Sveriges samlade skogsindustriföretag förutspår en förlust av marknadsandelar, eftersom man inte lyckas hålla samma tempo på produktionen som många andra länder. En orsak till detta är att skogsmaskinerna är för långsamma. Skotarna, vars uppgift är att förflytta virket från avverkningsplatsen till en uppsamlingsplats, bär en stor del av skulden. De hinner inte transportera virket tillräckligt snabbt. För att råda bot på detta ska en ny typ av skotare utvecklas, vars plattform inspireras av försvarsteknologi. Tack vare sin långa erfarenhet av banddrivna fordon har BAE Systems Hägglunds i Örnsköldsvik fått i uppdrag att konstruera en prototyp, som baseras på deras framgångsrika bandvagn, BvS10.[A]   Skotaren går under namnet Hybrid Forestry Truck (HFT), och är en banddriven skotare med fyra larvband. Framdrivningen är av seriehybridtyp, vilket betyder att en generator drivs av en dieselmotor. Dieselmotorn förser sedan fyra elmotorer, en i varje bandställ, med ström.   Detta examensarbete går ut på att utveckla länken mellan elmotorn och drivhjulen till banden. Tre designkoncept presenteras och analyseras. Den, i författarens åsikt, mest ideala lösningen utvecklas sedan vidare mer detaljerat. Många andra examensjobb, samt interna analyser av Hägglunds själva, har gjorts på HFT. Detta innebär att många kraftsituationer och belastningsfall redan är uträknade, samt att de flesta komponenterna till slutväxeln är utvalda.

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No description available.

This paper studies how high-frequency trading (HFT) affects the Swedish stock market quality based on volatility and liquidity measures. Previous studies show ambiguous results where a few propose that HFT deteriorates market quality by increasing volatility and decreasing liquidity while some studies point in the opposite direction.By setting up a simultaneous equations system with instrumental variables and estimating the parameters with Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM), this paper finds that in the majority of the investigated stocks high-frequency trading activity reduces bid ask spreads and therefore increases liquidity, i.e. enhancing market quality. Additionally, the results also show that the volatility decreases through high-frequency trading activity. Hence, both measures are indicating that the market quality is positively affected by high-frequency trading.However, interesting is the analysis and discussion on whether high-frequency trading strategies such as spoofing and layering potentially can contribute to false liquidity. This would mean that the market quality is impaired due to HFT. This paper also examines the reversed relationship, how the liquidity and volatility affect HFT activity and conclude that HFT is not affected by how liquid or volatile the market is.

El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de analizar las ventajas y desventajas de los sistemas de trading de alta frecuencia frente a los sistemas tradicionales de trading que en la actualidad operan en el mercado de valores internacional. Para desarrollar la investigación, se realizó un proceso de recopilación y cruce de información relacionada, a partir de los mismos se identificó si es o no ético el nivel de optimización en tiempo y recursos, la rentabilidad económica y la liquidez que aportan las operaciones del trading de alta frecuencia en comparación a los sistemas tradicionales de trading. El trading de alta frecuencia en determinados casos puede tener importantes consecuencias en el funcionamiento regular del mercado, pues supone la utilización de algoritmos logrando introducir en el mercado grandes volúmenes de órdenes en función de específicos parámetros de cotización en cuestión de milisegundos. Cabe recalcar que en la actualidad el trading de alta frecuencia carece de una regulación drástica que equilibre las condiciones de juego para todos los traders del mundo. Si bien es cierto, Perú no realiza operaciones de trading de alta frecuencia y es nuevo en este tema, el país cuenta con enormes posibilidades de incorporar dicho sistema; siempre y cuando mejore su liquidez, existan mayores emisores y proveedores de tecnología de punta e infraestructura, se amplíe la capacidad de banda ancha, entre otros aspectos. En ese sentido, si el Perú incorpora y desarrolla el trading de alta frecuencia tendría mayores y mejores posibilidades de lograr competitividad en el mercado de valores internacional. / The purpose of this report is analize the advantages and disadvantages of the high frequency trading process compared to the traditional trading which nowadays operate in the international stock market. To develop this research, a process of gathering and cross-checking related information was carried out, from which it was identified if is ethical or not the level of optimization in terms of time and resources, the economic profitability and the liquidity provided by the high frequency trading operations in contrast with the traditional trading systems. The high frequency trading in certain cases can have relevant consequences in the regular operation of the market, considering the use of algorithms managing to introduce in the market large volumes of orders based on specific quotation parameters in a blink of an eye. It should be noted that currently high-frequency trading lacks a drastic regulation that balances the playing conditions for all traders in the world. It is known, Peru does not carry out high frequency trading operations and is new at it, the country has a lot of possibilities of incorporating this system; provided that its liquidity improves, there are greater issuers and suppliers of innovative technology and infrastructure, broadband capacity is expanded, among other aspects. In that sense, if Peru incorporates and develops the high frequency trading, it would have greater and better chances of achieving competitiveness in the International Stock Market. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The landscape of equity trading changed when computer algorithms commenced to analyse large volumes of stock market data faster than a fraction of a second. Advances in technology have enabled trading algorithms to initiate, route, and execute orders on aspects of market timing, optimising order quantity, and deciding price parameters with limited human intervention. The distinctive features of high-frequency trading are low latency, high order to trade ratio, co-location, and short holding periods. Besides contributing to profitability, cost efficiency, and competitiveness, it has also amplified issues such as systemic risk and market disruption.  European legal frameworks – in particular the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) and the Market Abuse Regulation (MAR) – have been and still are a response to this fairly new proprietary trading paradigm. This thesis interprets and analyses the risk mitigation and market manipulation requirements in order to clarify whether the legislation regarding high-frequency trading is compliant with the underlying appropriateness of MiFID II, MAR, and the Swedish Securities Act. The following two chapters provide an overview of the capital market with its participating actors and an outline of requirements for high-frequency trading investment firms. The ban on market manipulation is thereafter examined, systemised, and exemplified vis-à-vis fictitious transactions through manipulative schemes. Lastly, a case law analysis is conducted in respect of market abuse and defective trading algorithms.  This thesis finds plausible causation between defective trading algorithms, investor confidence, and market manipulation. Nevertheless, high-frequency trading per se is not considered to meet the necessary prerequisites for market manipulation stated in MAR. Information provision is one of the foremost tools to mitigate risk linked to systemic events and disruptive markets. However, too extensive requirements can potentially inhibit innovation and infringe legal rights related to inter alia, intellectual property, exempli gratia, trade secrets.

The presence of toxic order ow and predatory HFT strategies in a multi-market setting are scarcely researched in the academic world. This thesis studies the toxicity levels of a set of markets by examining unconsolidated quote data and firm specific trade data. A method for deducing the markets toxicity levels is presented along with proxies for toxic order ow, namely: changes in spread and quoted volume, following a trade in a given market. We find both signs of toxicity and different toxicity levels between the markets. However, the results are lacking in statistical significance but they show that this field is of great interest for further research. Also, the methods proposed for deducing the toxicity levels are rudimentary but could serve well as a premise for further development. / Närvaron av toxic order flow och predatoriska HFT-strategier i en flermarknadsmiljö är föga studerat i den akademiska världen. Denna avhandling studerar detta på en uppsättning marknader genom att undersöka okonsoliderad quote data och firma specifika trades, och på så vis ta fram marknadernas toxicity-nivåer. En metod för att fastställa marknadernas toxicity-nivåer presenteras tillsammans med proxys för toxic order flow, mer specifikt: förändringar i spread och quotad volym, efter en handel på en given marknad. Vi finner både tecken på toxicity och olika toxicityniv åer mellan marknaderna. Resultaten saknar dock statistisk signifikans men de visar ändå på att detta område är av stort intresse för ytterligare forskning. De metoder som föreslås för att fastställa toxicity-nivåerna är rudimentära, men kan tjäna som en utgångspunkt för vidare utveckling.

The major purpose of this study is to explore the stock movements of a publicly traded high-frequency trading firm, Virtu Financial. Virtu Financial, as of November 2015, is the only publicly traded high frequency trading firm, offering a opportunity to study the market behavior of a new kind of stock. Since Virtu serves as a unique financial intermediary, my hypothesis is that Virtu should be a market-neutral company since it is able to profit equally in economic upswings and downturns. This study uses a regression based on the Fama and French three factor model, focusing on the influence of the market risk premium, small sized company vs. medium sized company returns, and growth stock vs. value stock returns in changes in inter-daily Virtu Financial returns, These results are then compared to the returns of Virtu’s brokerage competitors, as deemed so by analysts, and CBOE Holding, a company with . The results suggest that Virtu Financial has a market neutral stock, consistent with its means of generating revenue, while its traditional brokerage competitors do not. On the basis of this research, it is concluded that HFT brokerages may present an opportunity to invest in a non-cylcical segment of the finance industry.

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Purpose: Our main purpose is to explore, describe and analyze the organizational conduct when implementing automated trading systems (ATS) in companies, investigate the organizational challenges arising from this, and the effects these have on a successful diffusion. As the extent of implementing ATS in the Swedish financial industry has not been explored to any greater extent, it is therefore also imperative to explore this; which will be seen as a secondary purpose to this article. Background: The study is based on innovation and diffusion theories, as well as those of power structures and organization. Further, an explanation of ATS and its dynamics is provided and discussed to facilitate a definition of the term. Method: The research has been carried out as an exploratory, descriptive and analytical qualitative study. We have conducted case studies of 7 companies that are implementing, or evaluating the implementation, of ATS. The data was collected through interviews. Conclusion: The majority of the case companies are in the clarifying and routinizing stages of the innovation process. What is found unique with ATS is that it can be implemented partly. The dimensions found central to a smooth diffusion in the companies are the required level of competence-sharing and complexity of implementation.