Background: Injection drug use is a popular and concurrently a very hazardous manner of application. In the Czech Republic there are approximately 45 thousand of problem drug users from which 43 thousand are injection users (Mravčík et al., 2014). There are known and mostly in detail described addictive substances which are mostly preferred by these users and it is also described how these substances work in human organism. However, it is a question how they affect the particular behaviour of the user within the injection application. In 2013 in the Czech Republic there were distributed 6,2 million syringes (Mravčík et al., 2014). Aim: The main goal was to ascertain the frequency of the injection application of drugs in case of the problem users and to estimate the general (annual) consumption of the injection material (according to the prevalence estimate for the given area) depending on the typology of the users (type of used drugs, pattern of usage). Sample: The research bracket was formed by 117 respondents form Prague field programme and low-threshold contact centre. Methods: The chosen method of the data collection was the questionnaire which was developed for the purpose of the thesis and which was realized with the administration of the researcher. Data were processed by descriptive...

Tato práce se zabývá srovnáváním pervitinových a opiátových uživatelů zejména z pohledu kontaktního centra. Teoretická část se zabývá stimulačními drogami, opioidy a srovnáním těchto dvou skupin návykových látek. Tato část se rovněž zabývá závislostí, problémovým užíváním a nízkoprahovými zařízeními. Výzkumná část si klade za cíl získání podrobnějších informací o rozdílech v návštěvnosti kontaktního centra mezi těmito skupinami uživatelů, získání podrobnějších informací o rozdílech využívání jednotlivých služeb nabízených kontaktním centrem mezi těmito skupinami a vytvoření základů pro další podobné studie. Pro výzkum byla stavena nulová hypotéza: problémoví uživatelé pervitinu a uživatelé opiátů během svého prvního roku využívání služeb kontaktního centra toto centrum navštěvují ve stejné míře. V práci je položeno šest výzkumných otázek, které se ptají na poměr uživatelů opiátů a pervitinu, rozdíly ve vzdělání těchto uživatelů a na samotné rozdíly ve využívání jednotlivých služeb. Pro řešení zvoleného problému jsem si vybrala kvantitativní design. Výzkum zpracovává data od celkem 273 problémových uživatelů pervitinu a opiátů. Respondenti pro tuto studii byli vybráni záměrným (účelovým) výběrem přes instituci a jedná se o data již zaznamenaná v databázi programu FreeBase od 1. 1. 2006 do 31. 12....

A b s t r a c t ZIMMERMANNOVÁ, Táňa. The Issue of Adolescent Self-harm in Comparism of Regular School and Facility for Kids with Behavioral Disorders. Praha: Hussite Theological Faculty, The Charles University, 2014. pp 80. Diploma Dissertation. The thesis is focused on the phenomenon of adolescent self-harm, concerning its prevalence among normal and problematic youth, and also the knowledge of professionals who work with youth. The research is divided in two parts. The first one maps the incidence of self-harm among pupils of a secondary school in comparison with clients of Facility for Kids with Behavioral Disorders in Chrudim and is processed using a standardized questionnaire called Self-Harm Invetory (SHI, 1998). The results show that there is nosignificant difference between normal and troubled youth in the prevalence of the risk behavior itself, but typically self-harm practices are already several times more prevalent among youth with behavioral disorders.It aims to find out whether it can be assumed that self-harm threatens only adolescents with special needs and if it is a marginal issue in general population. The second part of the research is focused on the discovery of knowledge and the basic skills of educators to intervene self-harm behavior among youth. For this reason, the knowledge of the...

5 Abstrakt Objectives of the Paper Description of typical communication patterns amongst employees and different types of clients in Low-threshold Centre Drop In o.p.s. displayed on individual case studies; analysis of sub- sequently recorded communication using the methods and concepts of Transactional Analysis. Recommendations for more effective communication between staff and the clients. Integration of the paper as an annex to the Operational Manual of Low-threshold Centre Drop In o.p.s. as an educational document, examining specificities of communication, its pitfalls and difficulties, including promises and possibilities in the organization. Sample File Ten individual case reports, described in a form of multiple case studies, that represent the kinds of clients with whom staff of Low-threshold Centre Drop In o.p.s. often come into contact. The specific content of each case was shaped by compiling many real-life situations, showing particular clients' position. Data Processing Methods Content and form of communication was analyzed using the methods of Transactional Analy- sis, monitoring specific communication patterns, presented in a form of multiple case studies. Individual case reports were situationally analyzed using Transactional Analysis concepts and data were inserted into spreadsheet. Each...

<p>There are several traditions of conceptualizing and measuring harm from drinking. Two main approaches are considered in the introduction – the psychiatric epidemiology and the social survey research traditions. The present thesis adopts the latter, although, as discussed, on the empirical level there is no sharp borderline between the two perspectives, as there is not between personal (i.e. physical and psychological) and social harm from drinking as such. But while methods for studying personal harm are fairly well developed, social harm, i.e. adverse consequences of alcohol that involve social interaction, has received less attention. One of the aims of the thesis has been to explore different dimensions of harm from drinking, identify different harm areas and develop and apply area-specific measures using general population survey data.</p><p>Two papers examine psychometric properties of a widely used screening instrument, the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test). While the first paper is concerned with the validity of the AUDIT, testing it against different criteria, the second paper focuses on the test-retest reliability of the instrument. In the third paper, a number of summary measures of different areas of alcohol-related harm are constructed using factor analysis. These measures are then, in the last paper, applied to estimate prevalence and risk of alcohol-related harm in the Swedish general population. The analyses are based on data from a national survey on drinking problems in Sweden collected in 2001-2002.</p><p>It is concluded that the AUDIT screens well for both impaired self-control and social harm from drinking (as well as for high volume drinking), but performs less well when screening for health problems. The test-retest reliability of the AUDIT is relatively high. In the other two papers, constructing new summary measures and applying them to estimate prevalence of harm, it is concluded that, except for being young, no particular sociodemographic risk groups can be identified for different areas of harm from the same level and pattern of drinking. To what extent this reflects reality or is an effect of the methods we use and kind of population we reach in surveys is discussed.</p>

There are several traditions of conceptualizing and measuring harm from drinking. Two main approaches are considered in the introduction – the psychiatric epidemiology and the social survey research traditions. The present thesis adopts the latter, although, as discussed, on the empirical level there is no sharp borderline between the two perspectives, as there is not between personal (i.e. physical and psychological) and social harm from drinking as such. But while methods for studying personal harm are fairly well developed, social harm, i.e. adverse consequences of alcohol that involve social interaction, has received less attention. One of the aims of the thesis has been to explore different dimensions of harm from drinking, identify different harm areas and develop and apply area-specific measures using general population survey data. Two papers examine psychometric properties of a widely used screening instrument, the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test). While the first paper is concerned with the validity of the AUDIT, testing it against different criteria, the second paper focuses on the test-retest reliability of the instrument. In the third paper, a number of summary measures of different areas of alcohol-related harm are constructed using factor analysis. These measures are then, in the last paper, applied to estimate prevalence and risk of alcohol-related harm in the Swedish general population. The analyses are based on data from a national survey on drinking problems in Sweden collected in 2001-2002. It is concluded that the AUDIT screens well for both impaired self-control and social harm from drinking (as well as for high volume drinking), but performs less well when screening for health problems. The test-retest reliability of the AUDIT is relatively high. In the other two papers, constructing new summary measures and applying them to estimate prevalence of harm, it is concluded that, except for being young, no particular sociodemographic risk groups can be identified for different areas of harm from the same level and pattern of drinking. To what extent this reflects reality or is an effect of the methods we use and kind of population we reach in surveys is discussed.

This study intends to illuminate women’s experiences of their own self-harm. Self-harm is mostly associated with women and research shows that women mostly are over-represented. This study describes women’s experiences about their self-harm but also how they perceive the elements around them during their illness. There is a focus on women’s abilities to manage emotions and how they are expressed. There is also a focus on how women perceive the support from important people in their individual social network. This study is completed by a qualitative approach based on six autobiographies there young women tells about their self-harm and mental health. The study has a hermeneutic approach which enables interpretation of our collected material. The result is presented based on two themes that focus on the women’s emotional management and their support from their social network. The empirical material is analyzed on the basis of theoretical concepts of systems theory and network theory but also Antonovsky’s (1987) theory; KASAM. The result of this study resulted that the women’s social network have significance for them during the time with self-harm whether their social network are functional or not. The study has also found that the women’s emotional management are affected by meaningsfullness, manageability and comprehensibility.

This master's thesis deals with compensation of non-pecuniary harm to health. It aims to analyze conceivable methods of compensation of non-pecuniary harm and individual claims arising from harm to health. They are compared with the previous legislation, selected foreign legislation and also with European soft-law documents. Subsequently I analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Non-pecuniary harm to health represents an area of law with steadily increasing importance. Not only there are further claims arising from harm to health enacted, but also the amount of damages granted grows exponentially. The Civil Code has brought new issues as well as a number of questions, out of which not all have been sufficiently analysed so far. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The necessary theoretical basics are described in the first one, that means the term of non-pecuniary harm, general rules relating to its compensation, short description of the historical development as well as the legal sources, including the European soft-law documents (PETL, DFCR). The second chapter addresses the individual claims of the injured party arising from harm to health. The type of claims, the requirements to be fulfilled in order to uphold the claim and especially the way of determining...

This cross-sectional study aimed to generate an exploratory functional model of deliberate self-harm (DSH) occurring among a South African student population (n = 603) using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). A battery of instruments, including the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) and the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM) were administered to students. Following Nock and Prinstein’s (2004) four-factor model on the functions of DSH, self-reported reasons for DSH on the FASM were conceptualised in light of the reinforcement mechanisms of social learning theory. PCA revealed a four-factor model for the reasons students engaged in DSH, constituent of the following components: social positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, automatic reinforcement, and reinforcement regarding self-image. A unique factor manifests in the self-image reinforcement component, suggesting divergence in the functions of DSH between student and adolescent populations. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Psychology / unrestricted

Background: At the point, when injecting still seems to be the most common use among problem drug users and there has been no change in the long term, despite the long tradition of harm reduction services in the Czech Republic, it is important to examine the context of this issue and try to understand it more closely, and therefore understanding the phenomenon of needle fixation. Aims: The paper seeks to address whether the risky behaviour level of the needle-fixated drug users differs from those who are not needle-fixated. The second aim is to examine a possible connection between the injecting users psychopathological characteristics and the phenomenon of needle fixation. The third intention of the work is to find out whether and pošibly how the level of risky behaviour differs among needle-fixated drug users in the context of their psychopathological characteristics. Methods: The chosen method of data collection was a battery of questionnaires: IN-COME questionnaire, BBV-TRAQ, SCL-90 and NEFPRO. The battery of the questionnaire was administered with the participation of the researcher. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, the Mann-Whitney test (4 tests), the Chi-square test (11 tests) and the Spearman correlation coefficient were chosen as methods for testing based on research...