The Massachusetts model illustrates the latest approach to smart growth - the incentive based program. This study examines the reasons for and actual outcomes of local smart growth efforts through one of the Massachusetts’ smart growth incentives - the Commonwealth Capital (CC) Program. The main objectives of this research are built on two conceptual models through a mixed approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method is mainly utilized to evaluate the implementation of the CC program. The results indicate that the program is a good measure of municipal smart growth efforts representative of goals of the state. Communities with diverse land bases have some advantage, as a variety of zoning methods can be employed. It is not obvious that communities have changed their own zoning in response to the stimuli of the CC program. The first model is applied through various statistical tests to investigate the relationships among the towns’ characteristics and CC data. Homeownership, education and access to the highway system are significant factors related to municipal smart growth efforts in Massachusetts. Wealth, population and quantity of open spaces are only significant for certain type of communities (e.g. maturing suburbs, developing towns etc). Municipal political preferences (e.g. forms of municipal governance, DEM/GOP preference etc) and municipal planners’ efforts have some influence on the adoptions of smart growth policies, though the specific outcomes might vary case by case. The second model tests the statistical relationships between CC data and the Urban Sprawl in Massachusetts. The urban sprawl are defined by Urban Sprawl Indicator (USI) as the amount of residential land consumed per building permit in the five past years per community in Massachusetts. The CC scores and USIs negatively fit the regression line well, indicating that local smart growth efforts have generally controlled land consumption in the past. In particular, the USIs in developing suburbs appear more responsive to the CC data. The spatial lag model shows sprawl is a net-effect phenomena and the cluster of sprawl in a region might weaken the effectiveness of particular municipal smart growth efforts. Lastly, this research suggests that the design of state land use policies ought to follow the nature of geographic segmentation of municipal smart growth preferences.

為有效促進土地使用、環境保護及引導都市發展，美國形成所謂「成長管理運動」，藉以提昇整體土地效用，並符合隨時代變遷而呈現多樣化的土地開發行為。然在土地使用規劃與管制的執行中，常涉及個別土地所有權人的財產權範圍與社會公經濟外部性間的考量；就土地使用規劃與管制對整體土地利用價值而言，可有所提升並降低開發所產生的負外部性；但就個別而言，當土地受到一定程度上之限制時，將會影響土地所有權人於土地所能從事的經濟活動、土地使用及其交易價值，且多重的管制往往導致土地所有權人權益因此受到限縮或喪失，是以為求合理的私有財產權保障，也相對興起了「私有財產權運動」，以尋求管制下的公平對待。 就社會整體而言，負面外部性的降低與正面外部性的營造有其必要，但更嚴格的管制也意味著人民私有財產權的重新界定，從而在土地使用規則與管制的執行上，產生了成長管理運動與私有財產權運動兩種不同面向的思潮與措施。是以本研究欲就成長管理運動與私有財產權運動之理念執行，以實證分析影響美國州政府採行成長管理運動或私有財產權運動之因素，期望藉由此兩種運動的執行理念與探討，作為我國執行土地使用規劃與管制對土地財產權界定與重新界定之參考與借鏡。 / In order to promote efficient land use and protect environment as well as lead urban development, the Growth Management Movement has emerged in USA. However, the implementation of land use planning and control will unavoidable affect the domain of private property rights and the public interests in terms of externality. Although land use planning and control can reduce the negative externality of land development, the limitation on private land will attenuate private property rights and result in the loss of landowners’ property rights and land value. The Private Property Rights Movement arises so as to pursue a reasonable protection of property rights and to have an equal treatment under land use control. From the society viewpoint, land use control is employed to modify the market failure so as to reduce the negative externality and increase positive externality, but the implementation of tighter land use control means that the landowners’ property rights are redefined and attenuated. That how far is too far is always a controversy and lead to the emergence of two opposite movements i.e. the Growth Management Movement and The Private Property Rights Movement. This study intends to investigate the concept of and to analyze the influence factors of both movements so as to use a mirror for Taiwan’s land use planning and control which assigns and reassigns the property rights of land.

Esta dissertação apresenta a importância do gerenciamento da confiabilidade de um produto durante seu desenvolvimento. Tal gerenciamento consiste em um processo sistemático que resulta no alcance dos requisitos governamentais, do cliente e da empresa. Estudou-se a metodologia de gerenciamento da confiabilidade através do planejamento da confiabilidade meta, alocação ótima de confiabilidade, avaliação e modelagem da confiabilidade, planejamento do crescimento da confiabilidade, controle do crescimento da confiabilidade até a obtenção dos resultados planejados. Através dessa metodologia, em um estudo aplicado contemplando um produto médico-hospitalar, foi possível: (a) identificar os componentes críticos do produto, (b) identificar a lacuna existente entre o valor de confiabilidade no início do projeto quando comparado à meta, (c) planejar o crescimento da confiabilidade ao longo das fases do projeto, (d) realizar melhorias ou reprojetos nos componentes do produto, (e) controlar o crescimento da confiabilidade e (f) alcançar a confiabilidade planejada. Os resultados obtidos foram de um aumento de 24% para 100% na confiabilidade do produto para cinco anos de utilização e de 0% para 83% para dez anos de utilização. Os valores obtidos de confiabilidade superaram os valores planejados, confirmando a eficiência da metodologia adotada. / This study discusses the relevance of Product Reliability Management during the product development phase. It consists of a systematic process that results in achieving the requirements of government regulations, customer satisfaction and companies goals. We studied the Product Reliability Management methodology through five aspects, including: target planning, optimal allocation, evaluation and modeling of product reliability, growth planning, and growth control to achieve the planned results. Using this methodology, applied in a study comprising the analysis of a medical product, it was possible to: (a) identify the critical components of the product (b) identify the gap between the reliability rate at the beginning of the project when compared to the final target (c) plan the growth of reliability throughout the phases of the project (d) make improvements or redesign product components (e) control the growth of reliability and (f) achieve the planned product reliability. The obtained results show an increase of 24% to 100% on five years product reliability, and from 0% to 83% for ten years product reliability. The values of reliability exceeded the planned values, confirming the effectiveness of the Product Reliability Management methodology.

During the past several decades, most U.S. metropolitan areas have experienced strong suburbanization of housing and jobs (i.e., urban sprawl). The sprawl that arises from urban growth has become a big issue in many metropolitan areas in the U.S. In response, there has been increased interest in urban containment policies. There are contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban sprawl and urban containment policies. Planning-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'geographic sprawl (GS)' and the positive effects of urban containment polices, while market-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'economic sprawl (ES)' and the negative or negligible effects of urban containment policies. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed whether urban containment policies affect urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting. The results of this dissertation indicate that urban containment policies play an important role in affecting urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting, as well as explaining the contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban containment policies. Implementing urban containment policies can produce positive effects such as compact development, which can promote J-H balance. However, as seen in the relationship between urban containment policies, urban sprawl and housing values, stronger urban containment policies can produce negative effects, such as traffic congestion and an increase in housing prices.

動態的社會中，由於都市成長、經濟發展及所得增加等結果，必然引起法 定土地使用計畫變更之需求，而導致原有使用分區及收益性較低之農地編 定變更。然由於農地的變更係一不能反轉的投資(Irreinvestment)，故於 兼顧其他產業之發展與需求時，對農地變更使用宜有嚴謹的管制措施，俾 維護整體農業資源的完整。本研究基於土地使用承繼理論與成長管理理念 ，對現行台灣地區農地變更使用概況進行分析，並進一步對現行農地變更 使用管制及農地變更使用權益調整規定加以檢討，發現農地變更使用法制 規定的確存有若干待改進之處。而為了解現行法制背景下農地變更使用之 影響，以台北縣蘆洲鄉及二省道新莊市中港厝段與泰山鄉泰山段為個案， 分析農地合法與非法變更之影響，結果發現法制規定的不完備，使得無論 合法或非法之變更對於農業經營產生負面之作用，且造成權益不均之現象 。基於對農地變更使用法制規定及個案影響分析之結果，對台灣地區農地 變更使用制度，建議由農地變更使用之法制面、權益面及執行面予以改進 ，並擬具相關之配合措施，以為未來農地變更使用制度改進之建議。

Esta dissertação apresenta a importância do gerenciamento da confiabilidade de um produto durante seu desenvolvimento. Tal gerenciamento consiste em um processo sistemático que resulta no alcance dos requisitos governamentais, do cliente e da empresa. Estudou-se a metodologia de gerenciamento da confiabilidade através do planejamento da confiabilidade meta, alocação ótima de confiabilidade, avaliação e modelagem da confiabilidade, planejamento do crescimento da confiabilidade, controle do crescimento da confiabilidade até a obtenção dos resultados planejados. Através dessa metodologia, em um estudo aplicado contemplando um produto médico-hospitalar, foi possível: (a) identificar os componentes críticos do produto, (b) identificar a lacuna existente entre o valor de confiabilidade no início do projeto quando comparado à meta, (c) planejar o crescimento da confiabilidade ao longo das fases do projeto, (d) realizar melhorias ou reprojetos nos componentes do produto, (e) controlar o crescimento da confiabilidade e (f) alcançar a confiabilidade planejada. Os resultados obtidos foram de um aumento de 24% para 100% na confiabilidade do produto para cinco anos de utilização e de 0% para 83% para dez anos de utilização. Os valores obtidos de confiabilidade superaram os valores planejados, confirmando a eficiência da metodologia adotada. / This study discusses the relevance of Product Reliability Management during the product development phase. It consists of a systematic process that results in achieving the requirements of government regulations, customer satisfaction and companies goals. We studied the Product Reliability Management methodology through five aspects, including: target planning, optimal allocation, evaluation and modeling of product reliability, growth planning, and growth control to achieve the planned results. Using this methodology, applied in a study comprising the analysis of a medical product, it was possible to: (a) identify the critical components of the product (b) identify the gap between the reliability rate at the beginning of the project when compared to the final target (c) plan the growth of reliability throughout the phases of the project (d) make improvements or redesign product components (e) control the growth of reliability and (f) achieve the planned product reliability. The obtained results show an increase of 24% to 100% on five years product reliability, and from 0% to 83% for ten years product reliability. The values of reliability exceeded the planned values, confirming the effectiveness of the Product Reliability Management methodology.

Esta dissertação apresenta a importância do gerenciamento da confiabilidade de um produto durante seu desenvolvimento. Tal gerenciamento consiste em um processo sistemático que resulta no alcance dos requisitos governamentais, do cliente e da empresa. Estudou-se a metodologia de gerenciamento da confiabilidade através do planejamento da confiabilidade meta, alocação ótima de confiabilidade, avaliação e modelagem da confiabilidade, planejamento do crescimento da confiabilidade, controle do crescimento da confiabilidade até a obtenção dos resultados planejados. Através dessa metodologia, em um estudo aplicado contemplando um produto médico-hospitalar, foi possível: (a) identificar os componentes críticos do produto, (b) identificar a lacuna existente entre o valor de confiabilidade no início do projeto quando comparado à meta, (c) planejar o crescimento da confiabilidade ao longo das fases do projeto, (d) realizar melhorias ou reprojetos nos componentes do produto, (e) controlar o crescimento da confiabilidade e (f) alcançar a confiabilidade planejada. Os resultados obtidos foram de um aumento de 24% para 100% na confiabilidade do produto para cinco anos de utilização e de 0% para 83% para dez anos de utilização. Os valores obtidos de confiabilidade superaram os valores planejados, confirmando a eficiência da metodologia adotada. / This study discusses the relevance of Product Reliability Management during the product development phase. It consists of a systematic process that results in achieving the requirements of government regulations, customer satisfaction and companies goals. We studied the Product Reliability Management methodology through five aspects, including: target planning, optimal allocation, evaluation and modeling of product reliability, growth planning, and growth control to achieve the planned results. Using this methodology, applied in a study comprising the analysis of a medical product, it was possible to: (a) identify the critical components of the product (b) identify the gap between the reliability rate at the beginning of the project when compared to the final target (c) plan the growth of reliability throughout the phases of the project (d) make improvements or redesign product components (e) control the growth of reliability and (f) achieve the planned product reliability. The obtained results show an increase of 24% to 100% on five years product reliability, and from 0% to 83% for ten years product reliability. The values of reliability exceeded the planned values, confirming the effectiveness of the Product Reliability Management methodology.

In an effort to reduce the cost and size of government public service delivery has become more decentralized, flexible and responsive. Public entrepreneurship entailed, among other things, the establishment of special-purpose governments to finance public services and carry out development projects. Community Development Districts (CDDs) are a type of special-purpose governments whose purpose is to manage and finance infrastructure improvements in the State of Florida. They have important implications for the way both growth management and service delivery occur in the United States. This study examined the role of CDDs for growth management policy and service delivery by analyzing the CDD profile and activity, the contribution of CDDs to the growth management and infrastructure development as well as the way CDD perceived pluses and minuses impact service delivery. The study used a mixed methods research approach, drawing on secondary data pertaining to CDD features and activity, semi-structured interviews with CDD representatives and public officials as well as on a survey of public officials within the counties and cities that have established CDDs. Findings indicated that the CDD institutional model is both a policy and a service delivery tool for infrastructure provision that can be adopted by states across the United States. Results showed that CDDs inhibit rather than foster growth management through their location choices, type and pattern of development. CDDs contributed to the infrastructure development in Florida by providing basic infrastructure services for the development they supported and by building and dedicating facilities to general-purpose governments. Districts were found to be both funding mechanisms and management tools for infrastructure services. The study also pointed to the fact that specialized governance is more responsive and more flexible but less effective than general-purpose governance when delivering services. CDDs were perceived as being favorable for developers and residents and not as favorable for general-purpose governments. Overall results indicated that the CDD is a flexible institutional mechanism for infrastructure delivery which has both advantages and disadvantages. Decision-makers should balance districts’ institutional flexibility with their unintended consequences for growth management when considering urban public policies.

No description available.

台灣地區數十年來隨著社會經濟的快速發展，都市計畫地區內之人口數，自民國50年以來，平均每年約以7.45%的速度增加。為了滿足日益增加的都市人口活動需求，故需不斷地在有限的都市土地資源上進行開發活動。然而，由於在規劃、組織、管制等方面的不周延，導致土地開發常缺乏計畫性指導原則，產生例如交通擁擠、環境污染、公共設施與開放空間的不足、生態環境的破壞等許多不同性質的問題，而無法真正健全都市的發展，對於都市型態與都市機能亦產生許多的負面效果。 本研究以台灣地區目前公部門常實施之市地重劃與區段徵收為例，藉由文獻資料的整理分析與問卷深入訪談的方式，探討相關的政府承辦人員及專家學者們對於上述兩種土地開發方式所產生的土地開發問題性質之看法。期以美國成長管理理念為基礎，並透過管理的規劃、組織、指導、管制四大功能的分析，提出成長管理策略與相關配合措施之建議，俾指導土地開發活動的進行得以滿足促進都市發展，健全都市機能的目標。 本研究基於上述的理念，對於市地重劃與區段徵收所產生之土地開發問題的分析，研擬適當的成長管理策略，作為政府在土地開發管理上的參考。首先在規劃方面應建立明確的土地開發原則，配合相關技術工具的實行，以指導土地開發活動的進行；在組織方面應加強各相關單位之協調整合；在管制方面則是擬定適當的管制性計畫並透過電腦技術的運用，監測與掌控土地開發的速度與都市發展、公共設施之間的配合；在指導方面則是須有效整合土地開發各相關單位之意見及解決其發生之衝突，清楚界定土地開發相關單位間的權責以達成彼此間的共識。此外，亦須加強民眾在土地開發過程中的參與機制，以爭取民眾的支持而減少土地開發所受到的阻力。 / For decades, Taiwan has experienced rapid social and economic development. Since 1961, the population has increased about 7.45 percent annually in the urban planned districts. In order to accommodate the increasing urban population and activities, it has to develop scarce land resources. However, weakness in existing planning systems, government structure, policy context, and control strategies for managing development and growth has led to many problems, such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, public facility provision, open space deficiency, and ecological environment destruction. Those problems produce negative impacts on urban development, urban pattern, and urban firnction. Based upon the functions of management, such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, this study investigates the problems of urban development in Taiwan, particular in the development by urban land consolidation and zone expropriation programs. The approaches of literature review and questionnaire are adopted in order to understand deeply the problems of land development in Taiwan. Furthermore, the strategies of growth management of American experiences are discussed. Finally, some practical suggestions for land development in Taiwan are presented. This thesis explores the background of existing problems related to urban land consolidation and zone expropriation programs and develop workable growth management strategies and suggestions. First, in planning aspect, government should establish clear land development principles associated with relative technical tools to guide development which is satisfactory in timing, location, and quantity. Second, in organizing aspects, government should bring more about integration and coordination among relative institutions to yield administrative efficiency. Third, as for controlling aspects, government should develop feasible land use plans and apply the computer techniques for monitoring land development pace and service level. Fourth, in leading aspects, government should regulate the clear responsibilities among relevant institutions and resolve the possible conflicts to bring more about consensus. Finally, government should strengthen citizen participation in the land development process to win public support.