This thesis investigates the association between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm in Eastern Europe. The main aim was to estimate to what extent changes in per capita alcohol consumption have an impact on different forms of alcohol-related mortality, and to put the results in an international comparative perspective. The thesis includes four papers; the first two papers use aggregate time-series analysis to assess how changes in per capita consumption affect rates in suicide mortality and fatal non-intentional injuries in several Eastern European countries, respectively. The third paper applies the same methodological approach to analyse the population-level relationship between alcohol and homicide in Russia and the U.S.. The fourth paper employs survey data to assess how the risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems in relation to volume of consumption in the Baltic countries compares to Sweden and Italy. The results of the first three papers suggests: (i) that changes in per capita consumption are significantly related to changes in mortality rates of suicide, non-intentional injuries and homicide in the countries under study; (ii) that the relationship is stronger for men than for women, and (iii) that the relationship tends to be stronger in the countries with more detrimental drinking patterns, e.g. Russia. The results of the fourth paper suggest that the risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems in relation to level of drinking in the Baltic countries is similar to the corresponding risk in Sweden, but considerably stronger than in Italy. In conclusion, the findings support the significance of a public health approach to alcohol-related problems in Eastern Europe, i.e., policy measures directed towards total alcohol consumption. In addition, strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence of binge drinking seem to have great potential for reducing alcohol-related harm and mortality in Eastern European countries. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Alcohol in Eastern Europe - a Public Health Perspective

Denna studie undersökte varför vissa ungdomar både rapporterar höganivåer av kriminalitet och självskadebeteende samt hur detta hängerihop med att utsätta andra för aggressiva handlingar och att själv bliutsatt för aggressivitet av andra. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt användescoercion-teorin som förklarar varför vissa barn och ungdomar både ärutsatta för andras aggressioner och utsätter andra för aggressionerutanför hemmet. Studien grundas på data som bestod av självrapporterfrån en longitudinell studie vid namn Sju skolor. Studien genomfördesi en mellanstor svensk stad. Totalt deltog 1482 ungdomar varav 52procent var män. Resultaten visade att det fanns en grupp ungdomarsom rapporterade höga nivåer av både kriminalitet ochsjälvskadebeteende. Utmärkande för denna grupp var att de bådeutsatte andra för aggressiva handlingar samtidigt som de själv blevutsatta för andras aggressivitet. Denna kunskap kan användas av olikamyndigheter vid förebyggande insatser för ungdomar som harproblem med kriminalitet och självskadebeteende. / This study examined the association between delinquent behaviorsand self-harm in adolescents, and how mutual hostility interactbetween exposing others and being exposed. Data was based on selfrapportsin a longitudinal study called Seven schools and wereperformed in a medium sized city in Sweden. The study including1482 participants, among them 52 percent were males. The resultshowed that those adolescents who reported high levels of delinquentbehavior and high levels of self-harm were both exposed and exposesothers to hostility. Coercion theory was used to explain the mutualhostility.

This diploma thesis compares the Czech legal regulation of civil liability for bodily harm caused during medical treatment to the German legislation on the matter. In this case, the German legal regulation can serve as a source of inspiration due to its stable development. Both legal regulations can be assessed with respect to the rules being preferable either for the harmer or the sufferer. Concerning the provisions within the German law that are preferable for the patient, they cover e.g. the origin of liability for bodily harm caused by all participating persons providing the medical treatment while doing a tortious act, including the direct liability of persons who are "used by the activity". Due to the broader concept of harm in the German civic law the patient has a right for damages based on a generally defined nonmaterial harm, where the conrete amount of damage is determined by the court. The German legal regulation is preferable and more equitable especially for young injured, in which case the assessment of damages for the salary lost is not based only on the average salary of the sufferer before the harm was caused, but it also reflects the lifetime salary, which the injured could have achieved, had the bodily harm not been caused. By contrast, some provisions in the German legislation...

Anotation The Master's degree thesis Trends in the use of electronic cigarette in the population of smokers of tobacco products provides a pilot research and analysis of the use of electronic cigarette in the current population of smokers in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, it presents the most common motivation patterns of its consumption among tobacco smokers. To this purpose, the author developped her own questionnaire addressed to a predefined sample of respondents. The first, theoretical part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of tobacco and nicotine and their effects on human health. Further, the thesis focuses entirely on the analysis of electronic cigarette. The practical part is based on a questionnaire designed and distributed by the author herself directly or through the internet among 105 respondents. The target group are smokers of tobacco products between 25 and 55 years old living in the Czech Republic who have pasively or actively had a contact with electronic cigarette. This is to determine the common attitudes towards the electronic cigarette and analyse the current trends in its use in the population of smokers. The second part of the thesis offers a detailed evaluation of the results of the questionnaire obtained through the answers of 105 respondents, their motivations for its use...

This thesis describes the environmental damages legislation. Relevant parts of the work focus on the international legislation including special liability regimes, then it focuses on the European Union legislation, especially on the Directive 2004/35/EC, also it describes British legislation in this area and the legislation in the Czech Republic, namely the differences between environmental damages and environmental loss, it mentions also the old contaminations. Lastly the text tries to compare the British and Czech legislation in liability for environmental damage.

Abroad is the method of peer work dealing with the involvement of drug users (active and retired) extended far more than in the Czech Republic. Information and data are available mainly from foreign sources, where peer work has been continuing a tradition. In the Czech Republic, this method is still not so much used, as well as is the lack of Czech professional literature on the subject. Method of peer work in the Czech Republic has not been comprehensively mapped, described and evaluated. They are organizations dealing with the involvement and employment of drug users, which usually draw infromation from foreign sources and work with their data. There is no comprehensive overview, providing information and data in this area in the Czech Republic. The target of this work is to map the use of peer work in the Czech Republic in the area of drug services. Within the sub-targets are the structure and functioning of each peer programs studying. The practical part is realized by an empirical research (research orientation) in order to get a general overview of the analysis of the problem in the form of quantitative research. For the data collection was used a questionnaire distributed in the online version. The basic set was consisted of low-threshold programs in harm reduction, contact centers and...

The diploma thesis deals with the civil liability for bodily harm in the Czech and the German legal systems. The German legal regulation has been chosen as a comparison because it has been one of the sources for the new Czech Civil Code. The aim of the thesis is to find out what are the fundamental differences between the both legal systems and which one seems to be more appropriate or just and finally to find out what are the main changes in the new Czech Civil Code. To find out the answers the method of comparison with the legal regulation de lege ferenda and German legal system has been used. The thesis is composed of three parts. The first part describes the Czech civil liability of bodily harm and the second part describes the German legal system. The last part deals with the comparison of the legal institutes in the both legal systems. The fundamental differences could be evaluated according whether they are in favour to the harmer or the sufferer. The delict liability in the German civil law seems to be positive for the sufferer - patient in the process, because all participating persons involved at wrongful act causing bodily harm are held liable which expands the scope of liable people. The next advantage for the sufferer according the German legal system is that the concrete damage based...

Bakgrund: Forskning visar att den psykiska ohälsan hos barn och ungdomar ökar, inte minst när det gäller flickor i tonåren. Detta leder till att flickorna får ångest som de hanterar genom att utveckla ett självskadebeteende. Skolsköterskorna har möjlighet att uppmärksamma dessa flickor genom det dagliga hälsofrämjande omvårdnadsarbetet.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva skolsköterskors erfarenhet av att möta flickor med ett självskadebeteende. Metod: I studien användes en kvalitativ metod och resultatet analyserades genom innebördsanalys. Sex skolsköterskor intervjuades via e-postintervju. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre innebördsteman som var: flickorna uppmärksammas på olika vis, erfarenhet av samarbete och skapa goda relationer. Konklusion: Studien visade att skolsköterskorna möter flickorna med självskadebeteende antingen via hälsosamtal eller genom att omgivningen larmar om att flickorna mår dåligt. Studien visar också att skolsköterskorna upplever frustration när samarbeten med externa aktörer så som barn och ungdomspsykiatrin inte fungerar och mycket av ansvaret läggs på skolsköterskorna. Studien visade även att samverkan med vårdnadshavare är viktigt i arbetet med flickorna. / Background: Research shows that mental disorders in children and adolescent is increasing, especially when it comes to teenage girls. This may increase anxiety in some girls, which they might handle by developing self-harm behavior. School nurses are able to pay attention to these girls through daily health promotion nursing work. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the school nurse’s experience of meeting girls with self-harm behavior. Method: A qualitative method was used in the study and the result was analyzed according to meaning analysis. Six school nurse were interviewed by email interviews. Result: The study resulted in three meaning subjects; the girls are noted differently, experience of cooperation and create good relationships. Conclusion: The study showed that the school nurses meet girl with self-harm behavior, either through health interviews or by the environment warning that the girls feel bad. The study also shows that school nurses are experiencing frustration when cooperation with external actors such as children and adolescent psychiatry does not work and much of the responsibility is left with the school nurses. The study also showed that cooperation with parents is important when working with these girls.

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Student Number : 9304796E - MA research report - School of Psychology - Faculty of Humanities / The central aim of this research was to ascertain the psychological meaning of, and motivation for body piercing in a sample of female body modifiers. It was decided to conduct research on the psychology of body piercing because although medical, anthropological and social research has been conducted into piercing practices and body modification, very little has focused on the underlying psychological meanings and motivations associated with body modification. Furthermore, the focus of this study was limited to women because it was felt that had both genders been included, possibly gender based differences would have caused the scope of the research project to become too wide. By focusing specifically on women, it was felt that a deeper understanding of the underlying psychological motivations for the piercing of the female body could be explored. For the purposes of this research, the operational definition of body piercing is defined as that which does not echo mainstream fashion trends or promote Eurocentric, socially sanctioned ideals of beauty. The participants needed to have pierced body parts (excluding their earlobes), and the piercings or the piercing process should hold specific significance and meaning for them. Participants who had pierced body parts only for aesthetic reasons were excluded from this study. Those who were included attributed more than just a decorative function and aesthetic value to their body piercings. In other words, they deviated from mainstream piercing practices in terms of the meanings they attach to their piercings. Some of the piercings and piercing practices and processes undertaken by the participants represent a departure from the ‘norm’, and have been described as bordering on pathological. The research sought to identified commonalities and differences amongst the participants and to understand their experiences and behaviour within the context of psychodynamic feminist frameworks. Broadly defined, feminism is a movement organized around the belief that men and women are/should be socially, politically and economically equal. Contemporary feminism, which influences perceptions of female body modification, is split into two distinct strands: one school of feminism views body modification as a form of self-injury and self-mutilation while the other holds that it is a positive resistance in the face of gender norms (Pitts, 2003). This was taken into account in this study. Given that the participants were all women, and that the relationship between body modification and social structures of power/authority are a central concern in feminist literature (Atkinson, 2002), this paradigm was chosen because it provides an appropriate and relevant framework within which to explore the underlying motives and meaning of body piercing for female body piercers. Their attitudes, meaning making processes and relationships with their bodies in relation to their piercings are used to uncover the significance of their body projects and their decisions to be pierced. The central themes which emerged through the thematic data analysis are related back to the feminist literature. Psychoanalysis explores repressed or unconscious impulses, object relations, anxieties, and internal conflicts. For this reason, a psychodynamic framework was used to provide a context within which to explore the unconscious motivations, anxieties and defenses employed by the participants. Freud’s theories of masochism are examined in an attempt to further understand the female body piercer. These are placed within a general psychodynamic framework, and the works of Bowlby, Fonagy, Kernberg, Malan and Winnicott are used to support the findings of the research. The research is based in the qualitative paradigm, with the aim of exploring and describing the body modifier’s thoughts, fantasies, feelings and experiences around being pierced. The data gathered was analyzed using thematic content analysis to elucidate the participants’ reasons for choosing to modify their bodies, and to highlight the meanings of these practices in the context of the their personal histories. In total, six participants were interviewed, although one interview was not included for analysis as it was felt that the data gathered from this interview, while not contradicting the rest of the data gathered, was superficial in content and did not contribute to the research. The excluded participant spoke very broadly and did not really offer much personal information as to the meaning and motives behind her piercings. The research explored the history of body modification, definitions of body modification and body projects, issues pertaining to identity, body image and self concept, expanded consciousness and altered states of being, pain and sadomasochism, the pathologizing of body modification, feminist perspectives on body modification and psychodynamic explanations for body modification. Although much literature abounds on body modification practices, very little is of academic significance. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted into this area from a psychological perspective. In this regard, the writings of Favazza (1996), Featherstone (2003) and Vale & Juno (1989) were used to provide a context within which to place this study. Research papers by Atkinson (2002) and Dennes (2005) also proved particularly useful, and will be discussed in the following chapter.