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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Narrativas de mulheres mães infectadas pelo HIV / Narratives of HIV infected mothers

Bragheto-Pires, Ana Cristina Magazoni 03 October 2013 (has links)
A propagação da infecção pelo HIV vem sofrendo diversas modificações em seu perfil, sinalizando um processo de feminizacão da infecção, desnudando a condição da vulnerabilidade feminina frente ao HIV. A mulher em idade reprodutiva e infectada pelo HIV é confrontada, muitas vezes, com algumas situações difíceis e que a fragiliza. Assim, a maternidade que em nossa cultura parece ser um papel social esperado e valorizado pode se tornar ameaçada pela condição sorológica. Além disso, a infecção pelo HIV é algo que pode modificar toda a concepção de si mesma, já que a pessoa, sua identidade, é essencialmente definida pela forma como as coisas têm significado para ela e, neste sentido, o HIV pode dar um novo sentido a identidade. Este estudo busca conhecer como é o adoecimento pelo HIV nas narrativas de mulheres que são mães. Elas foram convidadas a narrar sobre suas vidas, em especial, sobre a condição de serem mães e infectadas pelo HIV. O estudo é de natureza qualitativa, realizado em um hospital escola do interior do estado de São Paulo com quinze mulheres mães que foram infectadas pelo HIV, no qual foram analisadas apenas dez entrevistas. A técnica utilizada para coleta de dados foi a entrevista narrativa e a análise foi feita com base nos estudos de Schütze (1977, 1983). Dentre os passos propostos por Schütze (1977, 1983), está a análise temática, na qual há categorias para cada entrevista narrativa, ordenadas em um sistema coerente de categorização geral para todas as entrevistas. Já na análise estruturalista, focalizam-se os elementos formais das narrativas. A análise opera via um sistema de combinações que inclui duas dimensões: uma é formada pelo repertório de possíveis histórias, do qual qualquer história acontecida é uma seleção, e a outra se refere às combinações particulares dos elementos da narrativa. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se a identificação dos elementos estruturais das narrativas e as categorias relativas à redução do conteúdo do trecho da narrativa transcrita. (adaptado de MISHLER, 1986; WELLER, 2007; GERMANO; SERPA, 2008). As entrevistas foram transcritas e delas foram extraídos os elementos que compunham uma história com começo, meio e fim, buscando compreender o sentido que cada participante atribuía a sua história enquanto mães e infectadas pelo HIV. Notou-se que a maternidade, tema principal de suas histórias, trouxe um novo significado para suas vidas e repercussões para suas identidades. Os relatos são permeados por momentos de tristeza, dificuldades e alegrias. Os resultados revelam esta ambivalência de sentimentos, mas também um movimento positivo com a vida, principalmente no que se refere aos cuidados com os filhos. A oportunidade de elaborar esses sentimentos, na narrativa, pode auxiliar a mulher a fazer uma reorganização da própria vida e oferecer sinalizações aos profissionais do tipo de atendimento que ela precisa receber / The spread of HIV infection has been suffering several modifications in its profile, signaling a process to feminize of the infection, denuding the condition of female vulnerability to HIV. Women with reproductive age and infected with HIV is confronted, often with some difficult situations and that weakens. So, motherhood that in our culture seems to be an expected and valued social role may become threatened by serological condition. In addition, the HIV infection is something that can change the whole design of herself, since the person, her identity it is essentially defined by how things have meaning to her and, in this sense, the HIV can give a new sense of identity. This study seeks to know how the HIV illness in narratives of women who are mothers is. They were invited to tell about their lives, specially, on the condition to be mothers and infected by the HIV. The study is qualitative in nature, carried out in a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo state with fifteen women mothers infected by HIV, in which only ten interviews were analyzed. The technique used for collecting data was the narrative interview and analysis was made on the basis of studies of Schütze (1977, 1983). Among the steps proposed by Schütze (1977, 1983), is a thematic analysis, in which there are categories for each narrative interview, ordered in a coherent general categorization system for all interviews. In the structuralist analysis, it was focused the formal elements of narrative. The analysis operates via a system of combinations that includes two dimensions: one in formed by the repertoire of possible stories, from which any story happened is a selection, and the other refers to the particular combinations of the elements of the narrative. In this study, we used the identification of structural elements of narratives and categories concerning the reaction of the content of the narrative excerpt transcribed. (adapted from MISHLER, 1986; WELLER, 2007; GERMANO; SERPA, 2008). The interviews were transcribed and were extracted the elements that made up a story with beginning, middle and end, seeking to understand the meaning that each participant attached to their story while mothers and infected with HIV. It was noticed that motherhood, the main theme of their stories, brought a new meaning to their lives and repercussions to their identities. The reports are permeated by moments of sadness, difficulties and joys. The result reveals this ambivalence of feelings, but also a positive movement to life, especially with regard to child care. The opportunity to develop these feelings, in the narrative, can help the woman doing a reorganization of life itself and provide signs to the professional of the service type that she needs to receive
172

Validação de recursos de cargas viral do HIV-1 obtidos para insumos/kids/equipamentos de diferentes procedênias /

Alho, Maércio José de Oliveira. January 2010 (has links)
Resumo: Em 1997 o Departamento de DST/AIS e Hepatites Virais estruturou em todo Brasil uma rede de laboratórios para realizar o exame de Carga Viral Plasmática do HIV (CV) denominada Rede Nacional de Carga Viral. O exame quantifica o RNA do HIV no plasma do paciente infectado utilizando a metodologia do branched-DNA, um ensaio de amplificação do sinal luminescente, o qual utiliza uma plataforma de detecção. Atualmente, esta rede é reconhecida internacionalmente e realiza 520.000 exames/ano. No entanto, vários fatores podem influenciar o resultado do exame como integridade do RNA, volume de amostra disponível, método e plataforma utilizados. Assim, o Departamento de DST/AIDS e Hepatites Virais implantou um protocolo pré-analítico para ser utilizado em todo o território nacional. Entretanto, as regiões brasileiras são muito diferentes e alguns laboratórios não conseguem seguir este protocolo. O objetivo deste estudo foi (a) avaliar as diferentes condições de transporte e armazenamento das amostras utilizadas no teste de CV, (b) validar a utilização de volumes iniciais de plasma inferiores ao preconizado, (c) comparar plataformas de detecção e (d) metodologias disponíveis para a execução do exame. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras podem ser processadas em até 8 h sem perda ou degradação do RNA, volumes iniciais inferiores ao preconizado podem ser utilizado com perda de sensibilidade e, as duas plataformas disponíveis no Brasil são equivalentes para a execução do teste. Apesar de existirem outras metodologias para a realização do teste, os resultados podem ser diferentes mostrando a necessidade da utilização da mesma metodologia em todo Brasil / Abstract: The Department of the DST/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis implemented since 1997 a laboratory network in all Brazil to perform the HIV plasma viral load (PVL) test named Viral Load National Network as part of the attendance to infected patient. This exam quantify the HIV plasma RNA in infected patient using Branched-DNA methodology, a signal amplification nucleic acid probe assay, which use a detection platform. Nowadays this network has international appreciation and to execute 520.000 tests/year. However, several factors can alter the result of the test as RNA integrity, available sample volume, used method and detection platform. Then an optimized pre-analytic protocol was implanted by Department of the DST/Aids to be used in all national territory. However the Brazil regions are many different and some laboratories don't get lead this protocol. The goal of this study was (a) to evaluate the different transport and storage conditions of the samples used to the PVL test, (b) to valid the use of the lower plasma initial input in the exam, (c) to compare the detection platforms and (d) methods available to execution of the test. The results showed blood sample can be process in until 8h after collection without RNA loss or degradation, lower initial input can be used with loss of sensibility and the two detection platforms available in Brazil are equivalent. In spite of others methods are available to execution of test, the results can be distinct showing the importance of the all laboratories in Brazil used the same method / Orientador: Maria Inês de Moura Campos Pardini / Coorientador: Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto / Banca: Emílio Carlos Curcelli / Banca: Paulo Inácio da Costa / Mestre
173

Determinação do tropismo do HIV-1 pelos correceptores CCR5 e CXCR4 pelo uso de ferramentas de bioinformática. / Determination of HIV-1 coreceptor usage by CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors using bioinformatic tools

Arruda, Liã Bárbara 17 May 2010 (has links)
A sequência de 35 aminoácidos da alça V3 da gp120 do gene env do HIV-1 é o principal determinante do tropismo viral pelos correceptores CCR5 ou CXCR4, utilizados pelo HIV-1 para a entrada na célula. O desenvolvimento de estratégias antirretrovirais baseadas no uso dos correceptores representa um avanço importante para o controle da progressão da infecção. Entretando, o uso clínico dos antagonistas de CCR5 implica na determinação do tropismo das cepas virais do indivíduo infectado e os programas preditores de bioinformática para a determinação do tropismo poderiam ser uma alternativa mais acessível para a triagem dos candidatos ao uso dos antagonistas de CCR5. Este estudo teve como objetivo utilizar ferramentas de bioinformática para a predição de tropismo e avaliar sua aplicabilidade na prática clínica. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico de 101 indivíduos infectados pelo HIV-1 e sob acompanhamento clínico, dos quais foram extraídas amostras de DNA proveniente de PBMCs. As amostras de DNA foram amplificadas por PCR para a região da alça V3, das quais foram obtidas 94 sequências. Os sistemas preditivos foram avaliados utilizando 185 sequências com tropismo conhecido provenientes de banco de dados. Com base nesta análise foi possível elaborar um algoritmo para a predição do tropismo com 94% de confiabilidade. Assim, a predição das 94 amostras demonstrou uma prevalência de 80% (n=75) de cepas R5 e 20% (n=19) de cepas X4. Os sistemas preditivos de tropismo podem representar uma importante estratégia para a triagem dos candidatos ao uso dos antagonistas de coreceptor, porém, não são capazes de substituir completamente os ensaios padrão-ouro para a determinação do tropismo. / The 35 amino acids of the V3-gp120 of HIV-1 env gene is the main determinant of viral tropism by the coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 used for HIV-1 cell entry. The development of antiretroviral strategies based on the coreceptor usage represents an important step to control the infection progression. However, the clinical application of CCR5 antagonists involves the coreceptor usage determination of viral strains in the infected individual. The bioinformatics predictive programs for coreceptor usage determination could be a more available alternative for screening candidates to receive CCR5 antagonists. This study aimed to employ bioinformatics tools to predict tropism and assess its applicability in clinical practice. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 101 individuals infected with HIV-1 and under clinical follow-up. DNA samples were extracted from PBMCs. The DNA samples were amplified by PCR and 94 V3 sequences were obtained. The predictive systems were evaluated using 185 sequences of known tropism from a database. This analysis provides the construction of an algorithm showing 94% of reliability. Thus, the 94 sample prediction showed a prevalence of 80% (n=75) of R5 strain and 20% (n=19) of X4 strain. The predictive systems could be an important strategy in the screening of the tropism. Nonetheless, they are not able to fully replace the coreceptor usage gold-standard assays.
174

As formas de transmissão do HIV/AIDS determinando representações: um estudo de enfermagem entre adolescentes soropositivo / Forms of transmission of HIV/AIDS given representations: a study of nursing among adolescents with HIV

Monique Marrafa Muniz Barreto 28 February 2011 (has links)
Este estudo objetivou analisar e comparar a incorporação psicossocial do HIV/AIDS entre adolescentes soropositivos considerando os diferentes meios de transmissão: vertical e sexual. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, fundamentado na teoria das representações sociais, na perspectiva da Psicologia Social. Foram estudados 30 adolescentes soropositivos atendidos em um Hospital Universitário do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizada como técnica de coleta de dados entrevistas semi-estruturadas e dois instrumentos de coleta: um questionário de caracterização dos sujeitos e um roteiro temático que guiou as entrevistas. As entrevistas foram gravadas e os conteúdos transcritos e analisados conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática. O resultado evidenciou que o significado do HIV/AIDS para os sujeitos, numa análise geral, é marcado predominantemente por sentimentos negativos como medo e sofrimento. Imagens comuns aos dois grupos foram da morte e destruição, assim como o preconceito foi um importante conteúdo representacional. Ao comparar os dois grupos percebe-se que os elementos mais presentes na representação de adolescentes contaminados por relação sexual são sofrimento e o medo, com uma dimensão imagética associada à morte. O uso do preservativo também é outro conteúdo representacional marcante nos discursos deste grupo. A sexualidade está incorporada na representação relacionada às dificuldades com a mesma pós descoberta do vírus. Já os adolescentes contaminados por transmissão vertical tiveram como elementos mais presentes a aceitação e conformação da doença. O tratamento torna-se um importante conteúdo da representação para este grupo, relacionando-o ao cuidado à saúde e a imunodeficiência. Conclui-se, então, que a escolha do estudo das representações sociais e das técnicas de análise utilizadas foram pertinentes, pois permitiram identificar os principais elementos constituintes da representação social do HIV/AIDS, comparando as diferenças representacionais nos dois grupos de adolescentes estudados. Estes resultados servirão para reflexão crítica de profissionais de saúde , tanto na contribuição para repensar estratégias de educação em saúde para prevenção de DST/AIDS, quanto no posicionamento diante de adolescentes soropositivos. / This study aimed to analyze and make a comparison between the HIV / AIDS psychosocial incorporation among HIV-positive adolescents in two different ways of transmission: sexual and vertical. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, based on the theory of social representations in social psychology perspective. Thirty HIV-positive adolescents treated at a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro were studied . It was used as a technique for data collection semi-structured interviews and two data collection instruments: a questionnaire for the characterization of the subjects and a thematic guide who guided the interviews. The interviews were taped, transcribed and content analyzed according to the thematic content analysis technique. The study result showed that the meaning of HIV / AIDS for the subjects, a general review, is marked by predominantly negative feelings like fear and suffering. Some mental images like death and destruction were common to both groups as well as the bias against HIV / AIDS and it was an important representational content. By comparing the two groups it is possible to realize that the most frequently shown elements in the representation of adolescents infected through sexual intercourse are suffering and fear, with a dimension imagery associated with death. Condom use is also another remarkable representational content in the speeches of this group. Sexuality is embodied in the representation related to issues with it after discovering the virus. In the opposite way, teenagers infected by vertical transmission had as the most present and shaping elements the acceptance of the disease. The treatment becomes an important content of representation for this group, relating it to health care and immunodeficiency. It follows then that the choice of study of social representations and analysis techniques used were appropriated, since it allowed to identify the main components of the social representation of HIV / AIDS, comparing the representational differences in the two groups of adolescents studied. These results serve to critical reflection of health professionals, both in contribution to rethink strategies for health education to prevent STD / AIDS, and in attitudes towards adolescents with HIV.
175

Adolescência e infecção pelo HIV: demanda, perfil sexual e positividade em um centro de testagem e aconselhamento da Baixada Fluminense - RJ

Giesteira, Alessandra Januário 12 September 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-12T12:41:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Alessandra Januário Giesteira.pdf: 1326119 bytes, checksum: 498c07f13d67cbc8a573ad71e6e376f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-12T12:46:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Alessandra Januário Giesteira.pdf: 1326119 bytes, checksum: 498c07f13d67cbc8a573ad71e6e376f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T12:46:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Alessandra Januário Giesteira.pdf: 1326119 bytes, checksum: 498c07f13d67cbc8a573ad71e6e376f7 (MD5) / Introdução: Na adolescência, com as primeiras experiências sexuais, podem ocorrer Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST), como a infecção pelo HIV. Assim, sua investigação por meio de testes rápidos tem ocorrido em Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA), com o diagnóstico precoce da infecção e abordagem multiprofissional. Objetivo: Comparar os dados entre anos de 2003 e 2013 dos adolescentes atendidos em um CTA em Nova Iguaçu – Rio de Janeiro quanto à procura por testagem (demanda), alguns aspectos sócio-demográficos e de práticas sexuais, e a positividade de testes sorológicos anti-HIV. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, do tipo comparativo e analítico. Os dados foram obtidos através da consulta aos arquivos de formulários de atendimento de um CTA nos anos de 2003 e 2013. Resultados: Em 2003, de 3.170 clientes, 558 (17,59%) adolescentes (média de idade de 17,08 anos, DP: 1,64) realizaram a testagem. Desse total, 423 (75,81%) possuíam 7 anos de educação escolar ou menos, 518 (92,83%) não relataram ter apresentado DST nos 12 meses que antecediam a realização do teste, 226 (40,50%) relataram nunca usar preservativo e 267 (47,86%) usar às vezes. E, ainda do total de adolescentes testados, 14 (2,51%) tiveram sorologia positiva confirmada, sendo que desses, 13 (92,86%) possuíam 7 anos ou menos de educação escolar, e 7 (50%) relataram nunca usar preservativo e 5 (36,71%) usavam às vezes. Em 2013, foram assistidos 1.656 indivíduos, com 110 (6,64%) adolescentes (média 18,3 anos, DP: 17,02) que realizaram o teste anti-HIV e, desses, 62 (56,37%) possuíam de 8 a 11 anos de educação escolar completa, 80 (72,73%) apresentaram DST nos 12 meses que antecederam a realização do teste, 33 (30%) relataram nunca usar preservativo e 18 (16,36%) usar às vezes. Neste ano, 7 (6,36%) adolescentes tiveram seus diagnósticos confirmados para a infecção pelo HIV. E, desses, 5 (71,43%) possuíam de 8 a 11 anos de educação escolar completa, 5 (71,43%) relataram DST nos 12 meses anteriores ao teste, 2 (28,57%) descreveram nunca usar preservativo e 2 (28,57%) às vezes. Conclusão: Podemos constatar que ocorreu uma redução de, aproximadamente, 3 para 1 no atendimento das mulheres que necessitavam realizar o teste durante o período do pré-natal. A descentralização da testagem anti-HIV também parece ter influenciado na redução do atendimento de adolescentes no cenário estudado, embora o número de adolescentes infectados pelo HIV tenha sido reduzido em 2013, foi possível observar que a porcentagem de infectados praticamente triplicou (de 2,51% em 2003 para 6,78% em 2013).
176

The Views and attitudes of female church goers towards HIV/AIDS and related preventative measures : a preliminary study

Sibuyi, Lorna Precious January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (MSc.(Clinical Psychology))--University of Limpopo, 2009. / HIV/AIDS is increasing at a fast rate. Increasing numbers of women worldwide are being infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Condoms, abstinence and faithfulness have been suggested to prevent the further spread of HIV infection. The present study adopted a qualitative approach to explore the views and attitudes of female church goers towards HIV/AIDS and its preventative measures. The results indicated that they view HIV/AIDS as a fatal disease which cannot be cured by medical means, and it is caused by unprotected sex when an individual engages in sexual intercourse with someone infected with HIV. They all know that condoms are an effective form of prevention. Despite all their knowledge, however, they feel powerless, unsafe, and hopeless regarding effective HIV control and prevention due to their partners’ resistance in respect of condom usage. Church ministers should be more sensitive to the inequalities that exist in marriages and should be careful in their preaching of submission and obedience of women towards men. Church ministers should present their sermons in a way that fosters equalities and the practice of safe sex. Finally, it is also recommended that the younger generation, both males and females should be educated about gender equality during their Sunday school and youth programmes. These programmes should include teachings about gender equality, practice of safe sex, faithfulness and abstinence. Should this be done effectively the new generation could hopefully operate from a different frame of reference as opposed to the current generation whose value systems and norms are outdated and discriminatory.
177

The impact of mental health, sexual desire, and sexual importance on the sexual behavior of women with HIV

Craft, Shonda Marie, January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-59).
178

Medication Treatment and Neuropsychological Functioning in Perinatal HIV

Bocanegra, Monica Elizabeth 20 April 2008 (has links)
This study confirmed whether children on the current treatment of choice for HIV infection, Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), exhibit better immune functioning than children on earlier forms of treatment, including sole exposure to Monotherapy/Combination Therapy (Mono-Combo) and "upgrading" from Mono-Combo to HAART (Conversion). It explored whether HAART protects areas of neuropsychological functioning previously found to be compromised in children perinatally infected with HIV more effectively than these earlier treatments. This study includes a unique population (i.e., predominantly minority, low SES status, and largely bilingual), and controls for a number of treatment variables that have not been previously considered. Using the Neurodevelopmental Model and the literature, it was hypothesized that more global functions (i.e., IQ indices besides processing speed) and functions developing earlier in life (i.e., language) would be less affected than more specific functions developing later in life (i.e., visual-motor integration and processing speed). Treatment groups included Mono-Combo, Converters, and HAART. Participants (N=161, 3 to 20 years) were assessed in language, visual-motor integration, processing speed, and IQ using standardized measures and procedures. Three MANCOVAS and an ANCOVA compared groups on immune and neuropsychological measures using age antiretroviral medications were started and years on antiretroviral medications as covariates. Results showed children on HAART have significantly better immune functioning than the Mono-Combo and Converter groups. Consistent with other studies that have controlled for demographic factors, language functioning was not affected by treatment type. Contrary to expectations, visual-motor integration was also not affected by treatment type. Interestingly, Converters were found to perform worse on processing speed than children only exposed to Mono-Combo or HAART. Consistent with expectations, the other IQ indices (i.e., VCI, POI, and FDI) were not affected by treatment type. Findings support the use of HAART globally to improve immune functioning. However, they also provide evidence that HAART does not more effectively protect areas of neuropsychological functioning previously found to be compromised than these former treatments, even when controlling for agents that cross the blood brain barrier, age medications were started, and years on medications. They also bring into question the possible effect of frequency and timing of regimen changes.
179

Attityder sjuksköterskor och vårdpersonal har till patienter med HIV/AIDS och orsaker till dessa attityder : - En litteraturstudie

Moreno, J. Alejandro, Urrutia Duchens Carlos, Carlos January 2012 (has links)
Introduktion: Patienter med HIV/AIDS upplever diskriminering och stigmatisering i sjukvården. Att mötas av diskriminering och stigmatisering påverkar livet för de smittade i form av att de upplever social isolering, depression och post traumatisk stress. Stigmatisering och attityder har ett samband. Sjuksköterskans attityder kan påverka patienten negativt i form av diskriminering och stigmatisering. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors attityder till patienter med HIV/AIDS och även att beskriva vad som orsakar dessa attityder. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie har genomförts. Artiklar söktes i databasen Cinahl. Resultatet baserar sig på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar som har analyserats genom att söka efter mönster. Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskan har undvikande, hänvisande och dömande attityder till patienter med HIV/AIDS. Dessa attityder leder till kränkande åsikter och kränkande handlingar. Attityderna orsakas av bristande kunskap om HIV/AIDS samt otillräcklig erfarenhet av att vårda patienter med HIV/AIDS. Attityderna orsakas vidare av rädsla för att bli smittad samt av rädsla för samhällets åsikter om sjukdomen.  Sjuksköterskans attityder orsakas även av patientgruppen som både anses krävande och givande. Slutsats: Fördjupad kunskap gällande ICN:s etiska kod är nödvändig. Vidare är det viktigt att omvårdnaden grundar sig på en värdegrund. Behovet av fortsatt forskning är angeläget för att bedriva god omvårdnad av patienter med HIV/AIDS. / Introduction: Patients with HIV / AIDS experience discrimination and stigmatization in health care. To be faced with discrimination and stigma affects the lives of those infected as they experience social isolation, depression and post-traumatic stress. Stigma and attitudes are related. Nurses' attitudes can affect the patient negatively through discrimination and stigmatization. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' attitudes towards patients with HIV / AIDS and also to describe what causes these attitudes. Method: A descriptive study was carried out. Articles were searched in the Cinahl database. The result is based on 13 scientific articles that have been analyzed by searching for patterns. Main results: The nurse has avoiding, referring and judgmental attitudes towards patients with HIV / AIDS. These attitudes lead to offensive opinions and offensive acts. These attitudes are caused by lack of knowledge about HIV / AIDS and insufficient experience in the care of patients with HIV / AIDS. Attitudes are futher caused by the fear of being infected, and by the fear of society´s opinion of the disease. The nurses' attitudes are also caused by the patient group, because they are considered both challenging and rewarding. Conclusion: Better understanding regarding the ICN:s code of ethics is necessary. Furthermore, it is important that care is based on a underlying philosophy of nursing. The need for continued research is necessary to provide good care of patients with HIV / AIDS.
180

Examining the Effects of a Motion Comic Intervention on HIV-Stigma Among a Sample of Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men

Nichols, Kristen M 13 August 2013 (has links)
INTRODUCTION: HIV disproportionately affects African Americans, Latinos, and gay and bisexual men of all racial and ethnicity groups. People living with HIV/AIDS experience stigma related to their disease. HIV/AIDS stigma can have detrimental effects on HIV prevention, testing and treatment. Entertainment-education is a health communication strategy that can be used to influence behavioral and social change in the population. AIM: The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a Motion Comic intervention, an EE strategy, can decrease H/A stigma in a sample of MSM adolescents aged 15-24. METHODS: Participants were recruited from GA, FL, NY and CA using convenience sampling. A sample of MSM adolescents aged 15-24 (n=24) was used for this study. The study design is a one-group pretest-posttest intervention. Participants were shown the Motion Comic episodes. Participants completed pre- and post-viewing surveys to assess HIV/AIDS stigma. A summed variable was used as the outcome for total HIV/AIDS stigma. A paired samples t-test was used to measure a statistically significant difference in HIV/AIDS stigma from pretest to posttest. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in HIV stigma from pre-viewing survey (M = 9.87, SD = 3.49) to post-viewing survey (M = 8.65, SD = 2.48), t (22) = 2.01, p < .0285 (one-tailed). The mean decrease in HIV stigma scores was 1.22 with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.177 to 2.248. The eta squared statistic (.16) indicated a large effect size. DISCUSSION: Results from this study show that viewing the Motion Comic may reduce HIV/AIDS stigma related to casual transmission of HIV and values, such as blame, shame and judgment, in MSM adolescents.

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