This thesis focuses on the use of a child welfare principle in human assisted reproduction in the UK, as contained in section 13 (5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (as amended). Given the principle is applied prior to conception, I argue that it should be distinguished from the familiarly known child welfare principle in child law and thus my focus is on the pre-conception welfare principle (PCWP). The aim of this thesis is to provide an argument for abolition of the PCWP from UK regulation. This thesis aims to add to the debate and complement the existing body of legal and philosophical literature which has critically analysed the function of the PCWP from various perspectives. It does so by highlighting the importance of terminology throughout the work and focusing on the broader implications of the PCWP in practice. I argue that the implications of the PCWP go far beyond its position in the legislation and in order to substantiate that central argument, I separate the function of the PCWP assessment into distinct categories of harm based regulation. Before doing so, however, I critically analyse the development of the PCWP; I consider its function as a regulatory method and I challenge whether it has a defendable ethical position in the current framework. Overall, I argue against the PCWP and the harm threshold rationale underpinning it in practice. In Part I, I first set out the background to this type of research and explain why this work is important for challenging unjustified state intervention on reproductive choice. Second, I set the scene by outlining the development of the welfare principle in child law; the legislative chronology of the PCWP and the function of Principles Based Regulation (PBR) in the current regulatory framework. This entails setting out a number of assumptions, arguments and debates surrounding the concepts of welfare and harm and how these have been framed in regulation; in addition to setting out a central theme of this thesis, which is an argument that the regulation of the PCWP does not meet requisite standards of consistent, transparent, objective, proportionate and contextually-sensitive regulation. These assumptions and vii arguments are vital for understanding the basis on which this work challenges the suitability of the PCWP in the current regulatory framework. Part II of the thesis contains the papers and delivers the arguments against the PCWP in sequence. The overall aim of Part II is to present the central argument of the thesis and answer the research questions set out in the introduction. To accomplish this, the thesis first explores how the borders of child welfare have been defined by child law and judge-made law in wrongful life cases or cases involving the withdrawal or withholding of treatment from sick children. This is followed by a chronological and comparative legislative assessment of the development of the regulation of child welfare in the context of the PCWP. This develops into the main argument of the thesis which demonstrates the application of PCWP in practice departs from benchmark standards of better regulation. The thesis moves on to provoke a fresh debate on the relationship between pre-conception child welfare and the familial and genetic harm thresholds which are mandated by the PCWP assessment. The concept of harm is explored in a philosophical sense and the arguments culminate in a contention that no single philosophy underpins the PCWP, and that there is therefore no good reason to retain a principle which is problematic in both a functional and substantive sense. The thesis concludes with an overview of the progression of the main themes in this thesis, as well as identifying some promising opportunities for future research which have arisen as a result of this work.

Este trabalho investiga as relações entre a regra da maioria e o princípio do dano de John Stuart Mill. Em suma, seu objetivo é descobrir de que maneira o princípio do dano funciona como um limite à regra da maioria. Diante disso, ao longo desta dissertação, examinam-se as dificuldades enfrentadas por Mill para conciliar utilitarismo e democracia, liberdade e razão. Este trabalho analisa, também, algumas ideias permanentemente presentes na reflexão histórica sobre o liberalismo: os conceitos de liberdade positiva e liberdade negativa; os diversos conceitos de paternalismo; e as muitas críticas dirigidas à regra da maioria / This investigation studies the link between the majority rule and the harm principle by John Stuart Mill. To sum up, the purpose is to find out how the harm principle operates as a limit on majority rule. As a result, throughout this study, we examine the difficulties faced by Mill to reconcile utilitarianism and democracy, liberty and reason. This dissertation analyzes, still, some ideas that were constantly present in historical reflection about liberalism: the concept of the positive liberty and the concept of negative liberty; the various concepts of paternalism; and the many criticisms of the majority rule.

Este trabalho investiga as relações entre a regra da maioria e o princípio do dano de John Stuart Mill. Em suma, seu objetivo é descobrir de que maneira o princípio do dano funciona como um limite à regra da maioria. Diante disso, ao longo desta dissertação, examinam-se as dificuldades enfrentadas por Mill para conciliar utilitarismo e democracia, liberdade e razão. Este trabalho analisa, também, algumas ideias permanentemente presentes na reflexão histórica sobre o liberalismo: os conceitos de liberdade positiva e liberdade negativa; os diversos conceitos de paternalismo; e as muitas críticas dirigidas à regra da maioria / This investigation studies the link between the majority rule and the harm principle by John Stuart Mill. To sum up, the purpose is to find out how the harm principle operates as a limit on majority rule. As a result, throughout this study, we examine the difficulties faced by Mill to reconcile utilitarianism and democracy, liberty and reason. This dissertation analyzes, still, some ideas that were constantly present in historical reflection about liberalism: the concept of the positive liberty and the concept of negative liberty; the various concepts of paternalism; and the many criticisms of the majority rule.

Harm reduction is a concept that has gained momentum as it relates to prevention of negative consequences of drug use. Some harm reduction approaches, such as naloxone provision, have garnered significant support, whereas others, such as providing access to clean syringes, are the exception as opposed the rule. Evidence suggests there is significant variation in harm reduction behaviors among providers, including community pharmacists. Community pharmacies are one of the most accessible points for healthcare; approximately 90% of U.S. residents live within five miles of a pharmacy. Therefore, pharmacies have a great opportunity to promote and engage their communities in harm reduction approaches. This session will examine evidence-based harm reduction approaches that can be employed in community pharmacies. The presenters will use their syringe dispensing research conducted across three states to describe the current harm reduction climate in community pharmacies. During this interactive session, participants will discuss scenarios in which they are encouraged to evaluate their own attitudes and beliefs toward non-Rx syringe sales, naloxone dispensing and other harm reduction strategies while taking a look at the impact of state level policies on these approaches. The session will be targeted to practicing pharmacists, coalition leaders and harm reduction stakeholders.

Background: Deliberate self-harm is when an individual deliberately exposes themselves to an act that directly damage the individual's body. Many of those who intentionally injure themselves do so to deal with anxiety and the behavior is thus used as a kind of distraction from their feelings. Today's social outlook on self-injurious behavior is in general judgmental. To have an attitude is to be emotionally preset to a situation, person or an object. Patients who self-harm currently perceive care as negative, despite existing recommendations on how to care for the group of patients. The general nurse encounters this group of patients in many places, such as the emergency room and in health centers.   Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the nurse’s attitude towards patients who self-harm.   Method: General literature review based on ten articles where six were of quantitative design, one was qualitative and three were mixed method. Through critical review and selection criteria, the articles that responded to the purpose of the literature review were selected for further analysis.   Results: Three themes were extracted: The nurse’s preunderstanding, individual factors affecting the attitude and working conditions and its impact on the attitude.    Discussion: The results discussion the authors discusses education, stigma in the healthcare sector and the importance of reflecting attitudes. The authors themselves reflects on how the quality of the nurse and patient’s relationship could be more nursing in the future. Discussions are supported partly by Katie Eriksson's concept of "care suffering" as well as relevant studies and literature. / Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende är när en individ avsiktligt utsätter sig för handlingar som gör direkt skada på individens kropp. Många av de som avsiktligt skadar sig själva gör det för att hantera ångest. Dagens samhällssyn på självskadebeteende är överlag dömande. Att ha en attityd är att vara känslomässigt förinställd till en situation, person eller ett ting. Patienter med självskadebeteende uppfattar i dagsläget vården negativt, trots befintliga rekommendationer för bemötande. Allmänsjuksköterskan kommer i kontakt med denna patientgrupp på bland annat på akuten och vårdcentraler.   Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka sjuksköterskans attityd gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende.   Metod: En litteraturöversikt grundad på tio artiklar där sex var av kvantitativ design, en var kvalitativ och tre var mixed-method. Genom kritisk granskning samt urvalskriterier valdes de artiklar som svarade på litteraturöversiktens syfte ut för att analyseras vidare.   Resultat: Resultatet synliggjordes i tre huvudteman: Sjuksköterskans förförståelse, individuella faktorer som påverkar attityden samt arbetsförhållanden och dess påverkan på attityden.   Diskussion: I resultatdiskussionen diskuteras utbildning, stigmatisering i vårdsektorn samt vikten av att reflektera kring attityder. Författarna reflekterar över hur kvaliteten i sjuksköterske- och patientrelationen ska kunna bli mer vårdande i framtiden. Diskussionen stödjs delvis av Katie Erikssons teoribegrepp ”vårdlidande” samt relevanta studier och litteratur.

There were no studies found in the literature that primarily focused on threatened harm as type of maltreatment. This study utilized Florida's child welfare administrative data to explore threatened harm as a type of maltreatment, particularly as a predictor of recurrence of maltreatment within six and 12 months for children who had a verified report of maltreatment in FY2005-2006. Threatened harm was examined in three ways; when it was reported as the only maltreatment, the initial maltreatment, and in situations where there was a prior report. The most prevalent acts of threatened harm were examined separately. It was examined as a predictor of recurrence of any maltreatment and also as a predictor of recurrence of a different type of maltreatment. The results of bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that children who experienced threatened harm were at increased odds for recurrence of maltreatment overall. The odds were found to be greater within 12 months, for children who had a prior report and for children who experienced a substance related threatened harm. Children with a prior report were also found to be more likely to experience recurrence of a different type of maltreatment. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Partant du postulat selon lequel la principale justification de la répression de formes d’expressions réside dans leur nocivité supposée, nous tentons de répondre à la question suivante : comment définir des limites claires et cohérentes à la liberté d’expression ? L’analyse des controverses relatives à la pornographie, et en particulier de la manière dont les notions de liberté d’expression et de nuisance ont été articulées, contribue à répondre à cette question générale. À travers l’analyse des débats portant sur la restriction des représentations sexuelles, nous tentons de montrer que les parties en présence ne sont pas parvenues à définir la notion de « nuisance » de manière claire et satisfaisante, et ne permettent pas, dès lors, de définir avec précision les limites légitimes de la liberté d’expression. Les deux voies théoriques alternatives que nous avons identifiées, les conceptions instrumentales et déontologiques de la liberté d’expression, ne se révèlent pas plus convaincantes. Nous montrons néanmoins qu’il est possible de préciser le principe de non-nuisance en y intégrant deux éléments auparavant négligés : la subjectivité du récepteur, et les rapports d’autorité qui existent entre le locuteur et le récepteur. Nous défendons ainsi l’idée que le principe de non-nuisance reste l’instrument le plus clair et le plus cohérent pour fonder les limites de la liberté d’expression, à condition de l’amender et de le compléter. / Acknowledging the fact that the main justification to restrict some forms of expression lies in the harm they may cause to others, this thesis aims at answering the following question: how do we define clear and coherent limits of the freedom of expression? The study of the controversies regarding pornography, and particularly the way in which the concepts of freedom of expression and harm are closely linked together, is an important contribution in order to answer this vast subject. Through the analysis of debates with regard to sexual representations, this thesis aims at gaining a deeper understanding on how the authors were unsuccessful in defining the notion of « harm » in a clear and convincing way, and fail at allowing to set precisely the legitimate limits of freedom of expression. The two alternative theoretical approaches that were identified and established - the instrumental and deontological conceptions of freedom of expression – were not proven to be more satisfactory either. However, this research confirms that the harm principle can be clarified if two previously neglected aspects are included in the analysis: the receiver’s subjectivity, and the authority relationship established between the speaker and the viewer. Thus, it is argued that the harm principle, given that it is modified and completed, remains the most effective and adequate tool in order to ground the limits of freedom of expression.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects social media can have on people who self-harm. Based on ten research articles published between 2009-20019, which we selected through a systematic search in six databases. An interactive literature review was made and thematic analysis used. Four themes were identified, the social media-based community for self-harming, the reasons individuals publish material of self-harm, the negative and positive aspects of self-harm content. Our findings show that these individuals experience a sense of community, understanding, support, and companionship on social media. In turn, support on social media can trigger further self-harm, complicate recovery, and encourage individuals not to seek professional help. The reason they contribute to the self-harm community is, among other things, to be a part of the community, maintain a self-harm ritual, to increase understanding in society, or as an artistic expression. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att skapa en överblick av forskning, mellan 2009 och 2019, kring sociala mediers påverkan på personer med sjävskadebeteende. Metod: Integrativ litteraturöversikt. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar selekterades genom en systematisk sökning på sex databaser. Artiklarna granskades och analyserades tematiskt. Resultatet redovisades under fyra teman, gemenskapen på de sociala medier som riktar sig till personer med självskadebeteende, orsaker till att publicera material på sociala medier, negativa aspekter och positiva aspekter av självskadebeteende på sociala medier. Slutsats: Dessa individer upplever gemenskap på sociala medier, känner sig förstådda, samt får stöd och kamratskap. Material av självskadebeteende kan fungera triggande, försvåra tillfrisknande, stödet på sociala medier kan bidra till att individerna inte söker professionell hjälp. Orsaken till inlägg på sociala medier är bland annat för att känna sig som fullvärdiga medlemmar, som en del av en självskaderitual, öka förståelsen i samhället eller som konstnärligt uttryck.

傷害罪的研究，在我國學說實務上對於特定的議題可能有所分歧，但原則上已然有一定的研究成果與結論，對於身體或是健康的定義，或者是所涵攝的範圍等等。然而隨著社會發展，以及對於個人身體期待有更為完整的保護，除了生理機能上的傷害以外，對於心理、精神、或是情緒上的傷害，是否能夠被劃歸於傷害罪的保護範圍，也應有其討論空間。 本文試圖由保護法益出發，討論心理傷害在身體法益的角度下其存在的可能，如果可能存在，則在現行的條文下應該做如何的解釋。這並不是一個純粹學術的討論，而是一個貼近社會每個個體的議題，每個社會個體在社會中的活動，都可能造成他人心理或是情緒上的不愉快；相反的，也可能因為他人的行為而有心理或情緒上的不愉快。這些事實每天重複的發生在我們周遭，重點在於是否有注意到這些心理傷害存在，以及如何給予心理傷害評價。 肯認心理傷害的概念是存在後，如果要作更細緻的分析，就必須先定義心理傷害的概念，去尋找在哪些情況之下，會成為具有法律意義的心理傷害，而為傷害罪之保護範圍。將其具體化，也就是心理傷害的傷害結果是必須符合一些標準的，如果欠缺標準，則會使心理傷害的概念浮動，而可能過度擴張其範圍，故若該結果欠缺實質的情緒傷害、或是未使被害人的反應非屬正常範圍等，則不認為其為心理傷害，而可能是一種負面的情緒反應而已。 心理傷害因為其本質較為特別，是何種行為導致心理傷害結果的存在，也就是行為與結果之間的因果關係並不甚清楚。其理由在於，在心理傷害的情形，特定行為是否確實造成心理傷害結果並不是客觀明顯可見的，是以一個心理傷害結果的存在，是由A行為或是B行為所導致，或是由A、B數行為一同造成，除非有明確的事實證據可以作為依據，否則因果關係的建立上，都只能透過人類經驗的累積作為參考依據，而無法使用條件理論來作為判斷標準，是以在此情形下，透過人類經驗而建立因果關係的假設因果關係理論，在論理上似乎會是比較實用也比較合理的標準。 在因果關係的確立後，同時必須考量該結果是否可以歸責於行為人，如果該行為在社會上是被允許的，則即使該行為可能有造成他人心理傷害的風險，該風險就應該被容許而會是容許風險。而在社會中因為有親疏程度不同之人際關係，如果人與人之間的關係較為緊密，在社會共識上會提高容許風險的門檻，而擴大容許風險的範圍，在結論上，就會是該行為雖然造成心理傷害結果，但是因為該行為本身帶有傷害結果的風險是社會所已經認識且允許的，是以即使該風險確實實現，社會也不會予以處罰。 關鍵字：傷害、心理傷害、負面情緒、情緒傷害、實質情緒傷害、正常範圍、人類經驗、假設因果關係、容許風險 / The researches of assault and battery may exist difference in specific issues between theories and practice, but in general, the researches have got some results and had conclusions, like the definition of body or health, or the area which assault and battery including. However, due to the developing of the society and the more desire to protect individual body, except the harm to the physical functions, if the harm to mind or emotion could be classified as the range of assault and battery may be worth discussing as well. This thesis tries to start from the legal interest(Rechtgut), to talk about the possibility of mental injury included in the legal interest of body. If the legal interest of body include the mental harm, then how to explain the articles which are currently in effect. This is not a pure academic discuss, but a issue which close to every individual in society. The activities of individuals in society may cause mental or emotional unpleasantness. On the contrary, mental or emotional unpleasantness might be caused by other’s behaviors too. Those facts around us happen repeatedly everyday and the importance is whether we noticed the mental harm exist or not, and how to appraisal it. After confirming the notion of mental harm or injury exist, if try to analyze more detailed, defining the mental harm notion is the first step we should take and looking for under what kind of situations the notion of mental harm will become meaningful in legal system. Specifically, which means the results of mental harm must conform with some standards. If lacking of standards, the notion of mental harm will be vague, and the result of the vagueness, it might broaden the range excessively. So if the results lack of substantial emotional harm, or didn’t make victims’ reactions out of normal range, then we don’t admit the result is a mental harm, but a negative emotion. Because mental harm has special quality, the question is which behavior leads to the results of mental harm, and the causation between behavior and result is not clear enough. The reason is that in the situation of mental harm, if the specific behaviors surly cause the result of mental harm can’t be discovered obviously and objectively. As the result, the existence of a result of mental harm is caused by behavior A or B, or is caused by A and B, except we have clear facts and proofs to be reference materials, or we only can apply the accumulation of human experience to the construction of causation and we can not use condition theory(Bedingunstheorie) as the standard to determine the causation. Thus, the theory of hypothesized causation constructs the causation through the human experience seems more practical and reasonable standard. When the causation have been constructed, after that, the question is that if the defendant should be blamed for the result should be considered as well. If the behavior is allowed in the society, then even if the behavior may bring about the risk of mental harm of the others, but the risk shall be allowed or endured and is an allowable risk(das erlaubte Risiko). And the relationships between people are not always as any others, if the relationship is closer, the common consensus of society will raise the line of allowable risk and broaden the range of allowable risk. In conclusion, although the behavior leads to the result of mental harm, the behavior companies the risk of the result of mental harm is recognized and allowed by society, so even the risk occur in deed, society will not punish the behavior. Key Word: assault, battery, harm, injury, emotional harm, mental harm, emotional injury, substantial emotional harm, normal range, causation, allowable risk

<p>Harm reduction som insats, har för avsikt att minska de negativa konsekvenserna som tenderar att följa missbruket. Konceptet härstammar från 1920-talets England där grunderna för behandlingsformen utvecklades efter att läkarkåren ansåg att underhåll av missbruk i flera fall kan vara nödvändigt. Metadonbehandling och sprututbytesprojekt är två exempel på Harm reduction relaterade insatser. Grunderna för metadonbehandlingen utvecklades i USA av Marie Nyswander och Vincent Dole och lanserades 1966 i Sverige av professor Lars Gunne, aktiv vid Ulleråkers sjukhus i Uppsala. Läkemedelsassisterad behandling är dokumenterat effektiv och visar goda resultat som t.ex. en ökad livskvalitet. Den svenska narkotikapolitiken har genom historiens gång haft inslag av både repressiv, liberal, och restriktiv karaktär, och även kombinationer av dessa. Idag bedriver Sverige en restriktiv narkotikapolitik där inslag av Harm reduciton relaterade insatser accepteras allt mer genom den nya lagstiftningen angående läkemedelsassisterad behandling(2005) och sprututbytesverksamhet(2006). Genom en kvalitativ enkätstudie baserad på sju enkätintervjuer via e-post och en personlig halvstrukturerad intervju är syftet i denna studie att undersöka om ny lagstiftning av Harm reduction karaktär kan ses som ett tecken på förändring inom den svenska narkotikapolitiken. Genom en teoretisk överblick innehållande relevanta teorier önskar studien även att öka förståelsen för missbrukssituationen hos läsaren. Resultatet har inte varit helt entydigt och generalisering av materialet är svårt eftersom studien varit av kvalitativ art. Dock kan en förändring i synen på och inställningen till exempelvis underhållsbehandlingar urskiljas. Det finns även en frustration bland respondenterna över att verksamheter ute i landet inte lever upp till sina åtaganden och att individer med beroende- och missbruksproblematik prioriteras bort. Trots att direktiven är tydliga kan i dagsläget ca hälften av alla landsting inte hålla vårdgarantin för den berörda patientgruppen, detta visar en granskning Socialstyrelsen genomfört. Behandlingen skall vara lättillgänglig, något som uppenbarligen inte efterlevs.</p>