A widespread occurrence of the former ecological damages and contaminated locations in the Czech Republic has been a rudiment of more than 60 years of non-democratic regimes in 1938-1989. Then, the preserving of nature and handling of harmful substances for industrial and other purposes was at a very low level. A systematic removal of these detriments of the past extended after democratisation in1990. The Czech State has taken on the responsibility for removing some of these damages, especially as a part of privatization. This has been a long-term, risky and legally demanding enterprise. A unified, co-ordinated approach to the matter at a national level has not been established yet, despite of the enormous budget. Moreover, some of the issues have not been addressed at all. Such a situation requires an immediate action since the public health has been put at risk either because of a direct contact with harmful substances or due to the groundwater contamination. Time-wise, the legal commitment of the State regarding the budgeting for decontamination of the former ecological damages of the privatized assets has not been limited. The process has been continuing for 19 years and its proceeding depends on the State assets' privatization timeframe and termination. It has been a legal obligation of the...

The environmental damage harms or threatens the two groups of interests - public and private. Both types of interests are often damaged by one event. The tort law and public liability including their financial security are therefore functionally interconnected systems, which sometimes overlap. They do not contradict but usefully complement each other. At the international level, there are several treaties governing the liability for transboundary pollution. Only one convention is legally binding and used in practice - CLC liability for oil transportation by sea, conventions on liability for nuclear damage are binding but were never used in practice. All these conventions use the classical scheme of tort law. They apply only to accidents. The liability is always objective with defences (natural phenomenon, force majeure, conduct of a third party). The liable party is always channelled to easily identifiable subject. In the case of multiple liable parties, they are liable jointly and severally. Damage must be quantifiable in money and the amount must be proved by the victim. In the case of harm to the environment, the damage is derived from the costs for reasonable preventive and corrective measures. The compensation for losses is necessary to apply in a certain period of time. These periods are...

O Bairro da Luz surge como uma região nobre no centro da cidade de São Paulo no final do século XIX. Com a queda da economia do café e a expansão da cidade para outras regiões mais valorizadas, o bairro passou a viver mudanças significativas em suas dinâmicas econômicas e sociais. Após a desativação do Terminal Rodoviário em 1982, intensificou-se o processo de degradação urbana e social que já acompanhava a história do bairro. A chegada do crack - mistura de pasta base de cocaína, água e bicarbonato de sódio (e outras substâncias desconhecidas) - no início dos anos 1990, configurou nova dinâmica local e contribuiu para diversas ações do poder público, que trouxeram mudanças ambientais significativas para moradores e frequentadores. Neste contexto, o crack é uma substância que passou a ter um uso social e cotidiano para a população da região. A relação de consumo e comércio desta substância se territorializou e agravou uma considerada desqualificação social e urbana no bairro, que associada à política proibicionista em relação às drogas, teve efeitos perversos. Tal condição potencializa o forte estigma da sociedade associado a este espaço, o que leva a uma consequente exclusão dos que lá estão. Para a Saúde Ambiental, a deterioração física e social deste ambiente pode propiciar condições de baixa qualidade de vida e facilitar a ocorrências de agravos à saúde para além da condição de uso de uma determinada substância. Nesse sentido, este projeto se propõe a investigar a relação entre saúde e ambiente (contexto) no cotidiano das pessoas que fazem uso do crack na cracolândia, região central da cidade de São Paulo. A partir desta aproximação este estudo tem o objetivo de trazer informações capazes de subsidiar políticas públicas mais eficientes. / R. Luso-Brasileira, 4 - Jardim Estoril IV, Bauru - SP, 17016-230 The Luz district emerges as a prime area in the center of São Paulo in the late nineteenth century. With the fall of the coffee economy and the city\'s expansion to more valued regions, the neighborhood lived significant changes in its economic and social dynamics. The deactivation of the Bus Terminal in 1982 intensified the process of urban and social degradation that has accompanied the history of the neighborhood. The \'arrival of crack\' - mixture of cocaine base paste, water and baking soda (and other unknown substances) - in the early 1990s, set up new local dynamics and contributed to several government actions that brought significant environmental changes for locals and other people that regularly attend the place. In this context, the crack is a substance which has a social use in a daily life for the population of the region. The relationship of consumption and trade of this substance have aggravated a territorialized considered social and urban disqualification in the neighborhood, which associated with the prohibitionist policy on drugs, had perverse effects. This condition enhances the strong stigma in society associated with this space, which leads to a consequent exclusion of those who are there. For Environmental Health, physical and social deterioration of this environment can provide conditions of low quality of life and facilitate the health problems of occurrence beyond a condition of use of a substance. In this sense, this project aims to investigate the relationship between health and environment (context) in the daily life of people who use crack in cracolândia, central region of São Paulo. From this approach, this study aims to bring information that can support more efficient public policies.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-06T19:22:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_TOMAS_GRINGS_MACHADO_PARCIAL.pdf: 302377 bytes, checksum: bb6c3bff3cf87181cc484c183651699b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T19:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_TOMAS_GRINGS_MACHADO_PARCIAL.pdf: 302377 bytes, checksum: bb6c3bff3cf87181cc484c183651699b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-16 / This study presents the basic problematization about the limits that the crime of money laundering presents and, more precisely, where or from which theoretical referential we can indicate the limits of the crime of money laundering. In an attempt to limit criminal law, traditional doctrine recognizes that, at least in the context of continental and brazilian doctrine, a crime is legitimately constituted when the criminalization of behavior represents an offense against a criminal legal good. The thesis presented here is based on the premise that the limit of the money laundering crime can not be rooted in the concept of criminal legal good and any attempt to adapt or even update this concept ends up challenging the very definition of criminal legal good. It discusses the reference of the concept of criminal legal good as a limit to criminal law, opposing it to the framework proposed by the common law context from the referential of harm to other principle. It is observed that the concept of criminal legal good is insufficient to identify the limits of the crime of money laundering, or it appears too broad, and thus does not carry any limitation, or it is too restrictive, and thus does not allow an effective adjustment to the purposes that lead to the criminalization of money laundering. It is verified that the application of harm to other principle presents itself as a more adequate mechanism for an effective limitation as to the dogmatic structure of the crime of money laundering. / Este trabalho desenvolve a problematiza??o b?sica a respeito dos limites que o crime de lavagem de dinheiro apresenta e, mais precisamente, onde ou a partir de que referencial te?rico podemos defini-los. Na tentativa de limitar o direito penal, a doutrina tradicional reconhece que, ao menos no ?mbito da doutrina continental e brasileira, um crime encontra-se legitimamente constitu?do quando a criminaliza??o do comportamento retrata ofensa a um bem jur?dico-penal. A tese que aqui se apresenta parte da premissa de que o limite do crime de lavagem de dinheiro n?o poder? estar radicado no conceito de bem jur?dico-penal e que qualquer tentativa de adapta??o ou mesmo de atualiza??o deste conceito acaba por colocar em xeque sua pr?pria defini??o. Discute-se acerca do referencial do conceito de bem jur?dicopenal como limite ao direito penal, contrapondo-o ao referencial proposto pelo contexto da common law a partir do referencial do harm to other principle. Observase que o conceito de bem jur?dico-penal ? insuficiente para identificar os limites do crime de lavagem de dinheiro, que, ou se apresenta demasiadamente amplo, e assim n?o realiza qualquer limita??o; ou se apresenta excessivamente restrito, e assim n?o permite uma efetiva adequa??o aos prop?sitos que levam a criminaliza??o da lavagem de dinheiro. Verifica-se, com isso, que a aplica??o do harm to other principle apresenta-se como o mecanismo mais adequado para uma efetiva limita??o da estrutura dogm?tica do crime de lavagem de dinheiro.

Submitted by PPG Ci?ncias Criminais (ppgccrim@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-19T11:57:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO HENRIQUE - HARM PRINCIPLE BEM JUR?DICO-PENAL E OFENSIVIDADE SUAS IMPLICA??ES RELATIVAS AO USO DE DROGAS.pdf: 1612667 bytes, checksum: 9e67caffda2db09bb8a625f274f1effb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-07T16:33:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO HENRIQUE - HARM PRINCIPLE BEM JUR?DICO-PENAL E OFENSIVIDADE SUAS IMPLICA??ES RELATIVAS AO USO DE DROGAS.pdf: 1612667 bytes, checksum: 9e67caffda2db09bb8a625f274f1effb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T16:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO HENRIQUE - HARM PRINCIPLE BEM JUR?DICO-PENAL E OFENSIVIDADE SUAS IMPLICA??ES RELATIVAS AO USO DE DROGAS.pdf: 1612667 bytes, checksum: 9e67caffda2db09bb8a625f274f1effb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study address with the implications (dogmatic and political-criminal) of Harm Principle, Theory of Legal Good and the Principle of Offensiveness concerning the use of drugs. In order to do this, our first two chapters are based on these principles, emphasizing the analysis and problematization aspects of dogmatic and criminal policy. Moreover, since they are the principles of different matrices, the Harm Principle, Anglo-American, and Theory of Legal Good and Offensiveness, continental Europeans, use the methodology of comparative criminal law to provide as bases approach, and to analyze its practical application in relation to the Canadian and Brazilian jurisprudence related to the use of drugs. Thus, it is impossible for a democratic state ruled by law to find an intrasystemic legitimation to prohibit the use of drugs, erroneously considered as illicit, in the case of this criminalization where there is no legitimate legal good and the possibility of affectation of some legal good, both from the perspective of offensiveness and by the Harm Principle, is inconsistent. / Neste estudo abordam-se as implica??es (dogm?ticas e pol?tico-criminais) do Harm Principle, da Teoria do Bem Jur?dico-Penal e do Princ?pio da Ofensividade referentes ao uso de drogas. Para tanto, aprofunda-se sobre tais princ?pios nos dois primeiros cap?tulos, dando ?nfase ? an?lise e problematiza??o dos aspectos dogm?ticos e pol?tico-criminais. Ainda, por se tratarem de princ?pios de matrizes diferentes - sendo o Harm Principle anglo-americano, e a Teoria do Bem Jur?dico-Penal e o Princ?pio da Ofensividade europeus continentais - utiliza-se da metodologia do direito penal comparado para fornecer as bases necess?rias para tal tipo de aproxima??o, analisando-se a sua aplicabilidade pr?tica em rela??o ? jurisprud?ncia canadense e brasileira relacionada ao uso de drogas. Verifica-se a impossibilidade, em um Estado Democr?tico de Direito, de encontrar legitima??o intrassist?mica para proibi??o do consumo de drogas, tidas erroneamente como il?citas, tratando-se de uma criminaliza??o onde inexiste bem jur?dico-penal leg?timo e a possibilidade de afeta??o de algum bem jur?dico, tanto pela perspectiva da ofensividade como pelo Harm Principle, ? inconsistente.

Litteraturöversikten belyser den typ av självskadebeteende som medför ytliga eller måttliga hudskador, där beteendet inte avser leda till suicid. Vårdande utgör sjuksköterskans specifika kompetensområde. Sjuksköterskan bär ansvaret att se patienten ur ett holistiskt perspektiv, med respekt för individens integritet, anatomi och värdighet. Sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt påverkar hur vårdmötet utformas, vilken forskning påvisar att patientgruppen upplever bristande. Attityder blir därmed avgörande för ett adekvat vårdande Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans attityder till att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende. Metod: Arbetet baseras på en litteraturöversikt, där 10 artiklar av kvalitativ eller kvantitativ metod granskades. Underlaget ger en övergripande bild av dagens aktuella kunskaper inom det valda området. Resultat: Resultaten visade en del positiva, dock huvudsakligen negativa attityder. Resultatet tydliggör sjuksköterskors förståelse, känslor och förhållningssätt till patienter med självskadebeteende. Sjuksköterskornas känslor påverkades av deras kunskaper om självskadebeteende, vilken i sin tur påverkade deras handlingar. Sjuksköterskornas kompetens hade en direkt inverkan på attityderna, och vice versa. Diskussion: I resultatdiskussionen relateras valda delar utifrån centrala begrepp som framkom i översiktens resultat, mot Tidsvattenmodellen av omvårdnadsteoretikerna Phil Barker och Poppy Buchanan-Barker. Sjuksköterskornas bristande kunskap, upplevda omvårdnadsansvar samt emotionella påverkan, är faktorer med stor inverkan på sjuksköterskors attityder i vården av patienter med självskadebeteende. Dessa faktorer är avgörande för möjligheterna till framtida förbättringar inom området. / The literature review highlights the type of superficial or moderate skin injuries, where the behavior does not intend to lead to suicide. Caring constitutes the nurse's specific skills. Hence, the nurse is responsible for seeing the patient through a holistic perspective, respecting the individual's integrity, anatomy and dignity. This becomes a basis for how the care encounter will be designed, with research showing that these patients experience lacking. Hence, attitudes determine the quality of the care given. Aim: The purpose was to illuminate the nurse's attitudes to care for patients with self-harm behaviour. Method: The method that forms the basis of our work is a literature review. Ten articles, of qualitative and quantitative nature, have been reviewed. These gave an overall picture of current knowledge in the field chosen Results: The results showed some positive but mostly negative attitudes. The results of the work clarify nurses’ understanding, feelings and approaches to patients who self-harm. Nurses feelings towards self-harm were influenced by their knowledge and understanding, which affected their actions and approaches. Nurses’ skills showed a direct impact on the attitudes toward the patients, and vice versa Discussion: Selected parts are related to key concepts as expressed in the results of the survey, against the Tidal model of Phil Barker and Poppy Buchanan-Barker. The nurse's lack of knowledge, the nurses' perceived nursing responsibility and the emotional impact, are all factors that greatly affect the attitudes of nurses in the care of patients with self-harm behaviour. These are crucial factors for the possibility of future changes in the area

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pablo Ornelas Rosa.pdf: 1849337 bytes, checksum: 7a8de89b2a8876a93d1d5e80d154359b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / In the end of the decade of 1980 appear, in Brazil, the politics of Harm Reduction that consider a new to look at on the individuals that make psychoactive substance use, allowed how much in such a way illicit. Those, that before were stigmas as criminal and/or sick, had started to be recognized as citizens of right through the access to the programs of health to show by the State. So, at that moment certain technologies of being able had also emerged initiated centuries behind by means of the medical truths, that had started to capture the individuals through security and normalization devices that, situated for the governmental reason and the reason of State, governamentalized to the population in everything what it is mentioned to psychoactive substances. This work looks for to analyze the forms with that the politics of reduction of damages in such a way capture the practical individuals by means of and speeches used for the health when for the public security, resulting in a biopolitic located in the transformations of neoliberal racionality / No final da década de 1980 surgem, no Brasil, as políticas de Redução de Danos que propõem um novo olhar sobre os indivíduos que fazem uso de substâncias psicoativas, tanto lícitas quanto ilícitas. Aqueles, que antes eram estigmatizados como criminosos e/ou doentes, passaram a ser reconhecidos como sujeitos de direito através do acesso aos programas de saúde disponibilizados pelo Estado. Não obstante, naquele momento também emergiram certas tecnologias de poder iniciadas séculos atrás por meio das verdades médicas, que passaram a capturar os indivíduos através de dispositivos de normalização e de segurança que governamentalizaram a população em tudo aquilo que se refere às substâncias psicoativas. Este trabalho procura analisar as formas com que as políticas de redução de danos capturam os indivíduos pelos discursos da saúde e da segurança pública, resultando em uma biopolítica situada em transformações decorrentes da racionalidade neoliberal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pablo Ornelas Rosa.pdf: 1849337 bytes, checksum: 7a8de89b2a8876a93d1d5e80d154359b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / In the end of the decade of 1980 appear, in Brazil, the politics of Harm Reduction that consider a new to look at on the individuals that make psychoactive substance use, allowed how much in such a way illicit. Those, that before were stigmas as criminal and/or sick, had started to be recognized as citizens of right through the access to the programs of health to show by the State. So, at that moment certain technologies of being able had also emerged initiated centuries behind by means of the medical truths, that had started to capture the individuals through security and normalization devices that, situated for the governmental reason and the reason of State, governamentalized to the population in everything what it is mentioned to psychoactive substances. This work looks for to analyze the forms with that the politics of reduction of damages in such a way capture the practical individuals by means of and speeches used for the health when for the public security, resulting in a biopolitic located in the transformations of neoliberal racionality / No final da década de 1980 surgem, no Brasil, as políticas de Redução de Danos que propõem um novo olhar sobre os indivíduos que fazem uso de substâncias psicoativas, tanto lícitas quanto ilícitas. Aqueles, que antes eram estigmatizados como criminosos e/ou doentes, passaram a ser reconhecidos como sujeitos de direito através do acesso aos programas de saúde disponibilizados pelo Estado. Não obstante, naquele momento também emergiram certas tecnologias de poder iniciadas séculos atrás por meio das verdades médicas, que passaram a capturar os indivíduos através de dispositivos de normalização e de segurança que governamentalizaram a população em tudo aquilo que se refere às substâncias psicoativas. Este trabalho procura analisar as formas com que as políticas de redução de danos capturam os indivíduos pelos discursos da saúde e da segurança pública, resultando em uma biopolítica situada em transformações decorrentes da racionalidade neoliberal

Esta dissertação inscreve-se nos campos dos Estudos de Gênero e Culturais, em uma aproximação com a perspectiva pós-estruturalista de análise; investiga as posições de sujeito usuário/a de substâncias psicoativas e os atravessamentos de gênero (re)produzidos no âmbito da Política de Redução de Danos. A Política de RD está preocupada em reconhecer as escolhas dos/as usuários/as de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) que demandam algum tipo de cuidado e, desse modo, alcançar a esfera do direito à saúde, à cidadania e aos direitos humanos. O material empírico é composto pelos documentos normativos da política e seus desdobramentos. Para o exame do corpus de investigação, foi utilizada a análise cultural, em combinação com a pesquisa documental, operando com os conceitos de posição de sujeito, norma, poder e gênero. Os documentos da política e seus desdobramentos foram tomados como artefatos culturais e pedagógicos que (re)produzem e veiculam discursos biomédicos, psicológicos, morais e jurídicos implicados com a produção de sujeitos e de práticas de cuidado no campo da saúde mental voltada para o uso de SPA. A análise permitiu descrever, discutir e problematizar os sentidos de termos como usuário, dependente, droga, substância, autonomia, dentre outros utilizados de forma naturalizada na política; com esse movimento analítico, foi possível explorar sua multiplicidade, conflitualidade e historicidade. As análises empreendidas contribuem para que sejam desnaturalizadas determinadas noções tão presentes nas formulações de propostas para o cuidado desses usuários/as. A (in)definição de termos discutidos permitiu visualizar a aparente sobreposição de sentidos de alguns termos como usuário/dependente para explorar distinções entre eles; também algumas relações lineares, como uso/consumo = dependência, que podem levar o indivíduo a evitar a aproximação com serviços de saúde como o CAPS mesmo quando deles precisa, com receio de ser nomeado como um/uma dependente, uma vez que essa nomeação produz diferentes efeitos em sua vida. Do ponto de vista do gênero, parece haver algumas pistas na (in)definição desses termos, mostrando que, em alguma medida, não se contemplam distinções produzidas pelo gênero, talvez porque haja ainda uma dificuldade em associar a mulher ao uso/abuso de SPA, embora os estudos mostrem o uso crescente destas entre as mulheres. Assim, um olhar sensível às abordagens de gênero na política permitiu ir "encontrando" pistas em relação à naturalização da relação entre uso de SPA e masculinidade e de uma feminilidade que não se droga. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa intentou desnaturalizar e mostrar alguns silenciamentos nas representações de feminino/masculino ainda ativas na cultura que contribuem para dificultar o dimensionamento de uma demanda de cuidado. / This dissertation is inserted in the field of Gender and Cultural Studies, approaching the poststructuralist perspective of analysis. It investigates the places of the subject/user of psychoactive substances and gender crossings (re)produced under the National Policy of Harm Reduction, a public policy concerned in recognizing the choices of the users of psychoactive substances (PAS) who require some sort of care, so reaching the boundaries of health protection and social citizenship and social rights. The empirical material consists of normative documents of the policy and its consequences. Cultural analysis, in combination with documentary research, was used for data analysis, considering the concepts of subject position, rule, power and gender. The policy documents and its consequences were taken as cultural and educational artifacts that (re)produce and convey biomedical, psychological, moral and juridical discourses involved in the production of subjects and care practices in the field of mental health addressed to the use of PAS. The analysis allowed to describe, debate and discuss the meanings of terms such as user, addicted, drug, substance, autonomy, among others used in a naturalized way in the policy, whose multiplicity, conflictuality and historicity was explored from this analytical movement. The undertaken analyses contribute to denaturalize certain notions usually used in the texts of the care proposals for those users. The (in)definition of discussed terms allowed to perceive the apparent meaning overlaps of some terms such as user/addicted to explore distinctions between them; it was also possible observe some linear relations, such as use/consumption = addiction, which can lead the individual to avoid looking for healthcare services, such as the Centers of Psychosocial Care (CAPS), even when he/she needs those services, fearing being named as addicted, since this nomination causes different effects in his/her life. From the gender point of view, there seem to be some clues in the (in)definition of these terms, showing that, to some extent, distinctions produced by the genre are not considered, perhaps because there are still some difficulties in associating the woman to the use/abuse of PAS, although some studies show increasing use among women. Thus, a sensitive reading to gender approaches in the policy allowed to go "finding" clues regarding the naturalization of the relationship between the use of PAS and masculinity, and regarding a femininity that is not addicted. In this sense, this research intended denaturalize this relationship and show some silences regarding the female/male representations still active in the culture that contribute to hinder the design of a care demand.

This study is a qualitative enquiry into family therapists’ experiences of working with young people who self-harm and their families. To date, in spite of self-harm being a serious public health concern, there is relatively little exploration of the subject in family therapy literature. The study attempts to describe, understand and illuminate family therapists’ experiences: the therapeutic issues encountered, the stances adopted in response to the issues encountered, and the emotional impact on the therapist of working with this client group. A total of nine experienced family therapists participated in semi-structured interviews. The study employed a grounded theory method for data analysis. The analysis yielded a theory of therapists’ experiences that included a Core Category and three Main Categories. The Core Category that emerged was: •Cultivating the Practice of Hope – Withstanding the Pull to Hopelessness. The three Main Categories were: •Making the Situation Safe •Conversing Therapeutically – The Practice of Hope •Team and Organisational Processes: Supporting Therapists. The Core Category is the central feature of this theory. It proposes that the central concern for the therapist is how to stay engaged with the family and the young person in the context of serious risk of self-harm and in situations where change is difficult to achieve and hopelessness can pervade. The therapist has to try to understand and make sense of family members’ distress, and be touched by and open to their feelings of despair and hopelessness without becoming overwhelmed and despairing themselves. The therapist response to this dilemma is the stance of hopefulness. It is both a therapeutic stance and orientation, and is enacted in practice through finding ways to cultivate hope in the therapeutic encounter. While the Core Category is the central ‘story’ the three Main Categories are linked to the Core Category. The Main Category, Making the Situation Safe describes the initial stage of the work, with its focus on ensuring the safety of the young person. The Main Category, Conversing Therapeutically – the Practice of Hope describes how the therapists enacted the ‘practice of hope’. The Main Category, Team and Organisational Processes: Supporting Therapists describes how the context in which the therapists work, the nature of relationships, the team and organisational structures, play a critical role in supporting therapist hope, so that they can withstand the pull to hopelessness. This study aims to make a contribution towards articulating a framework for family therapy with adolescents who self-harm and introduces a new vocabulary – the language of hope and hopelessness.