evolved over the past 60 years from small, local retailers to out-of-town hypermarkets and now the rise of e-commerce of groceries is reshaping the landscape.   This report seeks to understand how the growing field of e-commerce of groceries is affecting a processing &amp; packaging solution provider like Tetra Pak and further identify business opportunities for Tetra Pak. The company has a unique role within the food industry in which they sell around 185 billion packages every year and they have been reshaping the food industry to where it has gotten today with the iconic package for milk and the subsequent introduction of aseptic technology that made it possible to sustain a longer shelf life for its products.   Further, to achieve the research objective, three goals were set up:   Identify the value chain for e-grocery and compare with traditional grocery Identify implication e-grocery has on the packaging system Present business opportunities based on the findings   The first goal was achieved by mapping out e-grocers value chain from a holistic point of view and with further analysis the two following goals could be answered.   The value chain for e-grocery is evidentially different from the traditional value chain in that they offer a service of picking and packing and then deliver safely to the consumer. Within that service e-grocers are facing a lot of challenges and inefficiencies including the high operational cost for their delivery model, conveying the trustworthiness of their service, providing flexibility in line with the consumers’ lifestyle and preference in regards of time-slots and delivery option. Further, technological trends and ventures indicate that e-grocery will advance in the future. Considering technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning and Augmented Reality, will lead to new opportunities both for e-grocers but also food producers.   The packaging system for e-grocery indicated that new requirements such as Portion/recipe sized package, isolating grocery bags/ primary packages that can handle the last-mile distribution are needed. Further, Tetra Pak’s package Tetra Brick Aseptic is found to be suitable for e-grocery however it should be tested in order to know exactly how good it is. The stakeholder involved have optimized towards the traditional value chain and seeing that the online grocery shopping is gaining a rapid growth there are both opportunities and challenges to take upon.

En omfattande digitalisering har under den senaste tiden pågått i samhället där många företag väljer att till viss del eller helt flytta sin verksamhet till internet. För vissa branscher har det varit mer optimalt att skifta försäljningskanal, medan andra har stött på hinder. Livsmedelsbranschen är den bransch som dominerar totalmarknaden men den halkar efter i digitaliseringen. Denna studie har som syfte att ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumenter att handla livsmedel på nätet. För att tillgodose studiens syfte användes en enkätstudie. Detta skapade möjlighet att få en djupare förståelse för konsumenternas beteenden. Enkätstudien bidrog också till att få en så bred bild om ämnet som möjligt inom den givna tidsramen för uppsatsskrivandet. Det empiriska materialet användes sedan som diskussionsunderlag till att jämföra med vad tidigare forskning har kunnat dra för slutsatser kring ämnet. Slutsatsen av studien är att det fortfarande är många konsumenter som inte handlar livsmedel på nätet. Respondenterna i denna studie ansåg att den främsta faktorn som påverkar att de hellre köper livsmedel i fysisk butik är att de vill kunna se och känna på varorna först. Priset på varor och fraktkostnad är även de faktorer som hade stor påverkan på varför konsumenter väljer bort att handla livsmedel på nätet. De faktorer som visade sig ha störst påverkan på hur ofta respondenterna handlade livsmedel på nätet var ålder, hushållsstorlek, varupris, fraktkostnad, krånglig retur/reklamation av varor samt trygga betalningsalternativ. / In recent times, an extensive digitalization has taken place in society where many companies choose to move their business to the Internet to some extent or completely. For some industries, it has been more optimal to change sales channels, while others have encountered obstacles. The food industry is the industry that dominates the total market, but it has fallen behind in the digitalization. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors that influence consumers to buy groceries online. In order to meet the purpose of the study, a survey study was used. This created the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour. The survey also helped to get as broad a picture of the topic as possible within the given time frame for the writing of the essay. The empirical material was then used as a discussion basis to compare with what previous research has concluded about the topic. The conclusion of the study is that there are still a lot of consumers who do not buy groceries online. The respondents in this study considered that the main factor that influences the fact that they prefer to buy groceries in a physical store is that they want to be able to see and feel the products first. The price of the products and shipping costs are also factors that had a major impact on consumers opinions. The factors that were found to have the greatest impact on how often the respondents buy groceries online were age, size of household, product price, shipping cost, difficult return/reclaim of products and secure payment options.

The aim of the study is to see if a digital tool can combine the benefits of shopping online, with the perks of purchasing groceries in a physical store. Previous research in the area has found that grocery shopping online isn’t growing at the same pace as normal retail shopping online. The previous studies have narrowed this down to mainly being because consumers want the touch, feel and inspect groceries with an expiry date. Previous research has also found that consumers don’t want to wait for the delivery of groceries, and that some consumers consider the process of walking around in a grocery store relaxing and enjoyable. There’s also been previous research made around the concept of cross-shopping, something this study made use of, as well as consumers' different transportation methods in conjunction with shopping.The study first conducted a survey, which gathered input from 140 consumers, from different demographics. The survey was aimed to be used as a foundation for the app that was developed. The initial survey was also inline with both the hypothesis of the researchers, as well as previous work in the area. The app was then pushed out as an alpha release to 16 testers, who gave their input on what was working well, what wasn’t working, and which features they could see giving a better experience. Already here, the result was positive, showing several good effects of the app, with a vast majority of users both finding it useful and money saving. Based on the input gathered from the alpha testing, the app was further developed and pushed out in a beta release to three testers of different age groups, with whom more in-depth interviews were conducted. The main purpose of the interviews was to get an overview of how different generations used the application and if it changed their behavior somehow while testing it. 75% of the Alpha testers responded that they managed to save money while testing the app and 95% felt that it had in some form helped them plan their grocery shopping. The beta interviews showed a shift in store loyalty and a change for the better in their shopping behaviour. Features such as collaborative shopping lists were shown to be very useful during the COVID-19 pandemic as it helped families carrying out the shopping for their elders. Participants also stated that the app helped them become more conscious about both cost and the environmental effects their shopping can have.The data gathered from the surveys and interviews indicate that a majority of consumers are more interested in features that involve planning and price comparing and not so much the buying or ordering of products itself. A digital tool developed for grocery shopping should focus on being a part of a consumers shopping journey and not replace it. Key features that this study has deemed to be essential are primarily the ability to create and share shopping lists containing real time information from handpicked stores and displayal of promotions and price comparison in a highlighted manner.

Flera undersökningar har under de senaste åren visat på hur företag använder sig av miljömässiga budskap i sin marknadsföring för att framhäva sina produkter som mer miljövänliga än vad de i själva verket är, så kallad greenwashing. Genom det enorma utbudet som finns tillgängligt för nutidens konsumenter och de olika influenser de får till sig genom reklam kan det vara svårt för den enskilda konsumenten att avgöra om produkten är trovärdig eller inte. Tidigare forskning inriktat på ämnet har i första hand utgått från en yngre åldersgrupp. Uppsatsens forskning har utformats för att undersöka den brist på forskning som rör åldersgapet genom att studera vilka attribut på dagligvaror som konsumenter mellan 35–60 år upplever som hållbara utifrån ett klimatperspektiv. Undersökningen syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse för hur attribut på produkter i dagligvaruhandeln påverkar konsumenter inom åldersintervallet att tro att de väljer hållbara produkter. Företag kan framgent dra nytta av resultatet från studien i marknadsföringen av hållbara produkter, samt hur de undviker greenwashing. Andra uppseendeväckande aspekter av ämnet tas upp som hypoteser och testas genom chitvå. I studien undersöks konsumenternas kännedom och attityd till vilseledande marknadsföring och miljömässigt hållbara val i dagligvaruhandeln genom en enkätundersökning. Resultatet analyseras sedan med hjälp av den valda teorin, kognitiv dissonans och köpbeslutsprocessens sista delar, vilka är köpbeslut och efterköpsbeteende. Undersökningen visade att det finns flera attribut som övertygar konsumenten att produkter i dagligvaruhandeln är hållbara. 85 % av respondenterna uppgav att de helst handlade varor som var paketerade av papper och kartong utifrån ett miljöperspektiv. 29 % uppgav att hållbarhetsmärkningar är det som är mest övertygande på produkter att de är hållbara tätt följt av 20 % som uppgav att innehållsförteckningen var det som övertygade mest. Svaren från enkäterna pekar på att det finns många faktorer som påverkar konsumenters gröna köpbeslut i dagligvaruhandeln och att de visuella attribut som en produkt har spelar roll, men att även andra, mer subtila faktorer också är med och påverkar det slutliga valet av att köpa produkten. Ett steg för företag att minska risken för att stämplas för greenwashing är att vara ärliga och transparenta och att det också speglar sig på produktens attribut. Studien är skriven på svenska. / In recent years, several studies have shown how companies use environmental messages in their marketing to highlight their products as more environmentally friendly than they are, so-called greenwashing. Due to the huge range available to today's consumers and the various influences they get through advertising, it can be difficult for the individual consumer to determine if the product is credible or not. Previous research in this field has primarily been based on a younger age group. This study has been designed to investigate the lack of research concerning the age gap by studying which attributes of groceries that consumers between the ages of 35-60 perceive as sustainable from a climate perspective. The survey aims to contribute to an increased understanding of how attributes on food products affect consumers in this age range to believe that they choose sustainable products. In the future, companies can benefit from the results of the study in the marketing of sustainable products, as well as how they avoid greenwashing. Other startling aspects of the subject are taken up as hypotheses and tested by chi square. The study examines consumers' knowledge and attitudes to misleading marketing and environmentally sustainable choices in the grocery trade through a survey. The result is then analyzed with the help of the chosen theories, cognitive dissonance and the last parts of the purchase decision process which are purchase decision and after-purchase behavior. The survey showed that there are several attributes that convince the consumer that products in the grocery trade are sustainable. 85% of the respondents stated that they preferred to buy goods that were packaged from paper and cardboard from an environmental perspective. 29% stated that sustainability labels are the most convincing on products that they are durable, closely followed by 20% who stated that the table of contents was the most convincing. The answers from the surveys indicate that there are many factors that influence consumers' green purchasing decisions in the grocery trade and that the visual attributes that a product has play a role, but that other, more subtle factors also play a role in influencing the final choice to buy the product. One step for companies to reduce the risk of being stamped for greenwashing is to be honest and transparent and that this is also reflected in the product's attributes. This study is written in Swedish.