Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 127134.pdf.jpg: 12197 bytes, checksum: d6555859e3afc1a8ebe7115f20f404ff (MD5) 127134.pdf.txt: 441358 bytes, checksum: 6bf500377ea30cc7c585ee3246d889e7 (MD5) 127134.pdf: 3942764 bytes, checksum: ab6d5ef911934f9ff2a64b24c336789b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-08T00:00:00Z / One of the main characteristics of strategy as a field of research is its focus on the individuality of firms in contrast with economics where the focus moves to the industry. Firms differ in several dimensions and these differences constitute the essence of the research interest in strategy. One of these dimensions is the rate at which firms increase or decrease in size – firm growth. This dissertation analyzed the structure of variability of firm growth rates with the objective of identifying groups of factors that determine this variability and its relative influence. The research was done using an international sample of 13,221 firms, from 47 countries and 216 industries during the period of 1994 to 2002. Data was obtained from the Compustat Global database, maintained by Standard and Poor’s. The raw data was made comparable by accounting for inflation and currency changes using indexes form the World Bank Development Indicators. The variance components technique, normally used in field such as genetics and biology to study the naturally occurring variability, was used to understand the variance composition of firm growth rates. The main finding was that individual, idiosyncratic factors of each firm are responsible for the greatest portion of explained variance. Firm effects dominate the explanation of observed variance while country and industry effects have shown a much smaller influence. The predominance of firm effects has relevant theoretical implications. First, it offers a strong support to the approach of Penrose (1959) to firm growth, who considered growth as a natural, endogenous process, deriving from the use of firm specific resources. It can also be used to question the relevance of some economic approaches to firm growth that prioritize effects associated to industry like industry evolution and concentration. This connection between firm growth and individual firm resources also allows one to see growth as an additional dimension of competitive advantage linking this research with the resource-based view of strategy (RBV). One of the managerial implications of this finding relates to the efficacy of public policies to promote firm growth. Industry effects were found to be generally small, often smaller than country effects. Public policies targeted at industry level may then be affecting a less significant source of variation in firm growth rates. The results suggest that policies targeted at the individual firm level, and their individual resources may be much more effective in promoting growth. Even policies that address country infrastructure, like health, education, transport may be more effective than industry oriented policies due to the higher relevance of country effects in relation to industry effects in most cases. Besides its main contribution, the study also explored several other aspects about growth rates and their variability allowing several secondary conclusions. / Uma das principais características da estratégia como campo de conhecimento é o seu foco no estudo da individualidade das empresas em contraste com a economia que foca prioritariamente os ramos de negócios. As empresas diferem entre si em várias dimensões e estas diferenças constituem a essência do interesse de pesquisa em estratégia. Uma destas dimensões é a velocidade com que as empresas crescem ou diminuem de tamanho. Esta tese analisou a estrutura de variabilidade das taxas de crescimento das empresas tendo como objetivo identificar grupos de fatores que influem nesta variabilidade e a magnitude relativa desta influência. O estudo foi feito sobre uma amostra internacional com 13.221 empresas de 47 países e 216 ramos de negócios diferentes no período 1994 a 2002. Os dados originais foram obtidos da base de dados Compustat Global, mantida pela Standard and Poor’s, e combinados com índices do World Bank Development Indicators para considerar o efeito de inflação e mudanças de moedas nos vários países. A técnica de componentes de variância, normalmente utilizada para analisar a variabilidade natural em áreas como genética e biologia, foi usada para entender a composição da variância das taxas de crescimento. O principal achado foi que os aspectos individuais, idiossincráticos a cada empresa, respondem pela maior parcela da variância. Outros fatores como o país e o ramo de negócios têm uma influência menor. No plano teórico, a predominância do efeito empresa individual na explicação da variabilidade das taxas de crescimento oferece suporte empírico à abordagem de Penrose (1959) que considera o crescimento como um processo natural, endógeno decorrente dos recursos da empresa e se contrapõe a abordagens econômicas que usam efeitos prioritariamente associados ao ramo de negócios como determinantes do crescimento das firmas. Estes resultados também permitem ver o crescimento como um dos resultados do uso de recursos superiores e, portanto, como uma dimensão adicional do construto vantagem competitiva, ligando o trabalho à visão baseada em recursos da estratégia (RBV). Uma das possíveis implicações gerenciais da pesquisa refere-se à eficácia de políticas públicas de crescimento. Sendo o efeito do ramo de negócios no crescimento tão pequeno, estes dados colocam em dúvida a eficácia de políticas setoriais e indica que políticas que dêem recursos à empresa individual ou que se direcionem ao fortalecimento de instituições de infraestrutura do país, como educação, transporte, saúde, possam ter maior eficácia em promover o crescimento das empresas através do efeito país. Além da contribuição principal o estudo permitiu várias conclusões secundárias sobre o a variabilidade das taxas de crescimento das empresas.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-28T11:27:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Roberto_Souza2017.pdf: 2052890 bytes, checksum: da00411dc0a521b2cdc493fe3e285881 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T11:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Roberto_Souza2017.pdf: 2052890 bytes, checksum: da00411dc0a521b2cdc493fe3e285881 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study begins with the premise that Remuneration (strategic, intelligent, and incentives) and Human Capital contribute to Firm Growth, under the perspective of Penrose (2006). Thus, this study aims to verify the influence of Remuneration and its dimensions (strategic remuneration, intelligent remuneration, and incentives, and of Human Capital in the Firm’s Internal Growth. The methodology used is characterized as descriptive, carried out through data collection or survey, with a quantitative approach and data analysis using descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The research universe comprehended companies in the financial sector (public and private banks, and credit cooperatives) belonging to the territorial basis of the Bank Workers’ Union in Cascavel, PR, Brazil, using a nonprobability and convenience sampling. Data collection was carried out through survey directed to managers and decision-makers in the companies under study. The results show that credit cooperatives are situated in the third growth stage, while both public and private banks present characteristics of the fourth stage. Remuneration by employee stock options is not an option for the managerial hierarchical level of this study, and incentives apply to almost all of the respondents. The Human Capital of the companies under study is constituted by young, qualified employees, most of whom work for over five years at the companies. As for the model, results show that Intelligent Remuneration influence positively in the firm’s internal growth; however, strategic remuneration did not influence growth. The moderator effect Stages of Growth and Human Capital contribute to the firm’s internal growth. On initial stages, there is a higher need for Human Capital, and, consequently, growth is more accentuated. It is concluded that in the companies studied, Strategic Remuneration does not influence the firm’s internal growth. Incentives contribute positively in the firm’s internal growth, since the financial incentives are taken into consideration for decision-making at managerial level and the non financial ones seem to motivate workers. Intelligent remuneration, though still under development, contributes to the firm’s internal growth, as it enables maximum advantage from Human Capital within the companies. The Growth Stages change the relationship between Human Capital and Internal Growth of the Firm, but growth continues. / Este estudo parte da premissa que a Remuneração (estratégica, inteligente e os incentivos) e o Capital Humano contribuem para o Crescimento Interno da Firma sob a perspectiva de Penrose (2006). Assim, o estudo objetiva verificar a influência da Remuneração e suas dimensões (remuneração estratégica, remuneração inteligente e incentivos), e do Capital Humano no Crescimento Interno da Firma. A metodologia utilizada caracteriza-se como descritiva, realizada por meio de levantamento ou survey, com abordagem quantitativa do problema e análise de dados por meio de estatística descritiva e Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (PLS). O universo de pesquisa contemplou empresas do setor financeiro (bancos públicos, privados e cooperativas de crédito) pertencentes à base territorial do Sindicato dos Bancários sediada em Cascavel, PR, com amostra não probabilística e por conveniência. O levantamento de dados foi realizado pela aplicação de questionário direcionado aos gerentes e funcionários com poder decisão nas empresas objeto de estudo. Os resultados mostram que as cooperativas de crédito se situam no terceiro estágio de crescimento, enquanto os bancos públicos e privados apresentam características do quarto estágio. A remuneração por opção de ações não é praticada para o nível gerencial pesquisado, e os incentivos se aplicam à quase totalidade dos respondentes. O Capital Humano das empresas objeto de estudo constitui-se por funcionários jovens, qualificados e a maioria atua há mais de cinco anos na empresa. Quanto ao modelo, os resultados mostram que a Remuneração Inteligente, os Incentivos e o Capital Humano influenciam positivamente o crescimento interno da firma; no entanto, a remuneração estratégica não influenciou o crescimento. O efeito moderador Estágios de Crescimento altera a relação entre o Capital Humano e o Crescimento Interno da Firma, contribuem para o Crescimento Interno da Firma. Nos estágios iniciais existe a necessidade de maior utilização de Capital Humano e, consequentemente, o Crescimento Interno é mais acentuado. Conclui-se que nas empresas objeto de estudo pesquisadas, a Remuneração Estratégica não influencia o crescimento interno da firma. Os Incentivos contribuem positivamente no crescimento interno da firma, uma vez que os financeiros são levados em consideração para a tomada de decisão no nível gerencial e os incentivos não financeiros parecem motivar o quadro funcional. A Remuneração Inteligente, embora em desenvolvimento, contribui para o Crescimento Interno da Firma, pois ela possibilita a utilização máxima do Capital Humano dentro das organizações. Os Estágios de Crescimento alteram a relação entre o Capital Humano e o Crescimento Interno da Firma, mas o crescimento se mantém.

企業的成長與規模擴大，能賦予企業許多優勢與利益，故一直是企業經營者關注的重點，也是策略與組織領域的學者所關注的議題。自從Penrose（1959）的企業內生成長理論提出多餘資源（尤其是管理資源）為企業成長的機制之後，後續的策略學者大多延續這樣的觀點，假設有多餘資源之後，才能進一步追求成長，並深入探討多餘資源的特性、成長策略的特性與成長率之間的關係。 然而，實務上卻發現擁有多餘資源未必能成長，而有些成功的企業反而是在資源不足之下而成長。Hamel and Prahalad（1993）即挑戰多餘資源的成長觀點，認為企業成長的動力其實是來自於經理人拉撐（stretch）其雄心與渴望水準，願意去追求既有資源與能力所無法達到的策略目標，透過善用資源而能在資源不足的情境下實踐成長，但其並未清楚說明拉撐的內涵與促進成長的機制。 本研究以Hamel and Prahalad（1993）所提出的拉撐概念為基礎，探討中小企業在資源有限、甚至不足的情境之下，如何透過拉撐其既有資源基礎，而能達成企業規模的成長。由於相關文獻不足，本研究採用Eisenhardt（1989）的探索性個案研究方法，以單一事業中小企業的規模成長現象為研究情境，總共研究了七個個案，發現了規模有所成長的中小企業所採行的拉撐式策略邏輯及形成拉撐情境的因素，從實務中歸納出五大類型拉撐資源的行動內涵，並發現了拉撐資源的行動為何能形成中小企業長期之下規模的成長。因此，本研究證實了拉撐的成長機制確實存在，Hamel and Prahalad（1993）所主張的拉撐邏輯，確實能夠促進中小企業的成長，有其獨特的成長邏輯。 中小企業為何經常處於拉撐的情境，主要因為資源不足、成長所造成的現象與長期採行拉撐式策略邏輯所致。而拉撐式策略邏輯為：追求較高的經營目標，因而使資源略顯不足，並在資源尚未完全到位時即著手進行，故必須透過拉撐、擠壓既有的資源基礎以彌補資源的缺口，克服困難而能掌握成長的機會，此外，為了避免風險，資源的投資採行精簡、小額與逐步的擴充，解決資源瓶頸而能使整體資源發揮更大的效用，並能穩健地擴充與成長。 本研究歸納出五大類型的拉撐資源行動，包括資源突破、資源重組、資源調度、資源提取與資源精簡，皆能擠壓既有的資源基礎而達到原先難以達成的目標，能增進生產績效並提昇企業的競爭力。資源突破與資源重組即為創業者的創新活動，前者針對資源本身進行創新突破；改善或增加系統中的關鍵因子，使整個系統的功能有所突破。資源重組即是將相同的人力與實體資源重新配置，改善流程或資源使用的方法，達到創新的效果並提昇生產的績效。資源調度是刻意發展資源的多功能性與通用性，能夠彈性地調度不同資源互相支援，以因應急需或降低產能的閒置。資源提取則是延長資源的使用時間，或使既有的人力資源願意與能夠提供更多、更好的服務。最後，資源精簡意指資源的投資盡量不足額，甚至延遲投資，以降低風險，並因而設法增加資源的使用效率。 為何拉撐資源的行動能使中小企業整體資源基礎得以擴充與成長？本研究發現主要是透過拉撐資源的短期與中長期效果綜合而達成。拉撐資源的短期效果為提昇既有資源的績效而能彌補資源的缺口，掌握成長的機會，因而帶來資金的挹注而能累積資本。拉撐資源的中長期效果即是短期效果的累積，包括不斷地掌握機會而持續創造出後續成長的踏腳石（亦即突破經營局面而帶來新的成長機會）；經常拉撐資源形成了獨特的、公司專屬的資源基礎與組織能力，能有效提昇公司的競爭力而增加經營的績效，進一步帶來資金的挹注；透過累積資本之後再謹慎地、精簡地擴充資源，增強資源基礎的內涵，企業內部的資源基礎因此逐步地擴充與成長。 / The growth and scale expansion of firms results in a lot of advantages and benefits for firms, therefore, it has been the focus of managerial attention and an important topic for scholars in fields of strategic management and organization theory. Most scholars follow Penrose (1959)’s internal growth theory of the firm to assume slack resources as the prerequisite of firm growth, and investigate the relationships among attributes of resources, growth strategies, and growth rates. In practice, however, firms with slack resources do not necessarily grow. Oppositely, there’re successful firms growing under resource shortage. Hamel and Prahalad (1993) had challenged the perspective of growing by slack resources and proposed that the real driver of firm growth comes from the stretching of managerial ambition and aspirations to pursue strategic goals beyond the firm’s existing resources and capabilities. Nonetheless, the authors didn’t explain clearly the contents and growth mechanisms of stretch. This study takes the view of stretch to investigate how small-and-medium-sized firms （thereafter SMEs） can achieve scale growth by stretching their limited or even infertile resource base. Due to the lack of related literature, this study adopts Eisenhardt (1989)’s explorative case study method, and choose the phenomenon of scale growth of the single-business SMEs as the research context. After investigating seven cases, this study finds the strategic discipline of stretch of SMEs, factors that result in condition of stretch, five categories of actions of resource stretching, and the relationship between resource stretching and long-term scale growth of SMEs. Hence, this study verifies that the concept of stretch proposed by Hamel and Prahalad (1993) do facilitate the scale growth of SMEs with its unique logic of growth. This study finds that SMEs are often in condition of stretch due to their insufficiencies of resources, the outcome of continued growth, and the results of running business by strategic discipline of stretch. The strategic discipline of stretch includes pursuing higher business goals by making existing resources slightly insufficient; proceeding without all resources needed so that SMEs have to stretch and squeeze the existing resource base to fill the resource gap and overcome difficulties so as to seize the opportunities for growth; and investing resources by small amount in a parsimonious way to solve the resource bottleneck so as to improve the effectiveness of the whole resource base and to make SMEs soundly expand and grow. Furthermore, this study concludes inductively with five categories of actions of resource stretching, including resource breakthrough, resource reconfiguration, resource mobilization, resource extraction, and resource parsimony, all of which can squeeze the existing resource base to achieve the unattainable goals and can improve productive performance and competitiveness of the SMEs. Resource breakthrough and resource reconfiguration are entrepreneurial activities of the entrepreneurs. The former is making innovative breakthrough to firm resources, and improving or adding critical elements in a system to make the function of the whole system upgraded. Resource reconfiguration is reconfiguring the same human and physical resources by improving the processes or methods of resource use so as to innovate and to improve productive performance. Resource mobilization is to develop the versatility and interchangeable use of resources deliberately so that all resources can be mobilized flexibly to support one another in order to response to emergent demands or to reduce the idle hours of all the resources. Resource extraction is to make longer use of resources, or to make employees willing and able to offer more and better services. Lastly, resource parsimony refers to make resource investments less than needed or even delayed, and by doing so, SMEs can reduce investment risks and are forced to raise the efficiency of their resource use. Why does resource stretching facilitate the expansion and growth of SMEs’ resource base (i.e. scale growth)? This study finds it is by the short-term and medium- and long-term effects of resource stretching. The former refers to the immediate outcomes of resource stretching, which fill the resource gap to help seize the opportunity of growth so as to obtain cash inflows for capital accumulation. The accumulation of short-term effects results in medium- and long-term effects of resource stretching, including continuously creating stepping stones for later growth by seizing opportunities; developing and accumulating distinctive and firm-specific resource base and organizational capabilities by constantly stretching resources so that SMEs improve their competitiveness and gain cash inflows; and prudently and parsimoniously expanding and enhancing resource base so that SMEs gradually expand and grow.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Entrepreneurship is recognized as an instrument of development and economic growth, especially in emerging economies such as Brazil, where women entrepreneurs already represent most of the initial enterprises (GEM, 2016), but on the other hand the literature of female entrepreneurship has been raising, based on in predominantly quantitative studies, that women's companies have a slower growth compared to their male counterparts, and there are still few studies that examine growth from their strategies and qualitative differences. Thus, this research sought to analyze the strategies of growth built by women entrepreneurs in companies that presented high growth period and, with this, to increase the understanding of the phenomenon. To achieve this goal, an analytical model was built based on the theoretical framework aiming to guide the analysis in three dimensions: individual, enterprise and environment. The study is of a qualitative nature, the research strategy was the study of multiple cases, the evidences were collected through semi-structured interviews with the owners, documents and direct observation. The analysis was carried out using a technique called cross-case analysis, used to examine similarities and differences between cases. The main results are: in the individual dimension, the entrepreneurial intensity is not related to the time in hours, but to the efficiency of the use of this time achieved by a high degree of professionalism in management, self-knowledge and emotional intelligence; in the enterprise dimension, more strategy-oriented women entrepreneurs have promoted, more peculiar ways of combining resources; in the environment dimension, constant monitoring promoted innovations for the company and especially for the market. It was also emphasized that the forms of analysis of a potential growth opportunity were predominantly intuitive and subjective factors such as risk of affecting reputation, legacy, emotion, and spirituality influenced the decision to explore the growth opportunities around the firm. Finally, in a noneconomic perspective, business growth, for them, does not dissociate the personal growth, the quality of life of workers and the social welfare. / O empreendedorismo é reconhecido como um instrumento de desenvolvimento e crescimento econômico, principalmente em economias emergentes como a brasileira, onde as empreendedoras já representam maioria dos empreendimentos iniciais (GEM, 2016), mas por outro lado a literatura do empreendedorismo feminino vem suscitando, com base em estudos predominantemente quantitativos, que empresas de mulheres têm um crescimento inferior em comparação a seus homólogos masculinos, sendo ainda escassos estudos que examinem o crescimento a partir de suas estratégias e diferenças qualitativas. Assim, esta pesquisa buscou analisar as estratégias de crescimento construídas por empreendedoras em empresas que apresentaram período de alto crescimento e, com isso, ampliar a compreensão do fenômeno. Para atingir esse objetivo foi construído um modelo analítico com base no referencial teórico visando nortear a análise em três dimensões: indivíduo, empresa e ambiente. O estudo é de natureza qualitativa, a estratégia de pesquisa foi o estudo de casos multiplos, as evidências foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas semiestrutadas com as proprietárias, documentos e observação direta. A análise se procedeu por meio da técnica denominada cross-case analysis, utilizada para examinar semelhanças e diferenças entre os casos. Como principais resultados, destacam-se: na dimensão indivíduo, a intensidade empreendedora não relacionada ao tempo em horas, mas sim à eficiência do uso desse tempo alcançada por um alto grau de profissionalismo na gestão, autoconhecimento e inteligência emocional; na dimensão empresa, as empreendedoras mais orientadas para a estratégia promoveram formas mais peculiares de combinar os recursos; na dimensão ambiente, o monitoramento constante promoveu inovações para a empresa e, principalmente, para o mercado, sublinhando-se ainda, que as formas de análise de uma potencial oportunidade de crescimento foram predominantemente intuitivas e fatores subjetivos como risco de afetar a reputação, senso de legado, emoção e espiritualidade influenciaram na decisão por explorar as oportunidades de crescimento no entorno da firma. Por fim, em uma perspectiva não econômica, o crescimento empresarial, para elas, não se dissocia do crescimento pessoal, da qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores e do bem-estar social. / São Cristóvão, SE