Thesis (Ph.D. in Clinical Science) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-146). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-127).

Malgré l’amélioration des prises en charge diabétologiques et obstétricales, la grossesse chez la patiente ayant un diabète pré-gestationnel ou gestationnel reste à ce jour à haut risque pour la mère et pour l’enfant. Chez l’enfant, les anomalies de croissance, macrosomie, mais parfois Retard de Croissance Intra-Utérin (RCIU) restent à ce jour très fréquentes avec des conséquences à court et à long terme. La croissance fœtale est un processus complexe mettant en jeu la susceptibilité génétique fœtale mais surtout le milieu intra-utérin à savoir l’environnement métabolique maternel et placentaire. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques en lien avec ces anomalies de croissance dans ce contexte de diabète restent encore incompris et mal expliqués par l’hyperglycémie maternelle seule. A l’interface entre la mère et le fœtus, le placenta exerce plusieurs fonctions influençant le métabolisme maternel et fœto-placentaire donc le développement de l’unité fœto-placentaire. Le placenta, acteur crucial de la programmation fœtale, va s’adapter à son environnement afin de permettre la survie fœtale.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier le compartiment placentaire en analysant l’expression des gènes impliqués dans la croissance fœto-placentaire afin de déterminer des facteurs prédictifs des anomalies de croissance au cours du diabète maternel. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons d'abord utilisé un modèle de rate gestante rendue diabétique par la streptozotocine seule ou associée avec la nicotinamide et validé certains de nos résultats dans des placentas issus de patientes diabétiques de type 1. L’analyse du transcriptome placentaire a mis en évidence l’implication prépondérante de certains gènes appartenant à la famille prolactine (PRL), au système rénine-angiotensine et aux métalloprotéases. La caractéristique phénotypique de ces ratons était de présenter un RCIU à la naissance avec sur le plan histologique une hypovascularisation placentaire associée.Nous nous sommes surtout intéressés aux gènes placentaires appartenant à la famille PRL, non décrits auparavant dans la littérature dans le diabète, comme prl8a2, connu aussi sous le nom de Dprp (Decidual Prolactin Related-Protein). La PRL dans sa forme native de 23-kDa a des propriétés pro-angiogéniques alors que clivée en vasoinhibines par la Bone morphogenetic protein1 (BMP1), la cathepsine D, a des propriétés anti-angiogéniques. Chez nos 2 modèles de rates, nous confirmons une surexpression par qPCR de Dprp, et de Bmp1 et une augmentation du rapport du clivage de la PRL et donc des vasoinhibines par rapport aux contrôles.Nous avons pu valider ces résultats dans des placentas de patientes diabétiques de type 1 dont la caractéristique chez les nouveaux nés était un petit poids de naissance. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à la cinétique de ces anomalies concernant la famille PRL dans nos modèles animaux. Nous avons pu montrer chez la rate gestante diabétique que le RCIU était présent dès le 14ème jour de gestation et que la quantité en vasoinhibines et l’expression des gènes Bmp1 et Dprp n'étaient modifiées qu'à partir du 17ème jour de gestation.Ces travaux sont en faveur d’une implication de la PRL placentaire et de ses vasoinhibines dans le diabète maternel laissant leur supposer un rôle dans l’hypovascularisation placentaire, mise en évidence à la fois chez l'homme et l'animal. En perspective, nous envisageons de poursuivre ces travaux avec une approche plus fonctionnelle. Il convient de préciser l’implication de la BMP1 en confirmant sa responsabilité dans le clivage de la PRL, en analysant plus finement la relation entre vasoinhibines et hyperglycémie en tenant compte du degré et de la durée d’exposition de l'hyperglycémie. Enfin, il serait intéressant de regarder l’implication de la PRL placentaire non plus au cours du RCIU mais plutôt au cours de la macrosomie fœtale, qui reste l’anomalie de croissance la plus fréquente au cours du diabète maternel. / Despite the improvement of obstetrical and diabetological care, the pregnancy of the patient presenting a gestational or pregestational diabetes remains ourdays at a high risk for the mother and for its child. For the child, fetal growth disorders such as macrosomia but also intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) are still very frequent with short and long-term consequences. Fetal growth is a complex process involving the fetal genetic susceptibility but also the intra-uterine environment especially in its maternal and placental metabolic aspects. The link between the physiopathological mechanisms of these disorders and fetal growth in this context of maternal diabetes remains unclear and partially explained by maternal hyperglycemia only. At an interface between the mother and the fetus, the placenta employes multiples functions that influence maternal, fetal and placental metabolisms and consequently the fetoplacental unit development. The placenta, as crucial actor of fetal programming, must adapt to its environnment for the survival of the fetus.The objectives of this thesis were to study the placental compartment with an analysis of expression of genes involved in feto-placental growth to determine the predictive factors of these growth disorders during maternal diabetes. To bring a response to these objectives, we used initially a model of gestant rat diabetes induced by streptozotocin alone or in combination with nicotinamide and we validated some of our results in the placenta from type 1 diabetic mothers.The placental transcriptomic analysis pointed out the involvment of some genes of the prolactin (PRL) family, of the renine-angiotensin-aldosterone system and of metalloproteinase family. The principal phenotypical characteristic of the pups at birth was an IUGR with an histological aspect of a placental hypovascularization associated.We focused especially to the placental genes of the PRL familly, non described before in the litterature in diabetes, such as prl8a2 also known as Dprp (decidual prolactin related-protein). PRL in its native form of 23 kDa is proangiogenic but when processed by Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) or cathepsin D (CTSD) to vasoinhibins has antiangiogenic properties. In our 2 rat models, we demonstrated by qPCR an upregulation of Bmp-1 and Dprp with an increase amount of vasoinhibins when compared to controls.We could validate some of our results in the placenta from diabetic type 1 women with a characteristic of small birth weight of the newborns.Finally, we interested in the course of these disorders concerning PRL family in our animal models during their pregnancy. We could demonstrate that IUGR was present by 14th day of gestation. Bmp-1 or Dprp gene expression and the vasoinhibin amount were not different between groups at the 14th day of gestation but modified by 17th day of gestation.These studies highlighted a placental involvment of PRL and its vasoinhibins during maternal diabetes suggesting a role in placental hypovascularisation in animal and women.The perspectives will be in continuing these studies with a more functional approach. We have to bring more details about the involvment of BMP-1 in this PRL process with an in-depth analysis of the link between hyperglycemia and vasoinhibins among the degree and the time of exposition to hyperglycemia. Finally, it would be interesting to study the involvment of placental PRL not only in the cases of IUGR but also in that of macrosomia, that remains the most frequent fetal growth disorder during maternal diabetes.

A pesquisa de variações no número de cópias (CNVs; copy number variants) cromossômicas tem revelado o importante papel destas alterações genômicas na diversidade populacional e na etiologia de doenças humanas. O modelo de associação de CNVs a doenças envolve deleções e/ou duplicações individualmente raras, mas com segmentos cromossômicos de tamanhos relevantes. Os pacientes com baixa estatura de início pré-natal constituem um grupo heterogêneo com quadros clínicos complexos frequentemente resultantes de alterações genéticas, que, desde o período intrauterino, perturbam os mecanismos e vias de desenvolvimento e crescimento fetais. Assim sendo, aventamos a hipótese de que CNVs raras possam estar entre as causas genéticas de baixa estatura de início prénatal. Para tanto, nosso estudo visou avaliar a presença de deleções ou duplicações submicroscópicas em um grupo selecionado de pacientes nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG) com baixa estatura persistente sem causa definida. Foram avaliados 51 pacientes nascidos PIG com baixa estatura persistente após o 4º ano de vida que apresentavam dismorfismos, atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) ou deficiência intelectual, porém sem caracterizar síndromes conhecidas e com cariótipo normal. Amostras de DNA dos pacientes foram submetidas à hibridização genômica comparativa por microarray (aCGH; array comparative genomic hybridization) baseada em oligonucleotídeos na plataforma 60K. Os achados foram comparados com CNVs descritas em bancos de dados de controles normais. Foram identificadas 18 CNVs, ausentes em controles saudáveis, em 17 dos 51 pacientes (33%). As alterações foram avaliadas para classificação de sua patogenicidade de acordo com os seguintes critérios: 1) padrão de herança e segregação familiar; 2) sobreposição a coordenadas genômicas de síndromes conhecidas; 3) sobreposição a CNVs patogênicas descritas em banco de dados; 4) e conteúdo gênico. Quatro CNVs, encontradas em 3 pacientes, foram classificadas como patogênicas: 1) del 22q11.21; 2) dup 10q26.2-26.3 e del 10q26.3; e 3) del 4q28.2-q31.21. Cinco CNVs, encontradas em 5 pacientes, foram classificadas como provavelmente patogênicas: 4) del 3q27.1-q27.3; 5) del 20p13; 6) dup 14q11.2-q12; 7) dup 16q24.1-q24; e 8) dup Xq31.1-q13.2. Somando os grupos, encontramos CNVs patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas em 16% do total de pacientes. De acordo com a segregação familiar, 4 variações foram consideradas de significado clínico incerto, enquanto 5 foram benignas. Para estabelecer uma relação causal genótipo-fenótipo e identificar genes associados a baixa estatura de início pré-natal, foi realizada uma análise ampla do conteúdo gênico das variações classificadas como patogênicas, provavelmente patogênicas ou de significado clínico incerto, através do uso de efetivas ferramentas de bioinformática. Nossos resultados nos levam às seguintes conclusões: 1) a frequência de CNVs patogênicas e provavelmente patogênicas no estudo foi de 16%, evidenciando que CNVs raras provavelmente estão entre as causas genéticas de baixa estatura de início pré-natal; 2) o aCGH permitiu a elucidação do diagnóstico e das bases genéticas envolvidas no fenótipo em 8 pacientes selecionados; e 3) foram encontradas CNVs em diferentes regiões cromossômicas, com diferentes genes candidatos, que podem estar envolvidos nos mecanismos de regulação do crescimento e/ou nas vias regulatórias de desenvolvimento intrauterino / Analysis of chromosomic copy number variants (CNVs) have demonstrated the important role of these genomic imbalances in population diversity and human disease. The model of CNV disease association involves deletions and/or duplications that are individually rare but encompass chromosomal segments of relevant size. Prenatal onset short stature patients constitute a complex group characterized by clinical heterogeneity. The causes of prenatal growth impairment frequently involve genetic changes that disturb the mechanisms and the pathways of fetal growth and development. Thus, we hipothesized that rare CNVs might contribute to the genetic etiology of prenatal onset short stature. In order to evaluate this assumption, our study analyzed the presence of submicroscopic deletions and/or duplications in a selected group of patients born small for gestational age with persistent short stature but without a recognized cause. A total of 51 patients with prenatal and postnatal growth retardation associated with dysmorphic features, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, but without criteria for known syndromes, were selected. All patients had normal G-banded karyotyping. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in a whole-genome 60K platform was performed using DNA obtained from all patients. Detected CNVs were compared with CNV data from healthy controls individuals, excluding common copy number polymorphisms. In 17 of the 51 patients screened (33%), 18 rare CNVs were identified. The pathogenicity of CNVs was assessed by considering the following criteria: inheritance and familial segregation; overlap with genomic coordinates for a known genomic imbalance syndrome; overlap with CNVs previously identified in other patients with prenatal onset short stature; and gene content. Four distinct CNVs, found in three patients, were classified as pathogenic: 1) del 22q11.21; 2) dup 10q26.2-26.3 and del 10q26.3; and 3) del 4q28.2-q31.21. Five CNVs, found in five patients, were classified as probably pathogenic: 4) del 3q27.1-q27.3; 5) del 20p13; 6) dup 14q11.2-q12; 7) dup 16q24.1-q24; and 8) dup Xq31.1-q13.2. Taken both groups together, we found pathogenic or probably pathogenic CNVs in 16% of patients. According to familial segregation, four variants were considered as variants of uncertain clinical significance, while five variants were considered as benign. In an attempt to establish a causal genotype-phenotype correlation and to identify genes involved in growth impairment of prenatal onset, the gene content of the variants was analyzed using bioinformatics tools for gene prioritization. Based on our results, it is possible to make the following conclusions: 1) the frequency of pathogenic or probably pathogenic CNVs was at least 16%, indicating that rare CNVs are probably among the genetic causes of prenatal onset short stature; 2) aCGH clarified the diagnosis and the genetic etiology involved in the phenotype of 8 selected patients; and 3) we found CNVs in distinct chromosomal regions with several candidate genes that may be involved in the mechanisms of growth regulation and/or in the regulatory pathways of intrauterine development

A pesquisa de variações no número de cópias (CNVs; copy number variants) cromossômicas tem revelado o importante papel destas alterações genômicas na diversidade populacional e na etiologia de doenças humanas. O modelo de associação de CNVs a doenças envolve deleções e/ou duplicações individualmente raras, mas com segmentos cromossômicos de tamanhos relevantes. Os pacientes com baixa estatura de início pré-natal constituem um grupo heterogêneo com quadros clínicos complexos frequentemente resultantes de alterações genéticas, que, desde o período intrauterino, perturbam os mecanismos e vias de desenvolvimento e crescimento fetais. Assim sendo, aventamos a hipótese de que CNVs raras possam estar entre as causas genéticas de baixa estatura de início prénatal. Para tanto, nosso estudo visou avaliar a presença de deleções ou duplicações submicroscópicas em um grupo selecionado de pacientes nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG) com baixa estatura persistente sem causa definida. Foram avaliados 51 pacientes nascidos PIG com baixa estatura persistente após o 4º ano de vida que apresentavam dismorfismos, atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) ou deficiência intelectual, porém sem caracterizar síndromes conhecidas e com cariótipo normal. Amostras de DNA dos pacientes foram submetidas à hibridização genômica comparativa por microarray (aCGH; array comparative genomic hybridization) baseada em oligonucleotídeos na plataforma 60K. Os achados foram comparados com CNVs descritas em bancos de dados de controles normais. Foram identificadas 18 CNVs, ausentes em controles saudáveis, em 17 dos 51 pacientes (33%). As alterações foram avaliadas para classificação de sua patogenicidade de acordo com os seguintes critérios: 1) padrão de herança e segregação familiar; 2) sobreposição a coordenadas genômicas de síndromes conhecidas; 3) sobreposição a CNVs patogênicas descritas em banco de dados; 4) e conteúdo gênico. Quatro CNVs, encontradas em 3 pacientes, foram classificadas como patogênicas: 1) del 22q11.21; 2) dup 10q26.2-26.3 e del 10q26.3; e 3) del 4q28.2-q31.21. Cinco CNVs, encontradas em 5 pacientes, foram classificadas como provavelmente patogênicas: 4) del 3q27.1-q27.3; 5) del 20p13; 6) dup 14q11.2-q12; 7) dup 16q24.1-q24; e 8) dup Xq31.1-q13.2. Somando os grupos, encontramos CNVs patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas em 16% do total de pacientes. De acordo com a segregação familiar, 4 variações foram consideradas de significado clínico incerto, enquanto 5 foram benignas. Para estabelecer uma relação causal genótipo-fenótipo e identificar genes associados a baixa estatura de início pré-natal, foi realizada uma análise ampla do conteúdo gênico das variações classificadas como patogênicas, provavelmente patogênicas ou de significado clínico incerto, através do uso de efetivas ferramentas de bioinformática. Nossos resultados nos levam às seguintes conclusões: 1) a frequência de CNVs patogênicas e provavelmente patogênicas no estudo foi de 16%, evidenciando que CNVs raras provavelmente estão entre as causas genéticas de baixa estatura de início pré-natal; 2) o aCGH permitiu a elucidação do diagnóstico e das bases genéticas envolvidas no fenótipo em 8 pacientes selecionados; e 3) foram encontradas CNVs em diferentes regiões cromossômicas, com diferentes genes candidatos, que podem estar envolvidos nos mecanismos de regulação do crescimento e/ou nas vias regulatórias de desenvolvimento intrauterino / Analysis of chromosomic copy number variants (CNVs) have demonstrated the important role of these genomic imbalances in population diversity and human disease. The model of CNV disease association involves deletions and/or duplications that are individually rare but encompass chromosomal segments of relevant size. Prenatal onset short stature patients constitute a complex group characterized by clinical heterogeneity. The causes of prenatal growth impairment frequently involve genetic changes that disturb the mechanisms and the pathways of fetal growth and development. Thus, we hipothesized that rare CNVs might contribute to the genetic etiology of prenatal onset short stature. In order to evaluate this assumption, our study analyzed the presence of submicroscopic deletions and/or duplications in a selected group of patients born small for gestational age with persistent short stature but without a recognized cause. A total of 51 patients with prenatal and postnatal growth retardation associated with dysmorphic features, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, but without criteria for known syndromes, were selected. All patients had normal G-banded karyotyping. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in a whole-genome 60K platform was performed using DNA obtained from all patients. Detected CNVs were compared with CNV data from healthy controls individuals, excluding common copy number polymorphisms. In 17 of the 51 patients screened (33%), 18 rare CNVs were identified. The pathogenicity of CNVs was assessed by considering the following criteria: inheritance and familial segregation; overlap with genomic coordinates for a known genomic imbalance syndrome; overlap with CNVs previously identified in other patients with prenatal onset short stature; and gene content. Four distinct CNVs, found in three patients, were classified as pathogenic: 1) del 22q11.21; 2) dup 10q26.2-26.3 and del 10q26.3; and 3) del 4q28.2-q31.21. Five CNVs, found in five patients, were classified as probably pathogenic: 4) del 3q27.1-q27.3; 5) del 20p13; 6) dup 14q11.2-q12; 7) dup 16q24.1-q24; and 8) dup Xq31.1-q13.2. Taken both groups together, we found pathogenic or probably pathogenic CNVs in 16% of patients. According to familial segregation, four variants were considered as variants of uncertain clinical significance, while five variants were considered as benign. In an attempt to establish a causal genotype-phenotype correlation and to identify genes involved in growth impairment of prenatal onset, the gene content of the variants was analyzed using bioinformatics tools for gene prioritization. Based on our results, it is possible to make the following conclusions: 1) the frequency of pathogenic or probably pathogenic CNVs was at least 16%, indicating that rare CNVs are probably among the genetic causes of prenatal onset short stature; 2) aCGH clarified the diagnosis and the genetic etiology involved in the phenotype of 8 selected patients; and 3) we found CNVs in distinct chromosomal regions with several candidate genes that may be involved in the mechanisms of growth regulation and/or in the regulatory pathways of intrauterine development

Growth failure is a major problem in children with chronic renal failure (CRF). A number of factors have been suggested as explanations for this impaired growth including renal osteodystrophy, age of onset of chronic renal failure, degree of azotemia and nutritional status. As children with CRF are frequently unable to maintain sufficient nutrient intakes for optimal growth, the nutritional status of these individuals must obviously have a major, if as yet poorly understood, role in the observed growth failure. Therefore, a nutritional, physical and biochemical study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of seven children undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. To evaluate the adequacy of dietary intake, fourteen day food records were obtained from each of the participants and average nutrient intakes were compared to the recommended daily nutrient intake of the Canadian Dietary Standard (CDS) (1975). To assess the physical status of the children, height, height velocity, weight, per cent body fat, and bone age were determined. As abnormalities of taste sensitivity are known to influence dietary patterns, salivary flow rates, salivary urea concentrations, and taste detection and recognition thresholds for sweet, sour, salt and bitter were determined pre and post dialysis. Biochemical investigations included the determination of pre and post dialysis plasma amino acid concentrations following a standardized fast of five hours, and the quantification of the amounts of amino acids lost into dialysate during a complete hemodialysis treatment. The mean caloric intake of 54% ±11 of the CDS is inadequate for optimal growth. The mean protein intake was 1.09 ±.16 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. The first and second limiting amino acids were histidine and threonine, respectively. Nutritional deficiencies of certain water soluble vitamins (riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine) existed for some of the children. The mean zinc, magnesium and copper intakes were 45% ±8, 51% ±19 and 54% ±32 of the CDS, respectively. Growth (as measured by body height and weight) was found to be retarded one to two standard deviations from normal in the children studied. Per cent body fat estimations were within normal limits, but bone age was frequently below chronological age. Taste sensitivity was impaired as shown by elevated pre dialysis sweet and bitter recognition thresholds (p<.01). This reduced taste acuity was improved post dialysis (p<.005), but did not reach normal values. Pre and post dialysis, salivary flow rates were reduced (p<.0005) and salivary urea concentrations elevated (p<.0005) when compared to normal. Pre dialysis, plasma concentrations of taurine, a-amino-butyric acid, valine, cystine, leucine, tyrosine and tryptophan were decreased from normal levels (p<.025), and aspartic acid, proline, glycine, citrulline, ornithine, histidine, arginine, asparagine, 3-methylhistidine and hydroxyproline were elevated above normal (p<.005). The presence of subclinical protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) was indicated by a depressed plasma essential to nonessential amino acid ratio, a depressed plasma valine to glycine ratio, and an elevated plasma phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio as compared to normal. The detection of 3-methylhistidine and hydroxyproline in plasma provides additional indications of PCM. The mean amount of total amino acid lost into dialysate was 4.7 ±.9 grams. Histidine, threonine, lysine and valine were the essential amino acids lost in the largest amounts. In conclusion, growth is retarded in children with CRF and may be due to the accumulation of metabolic end products which depress appetite and/or delay the natural rate of growth events Suboptimal nutriture, as evidenced by the presence of PCM, is a major factor in the growth retardation of these individuals. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Orientadores: Elizete Aparecida Lomazi Da-Costa-Pinto, Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tamega_IzildadasEiras_D.pdf: 2217221 bytes, checksum: e9d4c3645d56bdb073deb9ab2debb4f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Desvios nutricionais e disfagia são comumente relatados nas avaliações de crianças com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva. Apesar da importância do diagnóstico precoce, da estimulação neuro-psico-motora, da prevenção de co-morbidades e acompanhamento nutricional, são escassos os trabalhos longitudinais que avaliaram o crescimento em lactentes de risco para ECNP. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi acompanhar, prospectivamente, o crescimento de lactentes com antecedentes de fatores de risco para ECNP e exame neurológico alterado (N= 132). Os pacientes foram examinados aos 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade, enquanto atendidos em ambulatório universitário. Foram registradas situação sócio-demográfica, condições de vida e saúde e realizado exame neurológico e fonoaudiológico no 6º e 24º meses. O grupo controle incluiu lactentes saudáveis (N= 125) acompanhados em unidade básica de saúde e de mesmas características sócio-econômicas. Os objetivos específicos foram mensurar indicadores antropométricos: peso, comprimento, perímetro cefálico e compará-los com os dados do grupo controle; analisar no grupo caso os valores de circunferência braquial, prega tricipital e os respectivos escores Z; descrever: aspectos sócio-demográficos, hábitos e condições alimentares, condições de nascimento, internações, morbidades, sintomas gastrintestinais, terapias auxiliares, uso de medicamentos e cuidados maternos; identificar a prevalência de distúrbios da deglutição, constipação intestinal e de erros alimentares e investigar a existência de associação entre distúrbios de deglutição e alterações neurológicas. Na análise estatística foram utilizados os testes Qui quadrado e exato de Fisher, o teste de Mann-Whitney e de Kruskal-Wallis. Para comparar as medidas longitudinais entre os 2 grupos foi utilizada a análise de variância para medidas repetidas, seguida do teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey e o teste de perfil por contraste. Os fatores de risco mais frequentes foram os do período perinatal, observados em 121 crianças (92%), prematuridade ocorreu em cerca da metade dos casos e esteve associada a outros fatores de risco. Apenas 7 crianças foram amamentadas após os 6 meses e em 50% dos pacientes observou-se erros alimentares e duração prolongada da alimentação. Sintomas de RGE ocorreram em 44 casos (33%), constipação em 17 (13%) e ambos em 65 casos (49%); metade das crianças seguiu irregularmente as terapias auxiliares e 78% utilizava medicamentos antirefluxo e anticonvulsivos. O grau de acometimento nos resultados dos exames neurológico e fonoaudiológico apresentou correlação positiva aos 6 e 24 m. Ao nascimento, os valores de peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico dos pacientes encefalopatas foram significativamente inferiores aos valores das crianças saudáveis. A partir do 12º mês, a diferença estatística não se manteve, embora, no grupo caso, os dados absolutos permanecessem inferiores. Esse grupo apresentou incremento positivo ao longo do tempo, nos escores Z da circunferência braquial e prega tricipital, indicando acúmulo da massa gordurosa. A gravidade da disfagia correlacionou-se a maior comprometimento antropométrico. No grupo caso, a comparação do crescimento entre nascidos a termo e prematuros mostrou valores significativamente inferiores para os prematuros. Concluindo, os lactentes com agravo neurológico apresentaram comprometimento antropométrico significativo ao nascimento e aos 6 meses, sendo que o antecedente de prematuridade esteve associado a efeito negativo significativo no crescimento dessas crianças / Abstract: Nutritional disorders and dysphagia are frequently reported in children with non progressive chronic encephalopathy (NPCE). Despite the importance of early diagnosis, neuro-psycho-motor stimulation, prevention of co-morbidities and need of nutritional advising, longitudinal studies including infants at risk for NPCE are scarce. The objective of this study was to prospectively follow growth in infants with risk factors for NPCE and with abnormal neurological examination (N=132). Children were seen from 6 to 24 months age, in a tertiary outpatient clinic. Anthropometric data, neurological condition and speechaudiology test were recorded at 6th and 24th months of life. Control group with the same socio-economic characteristics included healthy infants (N=125) followed in a primary care health center. Specific objectives were to record anthropometric indicators: weight, length, head circumference and respective Z scores and to compare them to the control group; to analyze case group values of arm circumference, triceps skin fold and respective Z scores; to describe socio-demographic aspects, habits and nutritional conditions, birth conditions, hospital admissions, co-morbidities, gastrointestinal symptoms and use of medications. Statistical analysis used chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test and the contrast profile test were used to compare longitudinal measurements between both groups. Most common risk factors were those occurred in perinatal period, observed in 121 children (92%), prematurity was seen in about half of cases and was associated with other risk factors. Only 7 children were breastfed after 6 months and feeding misinterpretation were seen in 50% of patients. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms were referred in 44 infants (33%), constipation in 17 (13%) and both in 65 (49%). Adherence to therapies with speech-therapist or physiotherapist was irregular. Neurological severity was associated with dysphagia. Dysphagia severity was also associated with greater anthropometric impairment at 6th and 24th months. At birth, NPCE patient's weight, length and head circumference were significantly lower, but the statistical difference did not remain at 12th month, although with lower absolute values in the case group. The case group showed a positive increment in arm circumference and triceps skinfold Z scores throughout time, indicating accumulation of fat mass. The severity of dysphagia correlated with more severe anthropometric impairment. preterm newborns in case group showed significantly lower growth values when compared to term infants In conclusion, infants with NPCE presented significant anthropometric impairment at birth and at 6 months, and preterm infants were significantly smaller than term patients / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

O sistema hormônio de crescimento (GH) / fator de crescimento insulina- símile tipo 1 (IGF-1) é o principal determinante e regulador do crescimento linear pósnatal. O GH é codificado pelo gene Growth Hormone 1 (GH1). Mutações no GH1 com efeito dominante negativo e herança autossômica dominante são as principais causas monogênicas de deficiência isolada de hormônio de crescimento (DIGH), enquanto deleções ou mutações de ponto no GH1 causam formas raras autossômicas recessivas de DIGH. No grupo de pacientes com DIGH do ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foram identificadas apenas deleções em homozigose no GH1 mesmo após estudo criterioso deste gene. Esta diferença em relação aos dados descritos na literatura poderia ser justificada pelo critério diagnóstico para a DIGH adotado pelo nosso grupo, sendo utilizado pico de GH em teste de estímulo inferior a 3,3 ug/L, em contraste com os valores de corte descritos na literatura que variam de 7 a 10 ug/L. Devido a esse fator, pacientes com mutações no GH1 com herança autossômica dominante poderiam estar sendo erroneamente diagnosticados como portadores de baixa estatura familiar ou idiopática (BEI) em nosso serviço. Adicionalmente, mutações que originam moléculas de GH biologicamente inativas também poderiam estar presentes nestes pacientes. Pelos fatores acima apresentados, expandimos o estudo do GH1 para um grupo de crianças classificadas como BEI. Foram selecionadas 98 de 487 crianças avaliadas em nosso serviço com baixa estatura utilizando os seguintes critérios: peso e comprimento normais para idade gestacional ao nascimento, escore-Z da altura < -2, escore-Z do IGF-1 < -1 e pico de resposta de GH >= 3,3 ug/L no teste de estímulo. DNA foi extraído de leucócitos periféricos desses pacientes para rastreamento de mutações no gene GH1. Realizamos estudo molecular por reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciamento automático de toda a região codificadora do GH1. Segregação familiar foi realizada para as variantes alélicas identificadas. Em nossa casuística, foram identificadas 10 variantes alélicas nos éxons 4 e 5 e no íntron 4 do GH1, sendo três variantes ainda não descritas na literatura (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr e c.456+19G > T). A análise in silico de todas as variantes identificadas indicou ausência de predição de efeito deletério sobre a proteína do GH. Estudo complementar realizado pelo nosso grupo identificou em crianças diagnosticadas com DIGH grave apenas uma paciente com mutação no GH1 responsável pela forma dominante desta doença. Em conclusão, mutações no GH1 causadoras da forma autossômica dominante de DIGH ou Tipo II não foram encontradas em nossa casuística, o que sugere que estas mutações sejam infrequentes em nossa população / The growth hormone (GH) / insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is the most important hormonal regulator of post-natal linear growth. GH is encoded by the Growth Hormone 1 gene (GH1). Mutations in GH1 with dominant inheritance, which exerts a dominant negative effect on the bioactive GH isoforms, are the main causes of monogenic isolated deficiency of growth hormone (IGHD), while deletions or point mutations in GH1 are responsible for a rare autosomal recessive form of IGHD. However, only homozygous deletions were identified in patients with IGHD from Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, even after detailed investigation of GH1. This difference regarding to literature can be caused by different criteria used to diagnose IGHD in our group, which adopted the cutoff value of peak GH < 3.3ug/L in response to stimulation test, in contrast to literature that describes other groups that use the cutoff peak value of the 7 - 10ug/L. Consequently, patients with autosomal dominant inheritance mutations in GH1 could be being erroneously diagnosed, as having idiopathic short stature (ISS) in our group. Additionally, mutations that cause biologically inactive GH can also be responsible for short stature in these patients. Due to the factors described above, we decided to screen mutations in GH1 in a group of children classified as ISS. We selected 98 of 487 children followed in our department with short stature according to the following criteria: normal birth weight and length for gestational age, height SDS <= -2, IGF-1 SDS < -1 and peak GH in stimulation test >= 3.3 ug/L. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of the patients to screen for mutations in GH1. We performed molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction and automated sequencing of the entire coding region of the GH1. Segregation analysis was performed in the presence of allelic variations. In our casuistic, we identified 10 allelic variants in exon 4, exon 5 and intron 4 of GH1, three of which have not been described (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr and c.456+19G >T). In silico analysis predicted that none of the mutant alleles would result in deleterious effect on the GH protein. An additional study in children diagnosed with severe IGHD, identified just one patient with the pathogenic GH1 mutation responsible for the dominant form of this disease. In summary, defects in GH1 responsible for the autosomal dominant form of IGHD or Type II were not found in our cohort of Brazilian patients, suggesting that these mutations are infrequent in our population

O sistema hormônio de crescimento (GH) / fator de crescimento insulina- símile tipo 1 (IGF-1) é o principal determinante e regulador do crescimento linear pósnatal. O GH é codificado pelo gene Growth Hormone 1 (GH1). Mutações no GH1 com efeito dominante negativo e herança autossômica dominante são as principais causas monogênicas de deficiência isolada de hormônio de crescimento (DIGH), enquanto deleções ou mutações de ponto no GH1 causam formas raras autossômicas recessivas de DIGH. No grupo de pacientes com DIGH do ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foram identificadas apenas deleções em homozigose no GH1 mesmo após estudo criterioso deste gene. Esta diferença em relação aos dados descritos na literatura poderia ser justificada pelo critério diagnóstico para a DIGH adotado pelo nosso grupo, sendo utilizado pico de GH em teste de estímulo inferior a 3,3 ug/L, em contraste com os valores de corte descritos na literatura que variam de 7 a 10 ug/L. Devido a esse fator, pacientes com mutações no GH1 com herança autossômica dominante poderiam estar sendo erroneamente diagnosticados como portadores de baixa estatura familiar ou idiopática (BEI) em nosso serviço. Adicionalmente, mutações que originam moléculas de GH biologicamente inativas também poderiam estar presentes nestes pacientes. Pelos fatores acima apresentados, expandimos o estudo do GH1 para um grupo de crianças classificadas como BEI. Foram selecionadas 98 de 487 crianças avaliadas em nosso serviço com baixa estatura utilizando os seguintes critérios: peso e comprimento normais para idade gestacional ao nascimento, escore-Z da altura < -2, escore-Z do IGF-1 < -1 e pico de resposta de GH >= 3,3 ug/L no teste de estímulo. DNA foi extraído de leucócitos periféricos desses pacientes para rastreamento de mutações no gene GH1. Realizamos estudo molecular por reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciamento automático de toda a região codificadora do GH1. Segregação familiar foi realizada para as variantes alélicas identificadas. Em nossa casuística, foram identificadas 10 variantes alélicas nos éxons 4 e 5 e no íntron 4 do GH1, sendo três variantes ainda não descritas na literatura (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr e c.456+19G > T). A análise in silico de todas as variantes identificadas indicou ausência de predição de efeito deletério sobre a proteína do GH. Estudo complementar realizado pelo nosso grupo identificou em crianças diagnosticadas com DIGH grave apenas uma paciente com mutação no GH1 responsável pela forma dominante desta doença. Em conclusão, mutações no GH1 causadoras da forma autossômica dominante de DIGH ou Tipo II não foram encontradas em nossa casuística, o que sugere que estas mutações sejam infrequentes em nossa população / The growth hormone (GH) / insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is the most important hormonal regulator of post-natal linear growth. GH is encoded by the Growth Hormone 1 gene (GH1). Mutations in GH1 with dominant inheritance, which exerts a dominant negative effect on the bioactive GH isoforms, are the main causes of monogenic isolated deficiency of growth hormone (IGHD), while deletions or point mutations in GH1 are responsible for a rare autosomal recessive form of IGHD. However, only homozygous deletions were identified in patients with IGHD from Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, even after detailed investigation of GH1. This difference regarding to literature can be caused by different criteria used to diagnose IGHD in our group, which adopted the cutoff value of peak GH < 3.3ug/L in response to stimulation test, in contrast to literature that describes other groups that use the cutoff peak value of the 7 - 10ug/L. Consequently, patients with autosomal dominant inheritance mutations in GH1 could be being erroneously diagnosed, as having idiopathic short stature (ISS) in our group. Additionally, mutations that cause biologically inactive GH can also be responsible for short stature in these patients. Due to the factors described above, we decided to screen mutations in GH1 in a group of children classified as ISS. We selected 98 of 487 children followed in our department with short stature according to the following criteria: normal birth weight and length for gestational age, height SDS <= -2, IGF-1 SDS < -1 and peak GH in stimulation test >= 3.3 ug/L. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of the patients to screen for mutations in GH1. We performed molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction and automated sequencing of the entire coding region of the GH1. Segregation analysis was performed in the presence of allelic variations. In our casuistic, we identified 10 allelic variants in exon 4, exon 5 and intron 4 of GH1, three of which have not been described (c.407G > A/p.Val122Ile, c.507C > T/p.Tyr169Tyr and c.456+19G >T). In silico analysis predicted that none of the mutant alleles would result in deleterious effect on the GH protein. An additional study in children diagnosed with severe IGHD, identified just one patient with the pathogenic GH1 mutation responsible for the dominant form of this disease. In summary, defects in GH1 responsible for the autosomal dominant form of IGHD or Type II were not found in our cohort of Brazilian patients, suggesting that these mutations are infrequent in our population

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.