The position of a guarantor (avalist) in relations regarding the bill of exchange Aval is connected with a security called a bill of exchange. Besides the possibility to use the bill of exchange to secure debts, it is possible to ensure the debt embodied in the bill of exchange charter and increase its value. It is meant aval as the main theme of the thesis. The main aim of the thesis is to introduce aval from a legal point of view and assess the status of the guarantor in bills of exchange relations from the point of view of his rights and duties, especially against s and debtors (in the case of regression) in different situations and phases. The special source of legislation is the law of bills of exchange and checks that permeates the entire structure of the work. Structurally this work consists of two main parts. The first part is focused on legal formalities on bills of exchange charter and consequences in case of the absence of one of these essential formalities for the position of guarantor. The second part is devoted to aval In addition to development, formal and material conditions necessary for the origin of the bill of exchange is considerable space devoted to characteristics of aval . Another important part of this work represents creditors negotiations towards guarantor and vice versa, which...

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo dessa pesquisa à analisar como o conjunto das construÃÃes narrativas dos Evangelhos de Mateus e JoÃo consolida um projeto de dizer heterobiogrÃfico, que legitima o ethos soteriolÃgico de Jesus. Tomamos a noÃÃo de ethos como uma imagem que o sujeito empreende discursivamente, ligado de modo estrito ao discurso, sem reservÃ-lo à eloquÃncia judiciÃria ou à oralidade, mas considerando que qualquer discurso escrito possui uma vocalidade especÃfica, que permitiria relacionÃ-lo a uma fonte enunciativa (MAINGUENEAU, 2010). Assim, elegemos para a anÃlise desse ethos discursivo de Jesus trÃs objetivos especÃficos que permitiram a operacionalizaÃÃo da pesquisa, os quais sÃo: identificar as caracterÃsticas do projeto de dizer narrativo, descrever os mecanismos linguÃsticos para a construÃÃo do ethos e analisar de que maneira o ethos de Jesus construÃdo pelos escritores em cada evangelho à usado como fiador dessas narrativas persuasivas. Nosso percurso metodolÃgico apresenta os critÃrios adotados para a seleÃÃo, organizaÃÃo e anÃlise do corpus e utiliza uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza interpretativa, tendo em vista que a nossa interpretaÃÃo obedecerà a perspectiva de Maingueneau. Em seguida, a apresentaÃÃo dos resultados aponta que, apesar de demonstrarem que possuem muitas caracterÃsticas semelhantes aos textos biogrÃficos, o objetivo dos evangelhos ultrapassa o ato narrativo, pois os discÃpulos constroem um ethos soteriolÃgico de Jesus, na tentativa de persuadir o maior nÃmero de pessoas a serem devotas do cristianismo. / The objective of this research is to analyze how the set of narrative constructions of the Gospels of Matthew and John consolidates a heterobiographic saying project that legitimizes soteriological ethos of Jesus. We take the notion of ethos as an image that the subject undertakes discursively, closely linked to speech without reserving it to judicial eloquence or orality, but considering that any written speech has a specific voicing, which would relate it to an enunciative source (MAINGUENEAU, 2010). In order to analyze this Jesusâ discursive ethos, we chose three objectives that allowed the implementation of the research, which are to identify the characteristics of the narrative saying project, to describe the linguistic mechanisms for constructing the ethos and to analyze how Jesusâ ethos built by the writers in each gospel is used as guarantor of these persuasive narratives. Our methodological approach presents the criteria adopted for the selection, organization and corpus analysis. It uses a qualitative approach of interpretation, since our interpretation obeys Maingueneauâs perspective. Then, the presentation of the results shows that, despite the Gospels demonstrate that there are many similar characteristics to biographical texts, their purpose goes beyond the narrative act, for the disciples building a soteriological ethos of Jesus in an attempt to persuade the largest number of people being devout Christianity.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 florian strasburger.pdf: 826061 bytes, checksum: 253843cad3d369977f4067cbc29f9ace (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / The objective of this research is the analyse of the polemic question to stand surety within the home rent contracts, new perspectives and interpretations has been created with EC 26/2000. The discussion, is the rising of the status of home to a law level of fundamental rights, with the legal possibility homestead attachment. That way is created a normative conflict between the laws 8.009/90 and 8.245/91. This fact of a new vision of the law challenges the jurisprudence to interpretate the question. Analising each of that two dispositions, the social impact, the characteristic of the financial institutions, the concept of the state and the two paradigmatics agreements of the highest level of brazilian court, inspired by hermeneutics fountains, is to create a proposal from the juridical principle theory, trying that way to find out a proposal of solution to the conflicts linked to an axiologic-normative concept of Law. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a polêmica questão do fiador nos contratos de locação, que, com o advento da EC 26/2000 lançou nova luz à seara jurídica. Confrontase, assim o a elevação do status da moradia a nível de direito constitucional fundamental, com a possibilidade legal de penhora de seu único imóvel que serve à residência(bem de família). Forma-se, portanto o conflito normativo entre as Leis 8.009/90 e 8.245/91, que diante da nova previsão do direito à moradia desafia o judiciário à reinterpretar a questão. A partir da análise de cada uma destas disposições, do contexto social em que surgem, bem como das peculiaridades do instituto da fiança e da concepção de Estado, e de dois acórdãos paradigmáticos do mais alto escalão do judiciário brasileiro, como fonte hermenêutica, propõe-se uma ótica de análise a partir da principiologia jurídica, na tentativa de elucidar que as antinomias encontram nesta corrente de pensamento uma proposta de solução atrelada a uma concepção axiológico-normativa do Direito.

This dissertation focuses on guarantees with a special emphasis on the option method of guarantee valuation. The existing domestic and international literature does not present a comprehensive debate on guarantee valuation with a sufficient discussion of the role of the guarantor. In addition, a minimal number of sources are devoted to the option valuation of guarantees applied to non-traded companies (and their structures) typical for the Czech Republic, which might inter alia have led to the marginal practical experience of the Czech valuation experts with the method. Following the identified blind spots of the current knowledge, the thesis primarily (i) presents coherent theoretical underpinnings of guarantee valuation, (ii) provides a proposed option valuation approach to guarantee valuation and (iii) demonstrates through a case study of the HAME holding an application of the proposed approach, including an evaluation of its strengths and weaknesses. Based on an analysis and synthesis of the domestic and international literature, a poll among the Czech valuation institutes and a numerical application on the historic HAME holding case, the author observes the following main findings: (i) on a theoretical bases, the option guarantee valuation method presents a plausible way of analysis, (ii) the proposed option valuation approach is applicable in the Czech praxis. Despite these positive prima facie findings, the option valuation approach shall be subject to further testing, comparisons with competing methods and improvements resulting from an increased number of its practical applications.

The following study was undertaken because there was a need to establish whether training information at a local guarantor was relevant to employees and clients. Utilizing transformative learning theory, the purpose of this case study was to explore what the guarantor's employees and management require for new account advisors by conducting open-ended interviews with the guarantor's employees. The guarantor's director secured collections contracts and a long-term enrollment advising contract with a new online university. For the guarantor to have trained account advisors, managers must know what kind of training is necessary. Secondly, the university enrollment is growing, and that could necessitate more advisors to address the increase in student population. During the data collection phase, 9 guarantor employees participated in interviews. The guarantor's managers and employees were asked what training the guarantor requires of new account advisors, what training new hires need, and what training methods should be employed. Thematic coding, content analysis, and triangulation were used to analyze the data. Themes from the results included participatory training, experience required, and customer service. Based on the data analysis, a position paper was created to recommend role-playing, shadowing, and other training methods. The recommendations were made to ensure training and learning are ongoing, relevant to the assigned tasks, and that the guarantor's managers ask clients to play an active role in account advisor training. Social change can be achieved with a more engaged management, a staff armed with relevant knowledge and support, improved skillsets, and a guarantor that can better respond to client needs.

O presente trabalho analisa o contrato de fiança no Código Civil brasileiro, bem como a sua utilização na locação de imóveis urbanos. No campo das garantias contratuais a fiança representa a modalidade mais utilizada no Brasil, notadamente pelas facilidades práticas em sua constituição, bem como pelo caráter gratuito da sua prestação. No entanto, ao longo dos anos o contrato de fiança, tal como fora moldado pelo legislador, vem sendo desafiado pelos tribunais que ora suavizam as suas regras em benefício do fiador ora fortalecem a posição do credor, gerando profunda insegurança social e instabilidade jurídica. Por esta razão, neste trabalho procuramos discutir se as regras atuais relativas à fiança são adequadas à sociedade brasileira ou se estão a merecer uma profunda reforma para torná-las efetivas, funcionalizando-as de acordo com a finalidade a que se destinam: um reforço ao adimplemento em favor do credor; assim, defendemos que a confiança gerada pela promessa manifestada pelo fiador de que irá efetivamente garantir o adimplemento de um contrato deverá ser efetiva, por ser um instrumento a serviço do credor, visando pô-lo a salvo de riscos. Neste trabalho foram comparados os momentos históricos em que surgiram o Código Civil de 1916 e o de 2002, e apresentadas as origens históricas da fiança. Posteriormente, a dogmática do instituto foi apresentada com a sua análise nos planos da existência, validade e eficácia, bem como foram apresentadas as questões controvertidas envolvendo o contrato, com a apresentação de soluções que foram refletidas e julgadas adequadas, inclusive no campo da fiança à locação, posto que o instituto é de larga utilização no mercado imobiliário, tendo ainda sido analisada a Lei n.° 12.112/09 que reformou a Lei do Inquilinato. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de alteração do perfil dogmático do contrato de fiança, na esperança de torná-lo uma segura garantia contratual da qual poderá o credor se valer como um adequado reforço ao efetivo adimplemento aguardado e que seja dotado de efetiva força vinculante. / This paper analyzes the contract of suretyship in the Brazilian Civil Code, and its use in the leasing of urban property. In the field of contractual guarantees suretyship is the most widely used in Brazil, especially because of the practical facilities in its constitution and by its characteristics of gratuitous guarantee of ones performance. However, over the years suretyship as it had been molded by the legislator is being challenged by the courts that sometimes soften its rules in favor of the guarantor and sometimes strengthen the position of the creditor, creating deep legal insecurity and social instability. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss whether the current rules relating to the suretyship are adequate for the Brazilian society or if they need a radical reformation to make them effective, functionalizing them according to the purpose for which they are intended: a reinforcement to the performance in favor of the creditor, so we sustain that the confidence engendered by the promise shown by the guarantor that will effectively ensure the fulfillment of a contract shall be effective as an instrument in the service of the creditor in order to keep him safe from risks. In this study we compared the historical moments that emerged in the Civil Code of 1916 and 2002, and presented the historical origins of suretyship. Subsequently, the dogmatic of the institute was presented with its analysis in the field of existence, validity and effectiveness, and controversial issues involving the contract were presented with solutions that have been thought and deemed appropriate, including in the field of suretyship of a lease, once the institute is widely used in the real estate market. We have also analyzed the Law n. 12.112/09 that reformed the Landlord and Tenant Act. Finally, proposals were made to change the dogmatic profile of suretyship, hoping to make it a secure guarantee of the contracts which the creditor may avail as a suitable reinforcement of the expected performance and to be endowed with effective binding force.

O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar os efeitos gerados aos garantidores dos devedores em recuperação judicial, quando aprovado e homologado o Plano de Recuperação Judicial destes, diante do fenômeno da novação previsto no art. 59 da Lei nº 11.101/05. Essa análise será feita a partir de um estudo geral do instituto da novação no direito civil, bem como da disciplina legal das garantias pessoais, principalmente o aval e a fiança. Com base nesta visão cível, serão comparadas as duas posições hoje existentes sobre a matéria no âmbito comercial, tanto na doutrina como na jurisprudência nacionais, com o estudo dos argumentos utilizados por aqueles que defendem a manutenção incólume da obrigação dos terceiros garantidores, independentemente da novação, com a possibilidade dos credores prosseguirem normalmente com sua cobrança, bem como por aqueles que acreditam deva ser extinta a obrigação dos garantidores com a novação. Será apontada uma interpretação alternativa, construída pelo autor, de, em um primeiro momento, ocorrer a extinção da obrigação dos garantidores, enquanto estiver sendo adimplido o Plano de Recuperação pelo devedor principal, e retorno as obrigações originais caso descumprida a proposta aprovada pelos credores. Além dos efeitos decorrentes da lei, será analisada a eficácia da cláusula comumente inserida em Planos de Recuperação, de extinção da obrigação dos garantidores com a concessão da recuperação judicial. Ao final, diante do entendimento apresentado pelo autor sobre os efeitos legais da novação para o garantidor e da eficácia da mencionada cláusula, será proposta uma alteração legislativa, nos moldes do direito argentino, para possibilitar que o terceiro garantidor apresente uma proposta de pagamento conjunta com a devedora principal, encerrando-se a divergência interpretativa hoje existente. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the effects caused to the guarantors of the debtors that are under judicial reorganization, when their reorganization plan is approved, regarding the institute of novation provided in art. 59 of Law n. 11.101/05. This analysis will begin with an overall study on the institute of novation in civil law and also on the personal guarantees, especially endorsement and surety. Based on this civil approach, the two current existing positions on the subject in commercial law will be compared, both in national doctrine and national jurisprudence, with a specific study about the arguments used by those who defend the maintenance of the third guarantors\' obligations, irrespective of the novation, with the possibility of the creditors continuing to pursue the collection normally, and also the arguments used by those who believe that the third guarantors\' obligations should be extinct with the novation. Furthermore, an alternative position, developed by the author, will be presented. According to this position, at first, as long as the debtor is performing the reorganization plan, the guarantors\' obligations will be considered extinct. However, in case there is a breach of the plan, the obligations return to their original conditions. Besides the effects arising from the law, the effectiveness of a clause commonly included in reorganization plans, which provides for the extinction of guarantors\' obligations with the approval of the judicial reorganization, will be analyzed. Finally, based on the authors conclusions about the legal effects of the novation for the guarantor and the effectiveness of the above-mentioned clause, one legislative amendment will be suggested, based on the Argentinian Law, to allow the third guarantor to present a payment proposal together with the primary debtor, thus settling the interpretative divergence that exists nowadays.

O presente trabalho analisa o contrato de fiança no Código Civil brasileiro, bem como a sua utilização na locação de imóveis urbanos. No campo das garantias contratuais a fiança representa a modalidade mais utilizada no Brasil, notadamente pelas facilidades práticas em sua constituição, bem como pelo caráter gratuito da sua prestação. No entanto, ao longo dos anos o contrato de fiança, tal como fora moldado pelo legislador, vem sendo desafiado pelos tribunais que ora suavizam as suas regras em benefício do fiador ora fortalecem a posição do credor, gerando profunda insegurança social e instabilidade jurídica. Por esta razão, neste trabalho procuramos discutir se as regras atuais relativas à fiança são adequadas à sociedade brasileira ou se estão a merecer uma profunda reforma para torná-las efetivas, funcionalizando-as de acordo com a finalidade a que se destinam: um reforço ao adimplemento em favor do credor; assim, defendemos que a confiança gerada pela promessa manifestada pelo fiador de que irá efetivamente garantir o adimplemento de um contrato deverá ser efetiva, por ser um instrumento a serviço do credor, visando pô-lo a salvo de riscos. Neste trabalho foram comparados os momentos históricos em que surgiram o Código Civil de 1916 e o de 2002, e apresentadas as origens históricas da fiança. Posteriormente, a dogmática do instituto foi apresentada com a sua análise nos planos da existência, validade e eficácia, bem como foram apresentadas as questões controvertidas envolvendo o contrato, com a apresentação de soluções que foram refletidas e julgadas adequadas, inclusive no campo da fiança à locação, posto que o instituto é de larga utilização no mercado imobiliário, tendo ainda sido analisada a Lei n.° 12.112/09 que reformou a Lei do Inquilinato. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de alteração do perfil dogmático do contrato de fiança, na esperança de torná-lo uma segura garantia contratual da qual poderá o credor se valer como um adequado reforço ao efetivo adimplemento aguardado e que seja dotado de efetiva força vinculante. / This paper analyzes the contract of suretyship in the Brazilian Civil Code, and its use in the leasing of urban property. In the field of contractual guarantees suretyship is the most widely used in Brazil, especially because of the practical facilities in its constitution and by its characteristics of gratuitous guarantee of ones performance. However, over the years suretyship as it had been molded by the legislator is being challenged by the courts that sometimes soften its rules in favor of the guarantor and sometimes strengthen the position of the creditor, creating deep legal insecurity and social instability. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss whether the current rules relating to the suretyship are adequate for the Brazilian society or if they need a radical reformation to make them effective, functionalizing them according to the purpose for which they are intended: a reinforcement to the performance in favor of the creditor, so we sustain that the confidence engendered by the promise shown by the guarantor that will effectively ensure the fulfillment of a contract shall be effective as an instrument in the service of the creditor in order to keep him safe from risks. In this study we compared the historical moments that emerged in the Civil Code of 1916 and 2002, and presented the historical origins of suretyship. Subsequently, the dogmatic of the institute was presented with its analysis in the field of existence, validity and effectiveness, and controversial issues involving the contract were presented with solutions that have been thought and deemed appropriate, including in the field of suretyship of a lease, once the institute is widely used in the real estate market. We have also analyzed the Law n. 12.112/09 that reformed the Landlord and Tenant Act. Finally, proposals were made to change the dogmatic profile of suretyship, hoping to make it a secure guarantee of the contracts which the creditor may avail as a suitable reinforcement of the expected performance and to be endowed with effective binding force.

O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar os efeitos gerados aos garantidores dos devedores em recuperação judicial, quando aprovado e homologado o Plano de Recuperação Judicial destes, diante do fenômeno da novação previsto no art. 59 da Lei nº 11.101/05. Essa análise será feita a partir de um estudo geral do instituto da novação no direito civil, bem como da disciplina legal das garantias pessoais, principalmente o aval e a fiança. Com base nesta visão cível, serão comparadas as duas posições hoje existentes sobre a matéria no âmbito comercial, tanto na doutrina como na jurisprudência nacionais, com o estudo dos argumentos utilizados por aqueles que defendem a manutenção incólume da obrigação dos terceiros garantidores, independentemente da novação, com a possibilidade dos credores prosseguirem normalmente com sua cobrança, bem como por aqueles que acreditam deva ser extinta a obrigação dos garantidores com a novação. Será apontada uma interpretação alternativa, construída pelo autor, de, em um primeiro momento, ocorrer a extinção da obrigação dos garantidores, enquanto estiver sendo adimplido o Plano de Recuperação pelo devedor principal, e retorno as obrigações originais caso descumprida a proposta aprovada pelos credores. Além dos efeitos decorrentes da lei, será analisada a eficácia da cláusula comumente inserida em Planos de Recuperação, de extinção da obrigação dos garantidores com a concessão da recuperação judicial. Ao final, diante do entendimento apresentado pelo autor sobre os efeitos legais da novação para o garantidor e da eficácia da mencionada cláusula, será proposta uma alteração legislativa, nos moldes do direito argentino, para possibilitar que o terceiro garantidor apresente uma proposta de pagamento conjunta com a devedora principal, encerrando-se a divergência interpretativa hoje existente. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the effects caused to the guarantors of the debtors that are under judicial reorganization, when their reorganization plan is approved, regarding the institute of novation provided in art. 59 of Law n. 11.101/05. This analysis will begin with an overall study on the institute of novation in civil law and also on the personal guarantees, especially endorsement and surety. Based on this civil approach, the two current existing positions on the subject in commercial law will be compared, both in national doctrine and national jurisprudence, with a specific study about the arguments used by those who defend the maintenance of the third guarantors\' obligations, irrespective of the novation, with the possibility of the creditors continuing to pursue the collection normally, and also the arguments used by those who believe that the third guarantors\' obligations should be extinct with the novation. Furthermore, an alternative position, developed by the author, will be presented. According to this position, at first, as long as the debtor is performing the reorganization plan, the guarantors\' obligations will be considered extinct. However, in case there is a breach of the plan, the obligations return to their original conditions. Besides the effects arising from the law, the effectiveness of a clause commonly included in reorganization plans, which provides for the extinction of guarantors\' obligations with the approval of the judicial reorganization, will be analyzed. Finally, based on the authors conclusions about the legal effects of the novation for the guarantor and the effectiveness of the above-mentioned clause, one legislative amendment will be suggested, based on the Argentinian Law, to allow the third guarantor to present a payment proposal together with the primary debtor, thus settling the interpretative divergence that exists nowadays.

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