The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to an increased understanding of the underlying conditions for the development of a domestic market for consumer goods by studying how the distribution of goods between the town and the countryside in the county of Hälsingland, Sweden, was organized during the first half of the 19th century. The thesis has analyzed the different kinds of persons involved in the distribution of goods, their functions and mutual relations. In order to examine how the trade was organized on the individual level, a case study of one Hudiksvall merchant’s trading business has been done. This has made possible an analysis of how the two-way trade carried on by the majority of the merchants in the region was organized. In broad outline, this trade involved the merchants purchasing linen goods in the countryside for further selling in Stockholm and other markets on the one hand, and on the other purchasing different kinds of consumer goods in these markets to sell in the countryside of Hälsingland. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the conditions for distributing goods really were in a phase of change, where the possibilities of carrying out trade gradually increased, which meant that different kinds of trade and different kinds of traders operated side by side. Furthermore, the trade was in many aspects less hierarchic and more horizontally organized than has been suggested by previous research. The individual merchant’s business depended on other traders, where the individuals involved in different ways played a very concrete role in the success of each merchant’s business. This means that the relationship between different traders was characterized by both competition and co-operation. Sometimes merchants engaged other merchants as middlemen on remote markets; on other occasions they took the middleman’s role in relation to other merchants.

I denna uppsats undersöks laga skifte i Rengsjö socken och vilka konflikter som uppstod i samband med skiftesförrättningarna under åren 1847 till 1874. En kategorisering av olika konflikter har gjorts och med studier av laga skiftesprotokollen har konflikterna identifierats samt uppställda hypoteser och frågor bearbetats och besvarats. Den primära källan är således laga skiftesprotokoll som arkiverats hos Lantmäteriet och till den tidigare forskning som omnämns hör bland annat Ronny Petterssons studie om laga skifte i Halland, Anders Franzéns studie över laga skifte i Småland samt Britt Liljewalls teorier om kontinuitet och förändring som drivkrafter. Forskningen kring laga skifte är tämligen omfattande men gäller i huvudsak de södra delarna av vårt land. Denna studie avser en mindre socken i landskapaet Hälsingland.

The aim of this essay was to investigate the effects of adopting a site to the UNESCOs World Heritage List. Thefocus laid on the example of the Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland, which was the most recent Swedishadoption. With the question of impact of the World Heritage List in mind, the region of Hälsingland became themain focus. The study was made with particular focus on Gästgivars, a farm located in the municipality ofBollnäs, to which the theory of social life of things was applied. The result of the World Heritage was, in the caseof Gästgivars, an increase of the cultural value and social status.This case study has shown that the impact of the nomination has not been immense, but suggests that longtermeffects can show. The nomination to the World Heritage has led to some small changes in how thefarmhouses are managed, for example an increase of guided tours of a site. Although there were some opinionson how it was handled, World Heritage site recognition is looked upon as something positive. In this studyUNESCO and ICOMOS, in addition to other governing bodies, appeared to be authoritarian in some aspects,mainly when it came to local decisions concerning the World Heritage site. Thus, it has also shown that thoseinstitutions were not the only authoritarians regarding the handling of the site.The adoption of the Decorated Farmhouses could contribute to a feeling of community, or to create asymbol of the region and municipality, or perhaps a feeling of local identity and community. On an economiclevel, the World Heritage designation could contribute to additional income for the region and secondary effects.The case study is not completely a part of the experience industry which shows that cultural economy had littleeffects. Furthermore, the study showed that the adoption of the Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland to theWorld Heritage List can promote the view upon culture in small cities and an alternation of the cultural life.To analyze possible interactions due to a site being added to the World Heritage list has succesfully beenperformed with qualitative methods and interviews. The interviews became the primary material of the study andwas backed by statistics of the number of visitors to a site, some documents, and historical facts.

I den här uppsatsen undersöks en gård i Ljusdalsbygden i Hälsingland som kallas Utigården. På gården finns idag en byggnad som kallas mangelstugan där måleri och tapeter från 1806-1807 finns bevarat. Frågeställningen är när, hur och varför den inreddes samt vem eller vilka som kan ha utfört arbetet. Syftet är att frångå generella förklaringar, lägga ett mer individuellt perspektiv på en interiör och på så vis ge den ett mervärde. Arkivariska källor och litteratur tolkas tillsammans med den fysiska byggnadens interiör för att i viss mån kartlägga den sociala och ekonomiska kontexten som omgav interiören. Mangelstugan interiör visar också prov på hur måleri och tapeter verkade sida vid sida. Ur deras estetiska uttryck samt rumsplacering tolkas statusskillnader mellan de båda samt att mangelstugan bör ha varit en representativ byggnad. Stilinfluenser belyses också. Bland annat lyfter uppsatsen fram en fransk tapet som högst sannolikt varit förlaga till mellankammarens måleri i mangelstugan. Här säkerställs att allmogemålarna använde sig av förlagor, men att slutresultatet var unikt och personligt. Mangelstugans interiör visar prov på hur en sådan interiör kunde se ut på början av 1800-talet i en gård i ljusdal och ett möjligt scenario rörande upphovsmännen, där Ljusdalsmålarna Arve och HindriksOlle lyfts fram som potentiella upphovsmän, bidrar till att knyta fler värden till interiören vilket förhoppningsvis leder till ökade möjligheter att bevaras. I uppsatsen klargörs att gården bör ha flyttats till dagens gårdsläge troligen mellan 1802-1806 samt att mangelstugan uppförts efter flytten och av dateringarna att döma år 1806. Olof Jonsson brukade hemmanet när mangelstugan byggdes och inreddes. Hans bouppteckning visar att gården bör ha varit välställd. Utifrån detta diskuteras hur mangelstugan fyllde många funktioner. Representativitet, manifestation, exkluderande och inkluderande samt estetiska kvalitéer är exempel på sådana. / The focus of this essay is a building belonging to a farmhouse in Ljusdal, Hälsingland, called Utigården. The building has wallpaper and mural paintings preserved from the beginning of the 19th century. The aim of this essay is to investigate when, how and why the interior was made as well as by whom. This serves to put a more individual perspective on one certain interior instead of using more general explanations. This knowledge will lead to more knowledge and values being ascribed to this interior and hopefully an increased will to preserve it in the future. It gives us an example of how an interior from this time might look like, how traditional paintings are mixed with modern motives and wallpapers and how all of this together is symbolic and guides us through the rooms. Their aesthetic qualities shows that it was most probably a representative building. Different theories about influnces and inspiration are also illustrated. The mapping of certain social and economical factors serves to show the circumstances for when the interior was made as well as why. Probably the farm was moved between 1802-1806 and this might explain the new building. Different theories of why it was important to invest in these representative building and what different values they might have fulfilled are also discussed in this essay. Representatation, including and excluding factors and aesthetic values are some of them. Two potential painters are discussed as having painted the interior. They are called Arve and HindriksOlle. A possible scenario is created around their connections to Utigården.

This paper seeks to provide a better understanding of the supposed connection between Parish Sami and the little researched stone remnants of grouse trapping, i.e. bird mazes, that show a spatial concentration to Västernorrland and Gävleborg counties - by using spatial analysis, historical-ethnographical analogies, folklore studies and two case studies. The results are contradicting; the spatial analysis shows no or little signs of a connection between remains of Sami type and place names indicating Sami presence. The analogies show a likeness between methods where sticks and branches were used instead of stones to create the fences which lead the birds to the snare-traps. However, these methods were used by both Swedish farmers and Sami. There are several folklore records that connect Sami and the bird mazes, and one tells of how the Sami taught the parish inhabitants the method. The case studies show an apparent spatial connection between bird mazes and a Parish Sami home and a nomadic Forest Sami complex. Nomadic Forest Sami in the region have been shown to be the ancestors of Parish Sami. Based on these results, the author proposes that the bird maze method was first used by Forest Sami and later used by their descendants Parish Sami, but somewhere along the way the method was taught to or picked up by Swedish farmers. In any case, this study might be used as a jumping off point for the further work and research into the physical remains of Sami in the region that are well needed, in particular the Parish Sami, but also bird mazes.

Karl- Erik Nordström 2018. A strong and sacred Landscape. Central Places and Cosmology during the Iron Age   This study intends to address a specific aspect of the landscape, not only as something that can be linked to economic, political and legal factors but also spiritual and cosmological. Much of these thoughts have been taken from certain studies of "the strong landscape" that shape the beliefs and identities. Such ethnoarchaeological approach has grown to a great extent in recent decades and is represented internationally by several authors from the 70s and 80s, who in their Bronze Age studies highlight the importance of contemporary world of imagination.   Something that characterized much of the research tradition in the period after 1945 is building history and research around central places. The central site concept, which includes "a place of specific qualities", was not developed until the 1970s.   One thing that can not be avoided in this case is the adaptation to the harsh climate and the environmental problems that develop during the Iron Age, which in many cases have been devastating but can also involve reorganization, better use of resources and a more centralized structure. The emerging economic, political, legal and religious centers that the central places make up can be seen as an expression of this. Here, spiritual and cosmological performances about landscapes, towns, farms and houses have also been developed.   This aspect of the landscape as a cosmological unit I intend to study closer to the rich iron age community in Sundhede outside Hudiksvall. Here, a number of villages and smaller regions are grouped around a high-rise city center and here we also find outfields, which extract the substance that had an important significance during this time and also gave a spiritual cosmological significance, namely the iron. With this I hope to contribute to further knowledge of the role played by the landscape during the Iron Age, not least metaphysical.

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The Neolithic site Hedningahällan has, with its large amount of mixed ceramics and unique location on top of a steep rock face, been subject to a number of studies. This paper explores factors that may have motivated the location choice based on the landscape features. To investigate Hedningahällan from a landscape perspective could assist to provide a base for more directed and broader research questions alike. The main focuses of location choice factors that are the advantages of an elevated position. This is examined via Individual Distance Viewshed analysis which measures the ability to recognise and identify humans in a given topography, potential overview and availability of game animals and fish found. The study recreating the plausible past environment as well as the phenomenological experience of the landscape in combination with viewshed-analysis. The outcomes of the GIS-results are compared to four other Neolithic coastal settlements with finds of ceramics. Hedningahällan was located on a headland in a small, protected archipelago. The environment was likely an excellent habitat for many marine animals and fish as well as some land animals, however the elevated location of Hedningahällans does not seem primarily got get a good overview of game habitat. It does on the other hand provide a good overview of the surrounding landscape, especially towards the ocean, and that could have facilitated to identify humans that was closing in from the sea. Several Neolithic coastal settlements occur in connection to distinct rock formation such as erratic blocks or eye-catching cliffs, and although Hedningahällan is located upon exposed bedrock, its appearance is like that of a large erratic block. The area included in its viewshed also contains several impressive cobble fields. Phenomenological, contemporary, and ethnological analogies show that distinct rock features can hold emotional, mythological, and practical meanings.

The program of the proposal is a small recreational facility with a restaurant,conference facilities, a reception, hotel rooms and a bath.The size of the program is approximately 1200 m2.Rough approximation:- Staff and information building: 200 m2- Hotel rooms (10 á 25 m2): 250 m2- Bath building: 210 m2- Conference building: 300 m2

The rapid growth of the global economy in the last two decades has created a new economic reality in many municipalities in peripheral regions of Sweden. Having earlier relied on traditional industry as the source of employment, today municipalities in peripheral regions are struggling to survive in a completely changed economic landscape, with new conditions for development. The dismantling of trade barriers, accessibility of new markets for production, and faster and cheaper modes of communication and transportation have combined in changing the conditions for development. While historically peripheral regions have depended on manufacturing firms as a source of employment, indications today show that local and regional development is enhanced through the development of locally acquired relationships that promote knowledge creation and transmission. In the past, the Swedish government had put in place measures to promote a degree of regional parities. These included enticement schemes to industry and the relocation of public bodies. Faced with the global winds of change that have arisen in the last few decades, this approach is becoming unsustainable. The overall aim of this dissertation is to contribute to the research aimed at enhancing regional economic development and to increase the understanding of as well as give insights into local economic development processes aimed at meeting global challenges in a peripheral region. In it I explore the two interrelated questions of 1) what are the mechanisms influencing location of economic activities and industrial policy in peripheral regions? 2) How do these mechanisms manifest themselves in a peripheral region? In this study, three case studies of local development processes in the two municipalities of Ljusdal and Söderhamn, in the geographical region of Hälsingland are presented. The case studies are named the business case, the policy case and the hybrid case to reflect the mechanisms that induced them. / Den globala ekonomins snabba tillväxt under de senaste två decennierna har skapat en ny ekonomisk verklighet i många svenska periferiregioner. Från att tidigare ha kunnat förlita sig på traditionell industri som grund för sysselsättningen, så måste dessa regioner idag kämpa för sin överlevnad i ett mycket annorlunda ekonomiskt landskap, med nya förutsättningar för utveckling. Avvecklingen av handelshinder, tillgång till nya produktionsmarknader samt snabbare och billigare sätt att kommunicera och transportera har tillsammans förändrat förutsättningarna för utveckling. Historiskt sett har sysselsättningen i periferiregioner varit beroende av tillverkningsindustrin, men idag finns tecken som tyder på att den lokala och regionala utvecklingen förstärks av lokalt förvärvade relationer som stödjer skapande och överföring av kunskaper. Förr vidtog den svenska regeringen mått och steg för att befrämja regional jämlikhet. Till exempel skapade man lockmedel för industrin och förflyttade statliga verk. De senaste decenniernas globala förändringar gör dessa metoder otillräckliga. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen är att bidra till den forskning vars syfte är att gynna regional ekonomisk utveckling och att öka förståelsen av och ge insikt i lokala ekonomiska utvecklingsprocesser som försöker möta dagens globala utmaningar för periferiregioner. Följande två sammanhängande frågor utforskas: 1) Vilka mekanismer påverkarlokaliseringen av ekonomiska aktiviteter och industriell politik i periferiregioner? 2) Hur visar sig dessa mekanismer i lokala utvecklingsprocesser i en periferiregion?I den här avhandlingen presenteras tre fallstudier som beskriver lokala utvecklingsprocesser i de två kommunerna Ljusdal och Söderhamn, båda belägna i Hälsingland. För att reflektera demekanismer som framkallat dem, kallas de tre fallstudierna för företagsstudien, policystudien och hybridstudien. / QC 20100616