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Doctor of Philosophy / Most often, we encounter our first definitions of violence, abuse, and harm when we enter the work force, through some form of training or maybe posters. All of these definitions are created by other humans. Most of these definitions are created by lawyers or specialists. Most people take these definitions for granted – that they are accurate, never change, and act as a "cover-all". For example, if an action does not fit that specific definition, then the action is not violent or abusive. But, these ways of thinking do not line up with how people who have lived through violence and abuse define their experiences. Also, technology is rarely included in these definitions, despite our phones, computers, and other devices being constantly used to create and maintain relationships with others. Using stories told on Reddit, I create different definitions of harm, violence, and abuse that incorporate technology and capture these experiences more accurately. I then discuss additional ways of thinking about violence and abuse from other fields that offer different ways of understanding. I provide an example of this new kind of violence called follower weaponization, created through and with social media, before suggesting a few new ways of addressing violence and abuse beyond online training models that focuses on affordable housing, living wages, noncarceral response teams, and increasing access to childcare, transportation, community care, and mental health resources.

The current study examined the relative effectiveness of motivational feedback compared to cognitive-behavioral skills training delivered in bibliotherapy format to college students. The effectiveness of matching alcohol abuse interventions with participant's stage of change was also explored. The study's design utilized an assessment only control group and collateral informants to strengthen the validity of the conclusions. Participation in the cognitive-behavioral skills training and motivational feedback interventions did not lead to greater reductions in participants' alcohol use and alcohol related problems than assignment to an assessment only control group. No significant differences were found between these three groups on any of the drinking measures from pre-test to l-month and from pre-test to the 2- month follow-up. Only time effects were observed on alcohol related problems and frequency of heavy alcohol use across the 3 experimental conditions. Tentative explanations for the lack of support for the effectiveness of these interventions are discussed in the paper including sample size and statistical power, intervention compliance, and intervention fidelity. A number of changes which might enhance the effectiveness of these interventions are also discussed in the paper. The study also found no significant Intervention X stage of Change X Time interactions to support the effectiveness of matching intervention to participants' stage of change. Tentative hypotheses for this finding are discussed in the paper including issues related to the measurement of stages of change. Competing hypothesis regarding the relative and incremental utility of outcome and self-efficacy expectancies were also examined in the study. Pre-test efficacy expectancies consistently predicted a significant proportion in participants' frequency of alcohol use and moderate use at 1 and 2-month follow-ups beyond concurrent use outcome expectancies were unable to add to the prediction of drinking behavior beyond self-efficacy and concurrent drinking behavior. This pattern of results support Bandura's (1986) view that efficacy expectancies subsume most of the predictive power of outcome expectancies. Further, as predicted by Bandura, prior drinking behavior alone did not fully explain future use, rather students perceptions of efficacy also guided future use. / Ph. D.

This thesis deals with the legal regulation of immaterial harm (non-pecuniary loss) in civil law with a necessary extension to other spheres of private and public law. Immaterial harm reflects the personal loss caused by the infringement of human personal rights or other natural rights protected by law. There is no possibility of objective pecuniary evaluation in comparison to the material harm (damage) and so there is no potentiality to recover damages easily. The main goal of the thesis is to compose crucial issues regarding immaterial harm. The thesis uses mainly analysis of primary and secondary sources such as legal regulation, professional literature and judicial decisions. The immaterial harm is linked to the two main areas of law: 1) tort law and 2) the protection of person and personal rights. So the thesis is divided into two parts for that important reason. The first part of the thesis deals with the common regulation of the immaterial loss. Legal provisions encompassing immaterial harm are regulated in the first chapter. Next chapter explains tort law: a wide area including immaterial harm. The third chapter focuses on concept of civil tort; there is an important issue in connection with recodification. The fourth chapter deals with liability in general: this term was replaced by...

Adolescent self-harm is a growing epidemic in the United States with thousands of adolescent children being treated in hospitals every year. Despite awareness that self-harm impacts the family unit, little attention has been given to the full impact that self-harm has on parents. Due to this lack of knowledge, counselor educators and supervisors are not equipped to train counselors to work with parents of self-harming adolescent children leaving counselors feeling unprepared to work with parents. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of parents who have self-harming adolescent children. Family systems theory was used to explore the concept that self-harm impacts the entire family system. The key research question for this study was: What are the lived experiences of parents of self-harming adolescent children? Six participants were interviewed using a semi structured design. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using Pietkiweicz and Smith's 3 stage analysis process. Six main themes emerged from the data: (a) reaction to behavior, (b) change in self, (c) change in parenting style, (d) impact on relationships, (e) change in perception of mental health issues, and (f) support systems. The results of the study confirmed that parents have strong emotional responses to the self-harm and consequently adjusted their parenting styles. The outcomes of this study have the potential to impact positive social change by informing changes in counseling curriculum, training programs, and the level of support and services counselors provide when working with parents of a self-harming adolescent child.

<p>The area of research that was investigated for this study is self-harm, which is also known as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). NSSI can be defined as self-injury with no intention of dying. Examples of NSSI are the cutting of one’s skin or banging one’s head against the wall to the point of bruising. Digital self-harm (DSH) can be defined as cyberbullying directed at oneself. DSH is an area within NSSI and self-harm that has not been extensively studied. However, its consequences have already been fatal; in 2013, a 14-year-old suicide in the United Kingdom was linked to DSH. In this case, DSH manifested itself by masking as cyberbullying, when instead it was the individual themselves who was behind the malicious comments. Research shows that there are several risk factors for NSSI, one of which includes borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is a type of personality disorder that consists of impulsive and volatile mood. A high percentage of individuals diagnosed with BPD have been found to engage in NSSI. The current study conducted an anonymous Internet survey that measured the following variables: engagement in NSSI, engagement in DSH, what types of NSSI/DSH were engaged in, personality traits, and interpersonal/intrapersonal functions for engaging in NSSI or DSH. The study revealed that among freshmen at a large, Midwestern university (<i>N</i> = 112), individuals who engaged in NSSI were significantly more likely to engage in DSH. The sample included 61 (55%) of students who self-reported engaging in NSSI and 17 (15%) of students who reported engaging in DSH. However, the study did not find that all BPD personality traits correlated with individuals who engaged in DSH. Personality facets and functioning were similar among DSH and NSSI. Differences were found in levels of reinforcement function between individuals who engaged in DSH and NSSI. These results suggested a relationship between DSH behavior and BPD features, as well as the use of maladaptive strategies for self-regulating emotion. The authors conclude that future research should investigate different types of DSH and encourages clinical practitioners to include online behavior questionnaires in their evaluations of at-risk adolescents.</p>

One of the more fascinating Darwinian puzzles in sexual selection is that of copulatory wounding. For those taxa displaying this behavior, and that does not engage in traumatic insemination, the function of wound infliction during copulation remains unknown. In this study, the intention was to evaluate the purpose of copulatory wounding in Drosophila melanogaster and the consequences it might have for male and female fecundity. The present study measured the size and number of wounds that males from different stocks of Darwinian fitness imposed on females, as well as the copulation duration and the resulting fecundity. The number of wounds and the total wound size showed no apparent correlation to fecundity, but a significant difference in variation of the number of wounds inflicted on females was observed between males from two different lines of fitness. Wounded females were also considerably more common than non-wounded females, as were wounds that were paired compared to non-paired copulatory wounds. The results suggests that wounding might be an adaptive male trait and a copulatory courtship interpretable to females, implying a possible case of cryptic female choice. Since most wounds were paired, this implies that a bilaterally symmetrical organ is causing these wounds. Also, wounding was not as important for fecundity as previously thought. / Ett av de mer fascinerande Darwinistiska pusslen inom sexuell selektion är skadande under kopulationen. För de taxa som uppvisar detta beteende, och inte engagerar sig i traumatisk insemination, så är funktionen av kopulationsskador okänd. I denna studie så var avsikten att utvärdera syftet av kopulationsskador hos Drosophila melanogaster och de konsekvenser beteendet kan ha för det resulterande antalet avkomma. Denna studie uppmätte storleken och antalet skador som hanar av olika Darwinistisk fitness vållade honor, samt kopulationstiden och antalet avkomma. Antalet skador och den totala storleken av skador visade ingen signifikant korrelation till antalet avkommor, däremot uppvisades signifikanta variationsskillnader mellan hanar av två olika fitnessnivåer. Skadade honor visade sig också vara betydligt vanligare än icke skadade honor och parade skador var även vanligare än icke parade skador. Resultaten indikerade att kopulationsskador kan vara en adaptiv egenskap hos hanar och en form av uppvaktning som honorna kan tyda, vilket kan antyda ett möjligt fall av ”kryptiskt honligt val”. Eftersom de flesta skador var parade, så antyder detta att ett bilateralt symmetriskt organ orsakar skadorna. Kopulationsskador visade sig heller inte vara så viktiga som man tidigare antagit.

The diploma thesis deals with the conflict that appeared after a drop-in centre for drug users was opened in the street Na Skalce in Prague 5 in April 2010. Local residents and politicians expressed their disapproval with the activities of the drop-in centre in the area that they defined as residential. The opposition based their arguments against drug services near recreational and educational facilities on the values of home, family, private property and perceived feeling of security. The primary conflict of local residents versus drug service providers was based on processes of ascribing negative characteristics to the group that was identified as unwanted in the community. Stigmatization and labelling of drug users were associated not only with drug users, but also with social workers who offer treatment and help to drug users. The data were collected from media messages and analysed by methods of the grounded theory.

Brott mot person i offentlig miljö är en av de brottskategorier som skapar störst otrygghet i det svenska samhället. Under 2018 anmäldes totalt 5101 brott mot person i offentlig miljö i Malmö, vilket är cirka 10% av de totalt anmälda brotten i Malmö. För att minska brott i offentlig miljö krävs det att polisen arbetar effektivt och på rätt platser. Tidigare forskning visar på att arbete med ”hot spot” är en effektiv metod inom det polisiära brottspreventiva arbetet och ”harm spot” kan vara ett bra alternativ till att förbättra arbetet ytterligare. I denna uppsats är syftet att ge polisen ytterligare information om var den allvarligaste brottsligheten i Malmö sker. Detta genom att undersöka och presentera ”hot & harm spot”-kartor som jämför brottsligheten i Malmös delområden. Studien ämnar delvis att visa var brotten med högt skadevärde sker och om det verkligen sker i de särskilt utsatta områdena, Lindängen, Seved och Rosengård (NOA 2017), eller om det sker över hela Malmö. Studien ämnar även att undersöka om ”hot spots” och ”harm spots” stämmer överens gällande var brottsligheten i offentlig miljö begås. Resultaten i studien tyder på att brott i offentlig miljö framförallt sker i de centrala delarna i Malmö och att de platser som beräknas ha högst skadevärde finns i Lindängen och i centrum. Det vill säga enbart i ett av tre särskilt utsatta områden. / The public crime is the type of crime that makes people feel most unsafe in the Swedish society. During 2018 there was a total of 5101 criminal notifications of crimes against people in public spaces in the city of Malmö, which is approximately 10% of all reported crimes in Malmö. It is important for the police to work efficiently and with precision to reduce the public crime. ”Hot spot policing”, as an method for the police, is shown to have good results in making their work in reducing crime more efficient and ”harm spot policing” could be an alternative to make their work even more efficient. The main goal of this study is to give the Malmö police more knowledge about where the most serious crime in Malmö occur, by using the ”Swedish Crime Harm Index” made by Rinaldo (2015). The aim is to compare and to present the public crimes in particularly deprived areas and the remaining Malmö by using ”hot-” and ”harm spot” maps. According to the “Nationella operativa avdelningen” (2017) there are three particularly deprived areas in Malmö, which is Lindängen, Seved and Rosengård. The study will also look into if the ”hot spots” and ”harm spots” will differ in the places where the crimes is commited. The result in this study mainly show that the most crimes occur in the central parts of Malmö and the crimes with highest harm value occur in Lindängen and the central areas. Which means in only one out of three of the particularly deprived areas.