Com o intuito de investigar se a hipóxia representa um dos desencadeadores da regressão luteínica em cadelas não prenhes, o presente estudo foi delineado para analisar a expressão do fator transcricional indutível por hipóxia HIF1A e a de seus genes-alvo relacionados à angiogênese, como o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGFA) e à captação de glicose, como as proteínas transportadoras facilitadoras GLUT1/SLC2A1 e GLUT4/SLC2A4 no corpo lúteo canino ao longo do diestro (dias 10 a 70 após a ovulação). Para tal, utilizou-se imuno-histoquímica e western blotting para localizar e quantificar as proteínas do HIF1A, GLUT1 e GLUT4 e PCR em tempo real para quantificar a expressão do RNAm de HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 e KDR. Além disso, células luteínicas nas fases inicial (dia 10), média (dia 30) e final (dia 60) foram submetidas ao tratamento com cloreto de cobalto (CoCl2) a 500 µM para avaliar os efeitos da hipóxia sobre a expressão gênica dos fatores acima citados, bem como sobre a produção de progesterona e 17β-estradiol. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o HIF1A é expresso pelo corpo lúteo canino de maneira tempo-dependente ao longo do diestro, e que a expressão de seu RNAm está diretamente correlacionada a expressão gênica de SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 e KDR e com as concentrações de progesterona periférica. No cultivo primário de células luteínicas, a hipóxia induzida pelo CoCl2 diminuiu a produção de progesterona e de 17β-estradiol e estimulou significativamente a expressão de HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4 e VEGFA. Esses resultados sugerem que o HIF1A constitui um dos fatores regulatórios da função do corpo lúteo canino participando da modulação de processos como esteroidogêne, angiogênese e da captação de glicose, atuando como fator luteolítico. / This study was designed to investigate if hypoxia is one of the triggers of luteal regression in non-pregnant bitches. For that, we analyzed the hypoxia- inducible factor (HIF1A) expression as well as the expression of its target genes related to angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor VEGFA) and to glucose uptake (glucose transporters GLUT/SLC2A 1 and 4) in canine corpus luteum throughout diestrus (days 10 to 70 after ovulation). We used immunohistochemistry and western blotting to localize and quantify the protein expression of HIF1A, GLUT1 and GLUT4, respectively, and real time PCR to analyze HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 and KDR gene expression. Moreover, luteal cells from early (day 10), mid (day 30) and late luteal phase (day 60) were submitted to 500 µM cobalt chloride (CoCl2) treatment to verify hypoxia effects on gene expression of the above cited genes and on progesterone and 17β-estradiol production. Our results showed that luteal cells expressed HIF1A in a time-dependent manner over diestrus and that its expression was directly correlated to both SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 and KDR gene expression and progesterone production. The protein expression of the studied genes also changed over diestrus and was correlated with the respective gene expression. In primary luteal cells culture, cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia downregulated progesterone and 17β-estradiol production, but upregulated HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4 and VEGFA gene expression. These findings suggest that HIF1A is one of the factors regulating canine luteal function by modulating important process as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis and glucose uptake, acting as a pro-survival factor.

Com o intuito de investigar se a hipóxia representa um dos desencadeadores da regressão luteínica em cadelas não prenhes, o presente estudo foi delineado para analisar a expressão do fator transcricional indutível por hipóxia HIF1A e a de seus genes-alvo relacionados à angiogênese, como o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGFA) e à captação de glicose, como as proteínas transportadoras facilitadoras GLUT1/SLC2A1 e GLUT4/SLC2A4 no corpo lúteo canino ao longo do diestro (dias 10 a 70 após a ovulação). Para tal, utilizou-se imuno-histoquímica e western blotting para localizar e quantificar as proteínas do HIF1A, GLUT1 e GLUT4 e PCR em tempo real para quantificar a expressão do RNAm de HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 e KDR. Além disso, células luteínicas nas fases inicial (dia 10), média (dia 30) e final (dia 60) foram submetidas ao tratamento com cloreto de cobalto (CoCl2) a 500 µM para avaliar os efeitos da hipóxia sobre a expressão gênica dos fatores acima citados, bem como sobre a produção de progesterona e 17β-estradiol. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o HIF1A é expresso pelo corpo lúteo canino de maneira tempo-dependente ao longo do diestro, e que a expressão de seu RNAm está diretamente correlacionada a expressão gênica de SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 e KDR e com as concentrações de progesterona periférica. No cultivo primário de células luteínicas, a hipóxia induzida pelo CoCl2 diminuiu a produção de progesterona e de 17β-estradiol e estimulou significativamente a expressão de HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4 e VEGFA. Esses resultados sugerem que o HIF1A constitui um dos fatores regulatórios da função do corpo lúteo canino participando da modulação de processos como esteroidogêne, angiogênese e da captação de glicose, atuando como fator luteolítico. / This study was designed to investigate if hypoxia is one of the triggers of luteal regression in non-pregnant bitches. For that, we analyzed the hypoxia- inducible factor (HIF1A) expression as well as the expression of its target genes related to angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor VEGFA) and to glucose uptake (glucose transporters GLUT/SLC2A 1 and 4) in canine corpus luteum throughout diestrus (days 10 to 70 after ovulation). We used immunohistochemistry and western blotting to localize and quantify the protein expression of HIF1A, GLUT1 and GLUT4, respectively, and real time PCR to analyze HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 and KDR gene expression. Moreover, luteal cells from early (day 10), mid (day 30) and late luteal phase (day 60) were submitted to 500 µM cobalt chloride (CoCl2) treatment to verify hypoxia effects on gene expression of the above cited genes and on progesterone and 17β-estradiol production. Our results showed that luteal cells expressed HIF1A in a time-dependent manner over diestrus and that its expression was directly correlated to both SLC2A1, SLC2A4, VEGFA, FLT1 and KDR gene expression and progesterone production. The protein expression of the studied genes also changed over diestrus and was correlated with the respective gene expression. In primary luteal cells culture, cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia downregulated progesterone and 17β-estradiol production, but upregulated HIF1A, SLC2A1, SLC2A4 and VEGFA gene expression. These findings suggest that HIF1A is one of the factors regulating canine luteal function by modulating important process as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis and glucose uptake, acting as a pro-survival factor.

Le cheval est souvent victime de plaies traumatiques, dont la guérison est fréquemment problématique, et ce, principalement quand la plaie survient sur le membre. Il est courant de voir chez le cheval le développement d’un tissu de granulation exubérant ou « bouton de chair », qui mène à une cicatrisation excessive due à la surproduction de tissu fibreux. Ce tissu cicatriciel, non épithélialisé, est caractérisé par une occlusion au niveau de la microcirculation due à l’hypertrophie des cellules endothéliales, qui laisse supposer la présence d’hypoxie tissulaire. Une hypoxie relative a effectivement été mesurée par spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge au niveau des plaies appendiculaires prédisposées au développement de tissu de granulation exubérant, par rapport aux plaies corporelles. De plus, une étude thermographique a révélé un patron spatial similaire de la perfusion. Au niveau moléculaire, la littérature rapporte que le facteur de transcription «hypoxia inducible factor» (HIF) est à l’origine de plusieurs changements dans les niveaux d’expression de divers gènes régulés par l’hypoxie. L’objectif du présent projet de recherche était de définir la contribution de l’hypoxie à la guérison cutanée chez le cheval. Le premier volet (in vivo) du projet visait à mesurer l’expression protéique temporelle du HIF1A dans des échantillons tissulaires en provenance de plaies cutanées guérissant normalement et d’autres développant une cicatrisation excessive, selon divers sites anatomiques (tronc, membre). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la mesure de HIF1A, dans les échantillons pluricellulaires de cette étude, reflète l’épithélialisation de la plaie plutôt que les niveaux d’oxygène tissulaire. En effet, le HIF1A semble réguler l’homéostasie et la prolifération des kératinocytes. Le second volet (in vitro), consistait en la mise en culture de fibroblastes dermiques équins provenant du tronc ou du membre, en condition de normoxie ou d’hypoxie (à 1% d’O2 ou à l’aide d’un mimétique, le CoCl2) afin d’en étudier le comportement (capacités de prolifération et de synthèse protéique). Les résultats obtenus soutiennent une contribution de l’hypoxie à la cicatrisation extensive chez le cheval puisque l’hypoxie favorise la prolifération des fibroblastes en plus d’encourager la synthèse de collagène de type 1 et de diminuer la synthèse de la métalloprotéinase de type 2. Les changements observés semblent dépendre de facteurs extrinsèques (environnementaux) car les fibroblastes dermiques se comportent de façon similaire indépendamment de la provenance anatomique. En somme, les deux volets de l’étude ont permis d’élucider une part des mécanismes sous-jacents à la formation du tissu de granulation exubérant lors de guérison cutanée chez le cheval. La poursuite des recherches dans ce domaine mènera à une meilleure compréhension de la pathologie et ainsi, permettra de développer des méthodes de traitement spécifiques à la condition. / The horse is often victim of traumatic wounds for which healing can be problematic, mainly when the wound occurs on the limb. The development of exuberant granulation tissue, also known clinically as “proud flesh”, leads to extensive scarring characterized by overproduction of fibrous tissue and the absence of an epithelial cover. This scar tissue suffers from occlusion of the microcirculation within the residual granulation tissue, due to endothelial cell hypertrophy, suggesting tissue hypoxia. The presence of relative hypoxia in limb wounds of horses was recently confirmed using near infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, thermography showed decreased perfusion in limb wounds. Abundant literature incriminates "hypoxia inducible factor” (HIF) in the regulation of expression of a number of genes in response to hypoxia. The overall objective of this research project was to define the contribution of hypoxia to problematic wound healing in horses. The first phase of the project (in vivo) aimed to measure the temporal expression of HIF1A protein in tissue samples taken from skin wounds healing normally and others developing exuberant granulation tissue and subsequent extensive scarring, according to various anatomical sites (trunk, limb). Results suggest that the expression of HIF1A within the pluricellular tissue samples of this study reflects wound epithelialization rather than tissue oxygen levels. Indeed, HIF1A appears to regulate the homeostasis and proliferation of skin keratinocytes. The second phase of the project (in vitro) consisted in the culture of equine dermal fibroblasts from the body or the limb, under conditions of normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2 or using a mimetic, CoCl2) in an effort to study their behavior (proliferation and protein synthesis). Results corroborate the contribution of hypoxia to over-scarring in the horse since hypoxia promotes both the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen type 1 while decreasing the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Extrinsic factors (environmental) appear to govern the behavior of equine dermal fibroblasts since these cells behave similarly regardless of their anatomic origin (body or limb). In summary, the two phases of the study contributed to the elucidation of a portion of the mechanisms underlying the development of exuberant granulation tissue during wound healing in horses. Further research in this area will provide a better understanding of the pathology and thus aid in the design and development of targeted therapies.

Le cheval est souvent victime de plaies traumatiques, dont la guérison est fréquemment problématique, et ce, principalement quand la plaie survient sur le membre. Il est courant de voir chez le cheval le développement d’un tissu de granulation exubérant ou « bouton de chair », qui mène à une cicatrisation excessive due à la surproduction de tissu fibreux. Ce tissu cicatriciel, non épithélialisé, est caractérisé par une occlusion au niveau de la microcirculation due à l’hypertrophie des cellules endothéliales, qui laisse supposer la présence d’hypoxie tissulaire. Une hypoxie relative a effectivement été mesurée par spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge au niveau des plaies appendiculaires prédisposées au développement de tissu de granulation exubérant, par rapport aux plaies corporelles. De plus, une étude thermographique a révélé un patron spatial similaire de la perfusion. Au niveau moléculaire, la littérature rapporte que le facteur de transcription «hypoxia inducible factor» (HIF) est à l’origine de plusieurs changements dans les niveaux d’expression de divers gènes régulés par l’hypoxie. L’objectif du présent projet de recherche était de définir la contribution de l’hypoxie à la guérison cutanée chez le cheval. Le premier volet (in vivo) du projet visait à mesurer l’expression protéique temporelle du HIF1A dans des échantillons tissulaires en provenance de plaies cutanées guérissant normalement et d’autres développant une cicatrisation excessive, selon divers sites anatomiques (tronc, membre). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la mesure de HIF1A, dans les échantillons pluricellulaires de cette étude, reflète l’épithélialisation de la plaie plutôt que les niveaux d’oxygène tissulaire. En effet, le HIF1A semble réguler l’homéostasie et la prolifération des kératinocytes. Le second volet (in vitro), consistait en la mise en culture de fibroblastes dermiques équins provenant du tronc ou du membre, en condition de normoxie ou d’hypoxie (à 1% d’O2 ou à l’aide d’un mimétique, le CoCl2) afin d’en étudier le comportement (capacités de prolifération et de synthèse protéique). Les résultats obtenus soutiennent une contribution de l’hypoxie à la cicatrisation extensive chez le cheval puisque l’hypoxie favorise la prolifération des fibroblastes en plus d’encourager la synthèse de collagène de type 1 et de diminuer la synthèse de la métalloprotéinase de type 2. Les changements observés semblent dépendre de facteurs extrinsèques (environnementaux) car les fibroblastes dermiques se comportent de façon similaire indépendamment de la provenance anatomique. En somme, les deux volets de l’étude ont permis d’élucider une part des mécanismes sous-jacents à la formation du tissu de granulation exubérant lors de guérison cutanée chez le cheval. La poursuite des recherches dans ce domaine mènera à une meilleure compréhension de la pathologie et ainsi, permettra de développer des méthodes de traitement spécifiques à la condition. / The horse is often victim of traumatic wounds for which healing can be problematic, mainly when the wound occurs on the limb. The development of exuberant granulation tissue, also known clinically as “proud flesh”, leads to extensive scarring characterized by overproduction of fibrous tissue and the absence of an epithelial cover. This scar tissue suffers from occlusion of the microcirculation within the residual granulation tissue, due to endothelial cell hypertrophy, suggesting tissue hypoxia. The presence of relative hypoxia in limb wounds of horses was recently confirmed using near infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, thermography showed decreased perfusion in limb wounds. Abundant literature incriminates "hypoxia inducible factor” (HIF) in the regulation of expression of a number of genes in response to hypoxia. The overall objective of this research project was to define the contribution of hypoxia to problematic wound healing in horses. The first phase of the project (in vivo) aimed to measure the temporal expression of HIF1A protein in tissue samples taken from skin wounds healing normally and others developing exuberant granulation tissue and subsequent extensive scarring, according to various anatomical sites (trunk, limb). Results suggest that the expression of HIF1A within the pluricellular tissue samples of this study reflects wound epithelialization rather than tissue oxygen levels. Indeed, HIF1A appears to regulate the homeostasis and proliferation of skin keratinocytes. The second phase of the project (in vitro) consisted in the culture of equine dermal fibroblasts from the body or the limb, under conditions of normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2 or using a mimetic, CoCl2) in an effort to study their behavior (proliferation and protein synthesis). Results corroborate the contribution of hypoxia to over-scarring in the horse since hypoxia promotes both the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen type 1 while decreasing the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Extrinsic factors (environmental) appear to govern the behavior of equine dermal fibroblasts since these cells behave similarly regardless of their anatomic origin (body or limb). In summary, the two phases of the study contributed to the elucidation of a portion of the mechanisms underlying the development of exuberant granulation tissue during wound healing in horses. Further research in this area will provide a better understanding of the pathology and thus aid in the design and development of targeted therapies.

Orientador: Célia Regina Nogueira / Resumo: O câncer de mama (CM) é o primeiro em taxa de mortalidade em mulheres no mundo e o segundo mais frequente entre as mulheres no Brasil. Os fatores de risco estão relacionados com a idade, fatores ambientais, comportamentais, genéticos/hereditários, história reprodutiva e hormonal, bem como os hormônios tireoidianos (HT) que têm sido propostos por influenciar o desenvolvimento de CM. A superexpressão do fator induzido por hipóxia 1 subunidade alfa (HIF1A) e o fator transformador de crescimento alfa (TGFA) está positivamente relacionada com a agressividade do tumor e com a progressão maligna em neoplasias humanas, porém não foi avaliada a participação do hormônio triiodotironina (T3) na expressão desses genes em vias extranucleares MAPK/ERK e integrina αvβ3. No CM, a desregulação na expressão de microRNAs (miRNA) têm sido detectada em casos metastáticos e de pior prognóstico, sugerindo funções importantes na oncogênese mamária e na progressão do câncer. Nosso objetivo foi verificar o envolvimento do T3 no controle pós-transcricional da expressão de mRNA HIF1A e TGFA e avaliar se os miRNAs envolvidos no CM, let-7a-5p, miR-200a-3p e miR-335-5p, são modulados por esse hormônio em células de adenocarcinoma de mama MCF7. A linhagem celular de adenocarcinoma de mama MCF7 foi submetida ao tratamento com T3 na dose suprafisiológica (10-8M) por 1 hora, na presença ou ausência de drogas específicas para o bloqueio de vias de sinalização intracelulares para abordagem de ações extranucleare... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator (ARNT) play a role in mediating transcriptional responses to environmental pollutants, including the highly toxic compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin (TCDD) but also endogenous physiological ligands. More recent studies have also indicated that the AhR plays a role in the immune system notably in effector Th17 cells where it seems to be critical for the production of the IL-22 cytokine. It is known that AhR ligands such as dioxins can suppress CD8 T cell mediated antiviral immune responses but it is not known whether this reflects a direct role of the AhR in CD8 T cells.Accordingly, one objective of the present study was to explore AhR and ARNT expression in CD8 T cells. The initial strategy was to probe AhR and ARNT expression by western blot analysis. A second approach was to develop a mouse model that would fate mark single lymphocytes that have activated AhR signaling pathways. A third strategy was to examine the impact of deletion of AhR and ARNT on CD8 T-cell function.The data show that AhR and ARNT expression in CD8 T cells is limited to immune activated effector cells and these transcription factors are not expressed in naïve CD8 T cells. There are only low levels of AhR complexes in conventional CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells. To investigate AhR function at the single cell level we developed a mouse model to fate mark cells that have activated AhR signaling. In this model a mouse expressing Cre recombinase ‘knocked in’ to the CYP1A locus (CYP1A1Cre+/-) was backcrossed to the R26REYFP reporter mouse. In R26REYFP mice, a gene encoding EYFP is knocked into the ubiquitously expressed Rosa26 locus preceded by a loxP flanked stop sequence. CYP1A1 expression is controlled by AhR/ARNT complexes and the concept of our model was that cells that express AhR and ARNT complexes and are triggered with AhR ligands will express Cre recombinase and delete the loxP flanked stop sequence in the R26REYFP reporter locus and hence begin to express YFP.In vitro experiments demonstrated the validity of this AhR reporter model. The in vitro data reveal that expression of functional AhR/ARNT complexes occurs during Th17 and Tc17 cell differentiation but only a very low frequency of cytotoxic T cells activates the AhR. In vivo data found no evidence for AhR activation during T cell development in the thymus but show strong evidence for activation of AhR/ARNT signaling in innate lymphocytes in the gut. The ARNT transcription factor is highly expressed in cytotoxic T cells. These cells do not express functional AhR complexes, yet we considered that ARNT might play a role in CD8 T cell biology because of its ability to dimerise with the transcription factor Hif-1a. Our studies of T cells lacking ARNT expression revealed that in CD4 T cells the ARNT transcription factor regulates IL-17 and IL-22 production. In CD8 T cells we discovered that Hif-1a/ARNT signaling controls glycolysis in immune activated cells by sustaining expression of glucose transporters and multiple rate limiting glycolytic enzymes. ARNT was not required for CD8 T cell proliferation but was required for immune activated CD8 T cells to normally differentiate to express perforin and granzymes and to acquire the migratory program of effector T cells. Importantly, we discovered that Hif-1a/ARNT signaling is regulated by mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) thus revealing a fundamental mechanism linking nutrient sensing and transcriptional control of CD8 T-cell differentiation.

Il devient de plus en plus clair que pour traiter efficacement les tumeurs solides, nous devons également nous intéresser au microenvironnement tumoral. Physiologiquement, les zones intratumorales peuvent présenter une disponibilité anormale en nutriments, un pH altéré ou encore des niveaux d’oxygène bas (hypoxie). Il est connu que l’adaptation hypoxique engendre des cellules tumorales qui sont plus difficiles à traiter indépendamment de l’approche thérapeutique. De plus, l’adaptation hypoxique est nécessaire pour la progression tumorale puisque cette dernière favorise des processus tels que: la survie cellulaire, la motilité, l’angiogenèse, le métabolisme du glucose, l’immunomodulation ainsi que la résistance aux médicaments. Ces phénotypes passent par la régulation des ARN messager (ARNm) et des micro ARN (miARN). Pour ces raisons, des efforts importants ont été déployés pour comprendre l’adaptation hypoxique et les interventions thérapeutiques potentielles pouvant la contrer. À l’heure actuelle, il y a un manque de cohérence et de variété dans les protocoles de traitement hypoxique in vitro qui ne tient pas compte des aspects importants de l’hypoxie in vivo, comme la réduction de la disponibilité en éléments nutritifs, la durée de l’exposition hypoxique ainsi que le degré d’hypoxie. Pour mieux simuler le microenvironnement hypoxique in vivo, nous avons développé de nouveaux protocoles hypoxiques in vitro qui visent à simuler ces aspects. Tout d’abord, en utilisant une lignée cellulaire B16-HIF1a-eGFP, nous avons optimisé le stress métabolique à court terme en conjonction avec l’hypoxie pour augmenter la stabilisation de l’HIF1a. Pour déterminer comment le programme HIF1 adapte les cellules à ces différentes conditions, nous avons analysé les données de séquencage d’ARN qui démontrent que le stress métabolique induit un programme transcriptionnel HIF1 plus robuste et diversifié dans les cellules hypoxiques, et que ce dernier est représentatif du stress hypoxique in vivo. Nous avons également identifié de nouveaux miARN induits par l’hypoxie et démontré que notre protocole d’incubation régule davantage les miRNA associés au pronostic négatif du patient. Nous avons aussi étudié l’adaptation hypoxique à long terme et extrême in vitro. Nous avons observé que l’incubation hypoxique à long terme induit une transition épithéliale à mésenchymateuse (TME), indépendante de l’expression différentielle des facteurs de transcription du TME canonique. Ce changement se produit à des niveaux spécifiques d’oxygène, et nécessite une pré-incubation à des niveaux hypoxiques plus faible. Avec ce protocole, nous avons découvert une nouvelle isoforme de WT1 (tWT1), un moteur potentiel du TME. tWT1 commence la transcription dans l’intron 5 du gène WT1, une région avec plusieurs séquences d’ADN contenant des éléments de réponse à l’hypoxie. La protéine tWT1 a une fonctionnalité limitée : elle est localisée au niveau du noyau, et conserve la liaison de l’ADN aux régions précédemment connues. Nous avons aussi identifié l’expression de tWT1 dans les échantillons de patients atteints de leucémie ainsi qu’une isoforme tWT1 potentiellement plus fonctionnelle grâce à des analyses par kmer. Pour cibler ces phénotypes identifiés dans nos expériences d’adaptation hypoxiques, nous avons développé une nouvelle catégorie d’ARN intérférent (ARNi) thérapeutique : le microARN synthétique (synmiR). Les synmiR sont des molécules de RNAi avec des multiples cibles. En utilisant des expériences in vivo, nous avons établi de nouveaux principes de RNAi qui élargissent considérablement l’espace de conception pour les synmiR. Nous avons mis au point deux algorithmes de conception de synmiR distincts et avons testé leur efficacité dans le contrôle de l’activité transcriptionnelle du génome du VIH in vivo. En conclusion, nous avons montré que l’inclusion de facteurs physiologiques supplémentaires associés à l’hypoxie in vitro entraîne un engagement plus robuste de l’adaptation de l’hypoxie. À ce jour, aucun de nos protocoles d’hypoxie n’a été reproduit dans la littérature. Nous contribuons aux connaissances dans le domaine en décrivant les nouveaux ARNm/miARN induits par l’hypoxie, ainsi que la méthode d’induction fiable de l’EMT par l’hypoxie seulement. Nous faisons également état de l’existence de nouveaux isoformes de WT1 et de leurs liens avec le cancer et l’hypoxie. La connaissance de ces isoformes est importante pour l’avenir de la recherche sur WT1, car elle pourrait faire la lumière sur des résultats auparavant inexplicables. Notre travail dans les synmiR ouvre une nouvelle voie d’investigation pour le traitement de certaines maladies, et fournit un mécanisme d’action testable pour les miRNA endogènes. Une fois suffisamment développés, les synmiR offrent une occasion thérapeutique unique d’exploiter leur multi-ciblage pour avoir un impact spectaculaire sur une seule voie, ou affecter plusieurs voies par le ciblage simultané de gènes clés. / It is becoming increasingly clear that in order to effectively treat solid tumours, we must also address the tumour microenvironment. Physiologically, intratumoral areas may have abnormal nutrient availability, pH, or lower oxygen levels (hypoxia). It is known that hypoxic adaptation results in tumour cells which are harder to treat regardless of therapeutic approach, and hypoxic adaptation is necessary for disease progression due to the induction of tumour promoting phenotypes such as, but not limited to: cell survival, motility, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, immunomodulation, and drug resistance. This is accomplished through the regulation of both mRNAs and miRNAs. For these reasons, significant effort has been applied to understanding hypoxic adaptation and potential therapeutic interventions. Currently, there is a lack of consistency and protocol variety in in vitro hypoxic treatments that leaves out important aspects of in vivo hypoxia, such as reduced nutrient availability, length of hypoxic exposure, and degree of hypoxia. To better simulate the in vivo hypoxic microenvironment, we have developed new in vitro hypoxic protocols which aim to simulate these aspects. First, using a B16-HIF1α-eGFP hypoxia reporter cell line, we optimized short-term metabolic stress in conjunction with hypoxia to enhance HIF1α stabilization. To ascertain how the HIF1 program adapts the cells to these different conditions, deep transcriptome profiling were performed and demonstrated metabolic stress induces a more robust and diversified HIF1 transcriptional program in cells under hypoxia, which was more representative of in vivo hypoxic stress. We identified novel hypoxia-induced miRNAs as well, and demonstrated our incubation protocol regulated more miRNAs associated with negative patient prognosis. We also investigated long-term and extreme hypoxic adaptation in vitro. Long term hypoxic incubation induced a epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), independent of canonical EMT factor differential expression. This switch occurred at specific oxygen levels, and required pre-incubation at milder hypoxic levels, highlighting the relevance of simulating in vivo hypoxia development in vitro. Through this protocol, we discovered a novel isoform of WT1 (tWT1), a potential driver of our EMT. tWT1 begins transcription within intron 5 of the WT1 gene, a region with several Hypoxia Response Elements DNA sequences. tWT1 retains limited functionality: it is able to localize to the nucleus, and retains DNA binding to previously known gene promoter regions. We also identified the expression of tWT1 in leukemic patient samples as well as a potentially more functional tWT1 isoform through kmer-based analyses. To target these multiple phenotypes identified in our hypoxia adaptation experiments, we worked towards developing a new category of RNA-interference (RNAi) therapeutic, the synthetic microRNA (synmiR). SynmiRs are single-sequence, multi-targeted RNAi molecules. Using in vivo knock-down experiments, we established new RNAi principles which dramatically expand the design space for synmiRs. We developed two philosophically distinct synmiR design algorithms, and validated their efficacy in controlling HIV genome transcriptional activity in vivo. In conclusion, we have shown the inclusion of additional physiological factors associated with hypoxia in vitro results in a more robust engagement of hypoxia adaptation. To date, neither of our hypoxia protocols have been replicated in the literature. We contribute to the literature by describing novel hypoxia induced mRNAs/miRNAs, as well as methods for reliably inducing EMT through hypoxia alone. We also discovered the existence of novel WT1 isoforms and their links to cancer and hypoxia. Knowledge of these isoforms is important for WT1 research moving forward, as it may shed light on previously unexplainable results. Our work in synmiRs opens a new therapeutic avenue for multiple disease states, and provides a testable mechanism of action for endogenous miRNAs. Once sufficiently developed, synmiRs offer a unique therapeutic opportunity to harness their multi-targeting to dramatically impact a single pathway, or affect multiple pathways through simultaneous targeting of key genes.

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