Wi-Fi, internet, IEEE 802.11, RouterOS, Mikrotik, 10GHz

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Los receptores β-adrenérgicos (βAR) y de serotonina (5-HT4) median sus efectos en tejidos cardiacos a través de la ruta receptor-Gs-AC-AMPc. Las fosfodiesterasas (PDE) son una amplia familia de enzimas cuya función es la degradación del AMPc. Se desconocía que isoenzimas de PDEs son responsables de la hidrólisis de AMPc en las diferentes regiones cardiacas. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es investigar que isoenzimas de PDEs tienen actividad en el miocardio humano, porcino y de roedores. Se han realizado estudios cronotrópicos, inotrópicos, lusitrópicos, bioquímicos y electrofisiológicos. Los principales resultados son: Las PDEs se comportan de manera distinta en las diferentes regiones cardiacas y compartimentos celulares; y La frecuencia basal de nódulo sinusal está controlada por PDEs pero en ninguna especie estudiada las PDEs controlan la taquicardia causada por los βARs y los receptores 5-HT4. La extrapolación de la función de las PDEs al humano debe h acerse con cautela. / Myocardial β-adrenoceptors (βAR) and serotonin receptors (5-HT4) mediate their signals through the receptor-Gs-AC-cAMP pathway. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a large enzyme family that degrade cAMP. It was unknown which PDE isoenzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of the cAMP in different cardiac regions. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate which isoenzymes have a role in human, porcine and rodent myocardium. We performed chronotropic, inotropic, lusitropic, biochemical and electrophysiological studies. The key results are: PDEs have different roles in different cardiac regions and cellular compartments; and the basal beating rate of the sinoatrial node is controlled by PDE3 and/or PDE4, but these PDEs do not limit the tachycardia mediated through the stimulation of β1AR, β2AR and 5-HT4. Given the diverse roles of PDE3 and PDE4 and their dependence on species, extrapolation to humans should be done cautiously because these animal models usually do not reflect the human myocardium.

Après un rappel du contexte dans lequel ce travail de recherche a été conduit, le 1er chapitre présente les caractéristiques communes aux convertisseurs analogiques numériques (ADC) avec leurs figures de mérites. Un état de l’art exhaustif sur les ADC réalisés et plus particulièrement avec le nœud technologique CMOS 1 180 nm y est présenté. Ce travail préliminaire permet de donner un aperçu du défi relevé. Les architectures multi-étapes à échantillonnage analogique ont été éliminées de l’étude du fait des limitations de la technologie pour les contraintes de performances de l’ADC. Le chapitre 2 présente plus en détail les différentes implémentations possibles d’une famille d’ADC à échantillonnage numérique, les flash. Le portage de l’architecture TIQ est détaillé dans ce chapitre. Le chapitre 3 détaille l’étude et le portage en CMOS 180 nm des ADC à échantillonnage numérique à repliement de signal. Cette première partie conclut par le choix de l’architecture flash. La conception des briques de bases de l’ADC flash est détaillée dans les chapitres constituant la partie II du document. Le chapitre 4 est dédié à l’étude et au portage en CMOS 180 nm des étages de comparateurs latchés responsables de l’échantillonnage à 2 GHz de l’ADC flash. La non linéarité ramenée en entrée de l’architecture retenue ayant défini les contraintes sur l’étage de pré-amplification, celui ci est présenté dans le chapitre 5. Le chapitre 5, présente les différentes charges actives étudiées pour l’étage de pré-amplification. Le passage en différentiel passif avec le comparateur full différentiel et l’architecture retenue y sont détaillés. La technique du QV et son portage sur l’architecture de préamplificateur retenu sont présentés. Le décodeur thermométrique 2 binaire est présenté dans le chapitre 6. Deux implémentations de cette logique de décodage sont étudiées et portées. L’une est réalisée à partir d’un code de description matériel (VHDL) et la synthèse de cellules numériques en logique CMOS pull-up pull-down 3 . L’autre est réalisé à partir de multiplexeurs 1 bit et des flip flop à verrou en logique Pass gates complémentaire. Le chapitre 7 présente les limitations et l’implémentation de l’interpolation avec l’emploi des pré-amplificateurs et du comparateur latché retenus. L’étude de l’insertion de paires de suiveurs en drain commun, nécessaire à la polarisation des étages de pré-amplification y est présentée. Enfin, les analyses de tirage de Monte Carlo en mismatch 4 des résistances comme échelle de références sont comparées pour différents dimensionnements et topologies. Le synoptique global de l’ADC est présenté avec les cellules et techniques retenues. L’approche bottom-up incontournable pour la conception de circuits analogiques ou full custom présentée dans cette deuxième partie conclut sur le choix de concevoir un ASIC de preuve de concept. Ce dernier contient ainsi les briques de bases ayant une valeur ajoutée et potentiellement critiques pour la conversion de signaux. L’approche Top-down pour la conception est ainsi détaillée dans la 3e partie en partant du synoptique global de l’ASIC de preuve de concept envoyé en fonderie de circuit multi projet BuBlC1. contenant les cellules critiques à tester. La conception front-end de l’ASIC BuBlC1 avec notamment l’arbre d’horloge et les pads d’entrées sorties est présentée dans le chapitre 8. La phase de back-end avec les layouts des cellules retenues dans la partie II ainsi que leur intégration dans des ensembles (clusters) est présentée dans le chapitre 9 avec le padring et l’intégration finale des macro-ensembles (Cores analogiques et numériques). / After a a brief recall of the context this research work have been carried, the 1st chapter present the common analog to digital converters (ADC) characteristics with their figures of merit (FoM). A relevant state of the art on realized ADC architectures is presented. A particular emphasis has been done on 180 nm CMOS process node. This preliminary work gives a pertinent overview of the faced challenge. Multi step analog sampling architectures have been avoided from the study because of the transistors limited frequency performances. Chapter 2 presents the different implementations of the Flash digital sampling ADC family architecture. The TIQ architecture embedding in the 180 nm CMOS process are detailed in this chapter. Chapter 3 details the study and the design of an other digital sampling ADC family architecture on 180 nm CMOS process i.e. the signal folding architecture. This 1st part of the document conclude with the choice of the Flash ADC architecture. The building bloc design for this ADC are detailed in the following chapters constituting the part II. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the study and the design on 180 nm CMOS process of the latch comparator responsible of the 2 GHz sampling constraint of the overall ADC. As the retained comparator architecture input refereed non linearity defined the gain constraints of the preamplifier stage, the preamplifier is presented in the next chapter. Chapter 5 present the different characteristics and techniques of the quantifier stage. The comparator preamplifier stage with its different actives loads, its passive full differential transposition and the retained architecture are detailed. The QV technique and its embedding in the retained preamplifier architecture are presented. The thermometric 1 to binary encoder tree is presented in chapter 6. Two implementations of this encoding are studied and design on the Front-End (FE) level. The 1st one is a pipelined Wallace tree realized with a register transfer level (RTL) code on VHDL hardware description language. The synthesis flow on CMOS pull-up pull-down 2 combinatorial logic and rising edge flip flops are used for this architecture. The other architecture is designed using 1 bits multiplexers combinatorial pipelined with pass gated D latches with a full custom schematic implementation. Chapter 7 presents the limitations and the embedding of the interpolation with the retained preamplifier and comparator latch. The study of common drain source follower (CDSF) pairs insertion, mandatory for the biasing of the preamplifier input stage to reach the 8 bits resolution is studied with details. Finally, Monte Carlo sampling mismatch 3 analysis on the resistor references are studied by comparing different topologies and sizing. The overall ADC synoptic is presented with the retained cells and techniques. The bottom-up design approach, mandatory for analog and full-custom design, exposed in this 2nd part conclude on the choice to design a proof of concept ASIC (BuBlC1) including all the critical piece of circuits of the overall ADC with added value and potentially critical for signal conversion. The top-down approach for this ASIC design is detailed in the IIIrd part with the overall ASIC synoptic of the BuBlC1 ASIC sent to multi project wafer (MPW) foundry run integrating all the critical cells.The FE design of this ASIC with its clock tree and its input/output PAD are presented in chapter 8. The Back-End design with the retained cells layout in part II with the cells integration in clusters are presented in chapter 9 with the pad-ring and final integration in digital and analog macro-cells cores.

Resumen El tema del presente estudio se ubica dentro de la traductología y trata en particular los fenómenos de sobretraducción (ST) y infratraducción (IT), términos que significan una adición de información (ST) y una reducción de la información original en forma de una generalización del texto fuente (IT). Estos dos fenómenos pueden surgir por falta de isomorfismo entre los idiomas implicados en el proceso de traducción, cuando la idiosincrasia divergente de dos idiomas obliga al traductor a usar diferentes estrategias para poder expresar con la mayor equivalencia posible el mensaje del TF, en el texto meta (TM). El español, al igual que los idiomas románicas en general, se caracteriza por estructuras léxicas, dicho en terminos muy generales, menos complejas que los idiomas germánicos como el sueco y esta diferencia es uno de los aspectos que complica el trabajo del traductor. Siempre, al traducir un texto a cualquier idioma, ocurre un cambio y una pérdida inevitable del significado original, en uno o varios de los niveles sintáctico, semántico y pragmático de estructura, porque no existe isomorfismo absoluto entre dos idiomas. Por lo tanto una generalización es lo esperado de cada traducción. El objetivo de este estudio bidireccional es averiguar si dichas estructuras diferentes de los dos sistemas lingüísticos afectan la tendencia a ST o IT en las respectivas traducciones y hemos llevado a cabo el análisis mediante un corpus que consiste en las 30 primeras páginas de las dos obras La casa de los espíritus de Isabel Allende (1982) y Simon och ekarna de Marianne Fredriksson (1985), y sus respectivas traducciones. El resultado muestra, de acuerdo con la hipótesis, una tendencia a una mayor cantidad de ST en la traducción del español al sueco, y, de IT en la traducción del sueco al español.

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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a self-pollinated crop widely cultivated for fiber and oil production. Flaxseed is renowned for its health attributes but the presence of compounds, such as the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), is undesirable. Genomic studies in flax have produced large amounts of data in the last 15 years, providing useful resources to improve the genetic of this crop using genomics-based technologies and strategies. The goal of this thesis is therefore to capitalize on these advances to address the Cd problem and to propose solutions to improve breeding efficiencies. To find genomic-based solutions to Cd content, to the currently low breeding efficiency and to abiotic stress resistance in flax, this study utilized four major strategies: (1) genomic cross prediction, (2) gene family identification, (3) genome-wide association study (GWAS) and (4) genomic selection (GS). Characterization of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and heavy metal associated (HMA) gene families was performed using the flax genome sequence. A total of 198 ABC transporter and 12 HMA genes were identified in the flax genome, of which nine were orthologous to Cd-associated genes in Arabidopsis, rice and maize. A transcriptomic analysis of eight tissues provided some support towards the functional annotation of these genes and confirmed the expression of these ABC transporter and HMA genes in flax seeds and other tissues. A diversity panel of 168 flax accessions was grown in the field at multiple locations and years and the seed content of 24 heavy metals (HMs) was measured. The panel was also sequenced and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset of nearly 43,000 SNPs was defined. A GWAS was conducted using these genotypic and phenotypic data and a total of 355 non-redundant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified for ten of the 24 metal contents. Overall, a total of 24 major and 331 minor effect QTNs were detected, including 11 that were pleiotropic. After allelic tests, 108 non-redundant QTNs were retained for eight of the ten metals and ranging from one for copper (Cu) to 70 for strontium (Sr). A total of 20 candidate genes for HM accumulation were identified at 12 of the 24 major QTN loci, of which five belonged to the ABC transporter family. Many of the metal contents, including Cd, appeared to be controlled by many genes of small effects; hence, GS is better suited than marker-assisted selection for application in breeding. To test this, predictive ability using ten GS statistical models was evaluated using trait-specific QTN and the random genome-wide 43K SNP datasets. Significantly higher predictive abilities were observed from the GS models built with the dataset made of QTNs associated with metal contents (70-80%) compared to that of the 43K dataset (10-25%). This study showed the feasibility of using GS to improve the predictive ability of polygenic traits such as metal content in seeds. GS can be applied in early generation selection to accelerate the improvement of abiotic stress resistance and either select low-Cd lines or discard high-Cd lines. These findings validate the use of a QTL-based strategy as a highly effective method for improving the efficiency of predictive ability of GS for highly complex traits such as resistance or tolerance to HM accumulation. Identification of both large and minor effect QTNs and/or pleiotropic effects hold potential for flax breeding improvement. Candidate gene functional validation can be performed using methods such as genome editing or targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING).

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and work engagement among employees in the pharmaceutical distribution industry. The research conducted on these concepts was geared towards adding to the knowledge base in the field of industrial and organisational psychology, to enable the current organisation from which the sample was chosen and other organisations in South Africa to focus on the effect that burnout has on employees, which directly affects the company. A quantitative survey using primary data was conducted on a convenience sample (N = 204) of full-time employees in a South African pharmaceutical distribution company. The Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey model (MBI-GS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) model were used to gather data. The work engagement-burnout continuum has received a great deal of research attention (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003; Schutte, Toppinen, Kalimo, & Schaufeli, 2000) that has produced contradicting results. One viewpoint regards the core constructs of work engagement and burnout as opposite poles of two continua (vigour-exhaustion and dedication-cynicism), labelled energy and identification, respectively (González-Romá, Schaufeli, Bakker, & Lloret, 2006). Work engagement is ”characterized by a high level of energy and strong identification with one’s work”, while burnout is ”characterized by the opposite: A low level of energy combined with poor identification with one’s work” (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003, p. 5; Bakker, Schaufeli, Leiter, & Taris, 2008). Hence work engagement and burnout can be recognised as inseparable and co-dependent constructs that share more or less 10 to 25% of their variance and are moderately negatively related (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004; Schaufeli, Salanova, González-Romá, & Bakker, 2002). The second viewpoint regards work engagement and burnout as being strongly related, but fundamentally different in their separation in the work experience. They are therefore not opposite poles of a continuum (Denton, Newton, & Bower, 2008; Huhtala & Parzefall, 2007; Rothmann & Joubert, 2007; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004; Schaufeli et al., 2002). Work engagement is defined as a ”positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterised by vigour, dedication, and absorption” (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004, p. 295). Burnout, however, is defined by Maslach and Jackson (1981, p. 99) as a ”syndrome of emotional exhaustion and cynicism that occurs frequently amongst individuals who do ‘people-work’ of some kind”. The statistical results of this study confirmed the hypothesis. It was found that there is a significant relationship between burnout and work engagement. Burnout is indeed negatively related to work engagement in the contact centre. However, a definitive relationship between burnout and work engagement in the distribution centre was not established. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M. Comm. (Industrial Psychology)

Le diabète de type 2 est une maladie chronique dont l’incidence est en augmentation continuelle. Le risque de développer le diabète de type 2 chez les populations autochtones du Canada est de trois à cinq fois plus élevé que le reste de la population canadienne. La forêt boréale comporte plusieurs plantes médicinales ayant un potentiel pour le traitement ou la prévention du diabète. Certaines de ces plantes font partie de la médecine traditionnelle et alternative Crie. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont amené notre équipe de recherche à identifier 17 extraits de plantes médicinales utilisées par les Cris d’Eeyou Istchee (Baie James, Québec) pour traiter les symptômes du diabète. Parmi ces extraits, certains ont montré des activités anti-diabétiques au niveau des cellules musculaires, des adipocytes et dans des études in vivo réalisées chez des animaux. Le but de cette thèse est d’élucider l’effet de ces 17 plantes sur l’homéostasie hépatique de glucose, d’identifier l’espèce la plus prometteuse et isoler ces constituants actifs. De même, le bleuet nain du genre Vaccinium angustifolium fait partie de la forêt boréale canadienne et est connu pour ses activités anti-diabétiques. Une biotransformation du jus de bleuet lui confère une activité antioxydante accrue et un profil biologique différent. Le deuxième but de cette thèse est d’élucider les mécanismes d’action par lesquels le jus de bleuet biotransformé (BJ) exerce son effet anti-diabétique et d’identifier ses principes actifs. Les résultats ont montré que trois extraits de plantes Cris se sont démarqués par leur effet sur l’homéostasie hépatique de glucose. Picea glauca exerce son effet en diminuant la production de glucose alors que Larix laricina agit en augmentant le stockage de glucose. Abies balsamea a montré le profil le plus prometteur, elle agit simultanément en diminuant l’activité de la Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) via la stimulation des voies insulino-dépendante et - indépendante et en augmentant l’activité de la Glycogène synthétase (GS) suite à la phosphorylation de la Glycogène synthase kinase-3. Le fractionnement de l’extrait d’Abies balsamea guidé par les deux bioessais a mené à l’isolation de trois composés actifs; l’acide abiétique (AA), l’acide déhydroabiétique (DAA) et le squalène (SQ). Les principes actifs ont montré le même mécanisme d’action que l’extrait brut en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase et augmentant celle de la GS ainsi qu’en activant les voies de signalisation impliquées. Le DAA ii s’est démarqué par son effet le plus puissant et très comparable à celui de l’extrait d’Abies balsamea dans toutes les expériences. De son côté le BJ a montré un effet sur la diminution de la production hépatique de glucose, l’augmentation de son stockage ainsi que l’augmentation de son transport dans le muscle. Son fractionnement guidé par les bioessais a permis d’isoler sept fractions dont trois étaient les plus actives. L’identification des constituants de ces fractions actives a mené à isoler quatres composés phénoliques; l’acide chlorogénique, l’acide gallique, l’acide protocatéchique et le catéchol. Le catéchol s’est démarqué avec ses effets les plus puissants en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase, augmentant celle de la GS et en stimulant le transport de glucose dans le muscle. Les résultats de cette thèse indiquent que la diminution de la production hépatique de glucose peut s’ajouter au profil anti-diabétique de certaines plantes médicinales Cries et surtout à celui d’A.balsamea dont les composés actifs peuvent aider dans le développement de nouvelles molécules anti-diabétiques. De plus, les résultats de cette thèse ont montré que l’activité antidiabétique du BJ implique le contrôle de l’homéostasie de glucose au niveau du foie et du muscle. L’identification du catéchol comme principe actif avec potentiel anti-diabétique prometteur pourra servir pour des fins thérapeutiques ultérieures. / Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease for which incidence is continuously increasing. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes among Aboriginal people in Canada is three to five times higher than the rest of the Canadian population. The boreal forest has several medicinal plants with potential for the treatment or prevention of diabetes. Some of these plants are part of the Cree traditional and alternative medicine. Ethnobotanical surveys led our research team to identify 17 medicinal plant extracts used by the Crees of Eeyou Istchee (James Bay, Quebec) to treat symptoms of diabetes. Some extracts showed anti-diabetic activities in muscle cells, adipocytes and in vivo studies in animals. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the effect of these 17 plants on hepatic glucose homeostasis, to identify the most promising species and isolate its active constituents. Similarly, Canadian lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium.Ait, is part of the Canadian boreal forest and is known for its anti-diabetic activities. Biotransformation of blueberry juice gives it an increased antioxidant activity and a different biological profile. The second aim of this thesis is to elucidate the mechanisms of action by which biotransformed blueberry juice (BJ) exerts its anti-diabetic effect and identify its active constituents. The results showed that three Cree plants stood out with their effect on hepatic glucose homeostasis. Picea glauca exerts its effect by reducing glucose production whereas Larix laricina works by increasing its the storage. Abies balsamea showed the most promising profile, simultaneously and powerfully reducing glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) involving both insulin-dependent and -independent pathways and stimulating Glycogen synthase (GS) via phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Bioassay-guided fractionation of Abies balsamea led to the isolation of three active compounds; Abietic acid (AA), dehydroabietic acid (DAA) and squalene (SQ). The active constituents have shown the same mechanism of action as the crude extract by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing that of the GS and activating signaling pathways. DAA stood out for its most powerful effect close to that of the crude extract in all experiments. Our results showed that anti-diabetic activity of BJ involves decrease in hepatic glucose production, increase of storage and enhancement of glucose uptake in muscle. Its bioassayiv guided fractionation led to isolate seven fractions, three of which were the most active. Identification of components in the active fractions resulted in four isolated phenolic compounds; chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and catechol. Catechol stood out with its most powerful effects by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing the GS and stimulating glucose transport in muscle. Our results thus confirm that the reduction of hepatic glucose production likely contributes to the therapeutic potential of several anti-diabetic Cree traditional plant and especially that of Abies balsamea whose active compounds may help in the development of new anti-diabetic molecules. In addition, the results of this thesis showed that the anti-diabetic activity of BJ involves control of glucose homeostasis in the liver and muscle. Identification of catechol as an active compound with anti-diabetic promising potential can be used for future therapeutic purposes.