HIV har sedan dess upptäckt i början av 1980-talet utvecklats till den största världsomspännande epidemin som drabbat mänskligheten i modern historia. I Sverige lever omkring 4500 personer med smittan och antalet nyrapporterade fall stiger. HIV bryter ner kroppens immunförsvar och till slut utvecklas AIDS. Viruset finns i infekterade individers kroppsvätskor och överförs främst via blod och sexuell kontakt. Trots att smittvägarna är kända förekommer osäkerhet och motstånd mot att vårda denna patientgrupp och risk för stigmatiserande behandling föreligger. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva HIV- och AIDS-patienters upplevelser i mötet med sjukvårdspersonal. Resultatet, som baserats på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar, visade att patienterna både hade positiva och negativa upplevelser. Förtroendeingivande personal som inte var rädd på grund av diagnosen, som accepterade patienterna och som lät dem vara delaktiga i vården fick dem att känna sig integrerade. Stigmatiserande behandling från sjukvårdspersonal med nedlåtande attityder, kunskapsbrist och/eller smitträdsla bidrog istället till upplevelser av segregering. Eftersom antalet HIV-smittade ökar och allt fler kommer uppsöka vård krävs utbildning på alla vårdnivåer samt inom alla vårdrelaterade yrkesutbildningar. Mer forskning ur patientperspektivet behövs för att ge personalen kännedom om hur de ska möta denna patientgrupp på ett terapeutiskt sätt.

HIV/AIDS är en världsomfattande pandemi och orsaken till att många människor avlider. Antalet bärare av HIV/AIDS ökar trots medicinska framsteg och ökad medvetenhet om sjukdomen (Herlitz, 2008). Vårdpersonal kommer med stor sannolikhet att möta patienter som är bärare av HIV/AIDS i sitt dagliga arbete. Då HIV är en kronisk, obotlig och smittsam sjukdom kan detta påverka vårdpersonals inställning till patienter med HIV/AIDS. Vårdpersonals inställning och attityd i bemötandet av dessa patienter är betydande för att skapa en god vård. Syftet är att beskriva vårdpersonals upplevelser av att vårda patienter med HIV/AIDS. Metoden som används är en systematisk litteraturstudie med en kvalitativ ansats. Data analyserades i denna studie genom Evans (2002) beskrivande analysmetod. För att säkerställa att artiklarna var vetenskapliga granskades dessa med hjälp av Fribergs (2006) modell. Resultatet utgörs av fem teman som beskriver vårdpersonals upplevelser av att vårda patienter med HIV/AIDS. Vårdpersonal har både en positiv och en negativ inställning till att vårda dessa patienter. Denna inställning påverkas av vårdpersonals grad av medkänsla, engagemang, trygghet, rädsla, fördomar, kunskap, psykiska och fysiska hälsa samt upplevelser av vilja och ovilja till att vårda patienter med HIV/AIDS.

This study is about how Tanzanian primary schools teachers look on HIV/AIDS related issues in relation to education, and how the teachers use their education to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. The data to this study has been collected over a period of eight weeks. Fifteen randomly selected Tanzanian teachers from three different primary schools in the Dodoma region have been interviewed, where five of the interviewed teachers have been working in an urban school, another five in a semiurban school, and further, five of the teachers in a rural school. The theoretical foundation of this study is pedagogical. We have in our study emanated from the African pedagogue Julius Nyerere´s and the Latin American pedagogue Paolo Feriere´s thoughts around education as liberalization, when we asked teachers about how they educate around questions concerning HIV/AIDS. Our conclusion from this study is that the Tanzanian teachers have a substantial knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and that all of the teachers are teaching their students in questions around HIV/AIDS. Further, all of the teachers are using innovative ways to transmit knowledge around HIV/AIDS to their students, though there is a difference between pedagogical methods in the three different schools. Moreover, all of the teachers think that teachers have a responsibility to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS, and that education can prevent the spread of the disease. Concerning sexual interactions in school environment, the teachers in the urban school did not consider pregnancy among school girls as a problem, comparative to the teachers in the semiurban and rural school, who considered this to be a problem in their schools. The teachers direct or indirect stressed the importance of education for all people to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. The knowledge about the disease could be transmitted through different kinds of ways, where some teachers mentioned public meetings, massmedia, counselling from parents and spiritual/religious education.

Over the years criminal prosecutions regarding HIV transmission have increased in Canada. There is ongoing debate within the academic and legal community regarding whether reactive, criminal justice measures or preventative, harm reduction measures are best suited to address HIV transmission. Using an on-line survey and multiple logistical regression analyses on six vignettes on 316 undergraduate students from mostly 18-26 years of age, this research assessed student attitudes towards the criminal law as a response to HIV transmission against demographic, experiential and attitudinal predictors. The findings indicated that the majority of participants were in favour of the criminalization of HIV transmission. The policy implications that come from this study imply that there is a need to educate young people about HIV related issues and the harm criminal justice responses cause to HIV prevention efforts. / UOIT

Background: Analyses of the individual-, social- and structural-level factors promoting the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne pathogens have consistently identified exposure to correctional environments, especially for individuals who use injection drugs (IDU), as a risk factor for infection. The objectives of this project were: to review the epidemiologic literature on incarceration and HIV infection among IDU, critically examining evidence presented supporting a causal linkage between imprisonment and infection; to investigate incarceration experiences in a cohort of active IDU; and to assess the possible effects of incarceration on the post-release risk environment of active IDU. Methods: Longitudinal datasets for quantitative analyses were derived from the Vancouver Injection Drug User Study (VIDUS) and the Scientific Evaluation of Supervised Injection (SEOSI), both prospective cohorts of IDU in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside neighbourhood. In the first analysis, the prevalence and correlates of reporting incarceration in the the previous six months were identified in SEOSI using generalized estimating equations (GEE). In the second analysis, the possible effect of imprisonment on the prevalence of risk factors for HIV infection was estimated in VIDUS using linear growth curve analysis. Results: In the first analysis, 902 individuals interviewed at least once between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2006 were included. Overall, 423 (46.9%) reported an incarceration event at some point during the study period. In a multivariate GEE model, recent incarceration was independently associated with a number of high-risk factors, including syringe sharing. In the second analysis, 1603 individuals were interviewed at least once between 1 May 1996 and 31 December 2005 and in cluded. Of these, 147 (9.2%) matched the study criteria and were included as cases; 742 (46.3%) were included as matched controls. In linear growth curve analyses adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity, syringe sharing was significantly more common in the incarcerated group (p = 0.03) after incarceration than in the control group. Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of a role for incarceration in continued viral transmission. In response, appropriate harm reduction measures should be expanded within correctional environments and social, political and legal reforms enacted to reduce the incidence of imprisonment for individuals who use illicit drugs.

<strong>Background. </strong> Previous evidence suggests that persons who have emigrated from HIV-endemic countries experience higher rates of HIV infection and delayed diagnosis. Despite this evidence, limited research has examined HIV testing in these populations. <br /><br /> <strong>Objectives. </strong> To examine factors associated with HIV testing, as well as motivations underlying testing behaviour, within five East African communities in Toronto. <br /><br /> <strong>Methods. </strong> Secondary data analyses were conducted using cross-sectional data collected in face-to-face interviews with people from Toronto's Ethiopian, Kenyan, Somali, Tanzanian, and Ugandan communities. Logistic regression techniques were employed to assess factors associated with "ever vs. never testing," "repeat vs. non-repeat testing," and "independent vs. directive testing. " Reasons provided for testing and not testing were described. <br /><br /> <strong>Results. </strong> Individuals from all five communities were interviewed (n=270). Males were slightly over-represented (55. 9%). The average age was 35. 7 yrs (range 17-71). Three-quarters (75. 6%) of the sample had been tested for HIV. Two-thirds (65. 7%) of testers had tested more than once and 40. 7% had independently decided to get their most recent test. 71. 1% of testers reporting previous testing for immigration purposes. Testing behaviour varied greatly across communities. Ethnicity was predictive of "ever" and "repeat" testing. Risk behaviour (including multiple sex partners, concurrent sex partners, condom non-use, and/or improper condom use) was overwhelmingly not associated with testing. Fear of exposure through sexual activity was the most frequent reason for independent testing. Immigration authorities were the most common person to initiate directive testing, followed by physicians. Low perceived risk was the most common reason for not testing. <br /><br /> <strong>Conclusions. </strong> Testing rates within this population were quite high and the immigration process heavily impacted upon testing behaviour. Many determinants and motivations of testing have been identified and should be used to inform the design of interventions to promote testing behaviour in these communities. Nevertheless, many gaps have been identified by the current research and should be addressed by future research.

Bakgrund: December 2009 fanns mer än 5 000 personer infekterade med HIV registrerade i Svenska Smittskyddsinstitutets register, varav cirka 2300 fått diagnosen AIDS. Att leva med HIV/AIDS medför en traumatisk förändring av livet med självstigmatisering och diskriminering. Syfte: att beskriva hur patienter med HIV/AIDS upplever sjuksköteskans bemötande samt vilken inverkan detta har på patienterna. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie användes som metod för att besvara studiens syfte. Databaserna Cinahl, PubMed, Psycinfo och SweMed+ valdes för att söka efter vetenskapliga artiklar. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar valdes och utgjorde studiens data. Resultat: Studiens resultat kan uppdelas i ett positivt och ett negativt bemötande. Patienter med HIV/AIDS upplevde sjuksköterskans bemötande som förtroendeingivande och medmänskligt, något som ledde till upplevelse av trygghet och motivation. Det negativa bemötandet resulterade i försumning och stigmatisering, som orsakade hopplöshet och minskning av patienternas motivation. Slutsats: Patienter upplever ett negativt bemötande från sjuksköterskan vilket ökar patienternas lidande och påverkar patienternas inställning till vården. Samtidigt som det framkommer ett positivt bemötande som patienterna värdesätter och som ökar deras hopp och motivation. Sjuksköterskans bemötande påverkas av föreställningar och sättet att kommunicera. Därför är det av betydelse att sjuksköterskan är medveten om detta och att bemötandet har betydelse för patienternas relation till vården.

Introduktion: Idag lever nästan 7650 människor med HIV/AIDS i Sverige. Att leva med HIV/AIDS kan innebära fysiskt och psykiskt lidande. Sjuksköterskans bemötandeutgör en viktig del för att god vård skall upplevas. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa hur patienter med HIV/AIDS upplever sjuksköterskans bemötande samt vilka konsekvenser detta kan ha för patienterna. Metod: Litteraturstudien utgick ifrån Polit och Becks modell i nio steg.  Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Artiklarna genomgick flera urval och kvalitetsgranskningar vilket resulterade i åtta kvalitativa och två kvantitativ artikel. Artiklarnas innehåll analyserades och samband hittades och bildade underkategorier. Resultat: Litteraturstudiens resultat redovisas i följande kategorier: Att känna medmänsklighet och Kränkande särbehandling. Sjuksköterskans bemötande kan påverka patienten avseende positiva och negativa upplevelser vad gäller hopp, motivation samt känslan av ett värdigt liv. Slutsats: Många patienter upplevde sig bli orättvist och respektlöst behandlade av sjuksköterskan, vilket bidrog till att vissa patienter undvek att söka vård. De gånger som sjuksköterskan behandlade patienterna med värdighet och respekt fick patienterna hopp och motivation till framtiden. Sjuksköterskans kunskap om HIV/AIDS måste öka för att optimera vården av patienterna.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century Germany geopolitics can be characterized by its grand strategy as a civilian power. Germany has come to depend on a civilianized international system based on multilateralism, international institutions and the rule of law, supranational integration, free trade, and the restriction of the use of force as a means for international politics. Such a system requires the players in it to be peaceful and civilian, developed and cooperative, legitimate and law-abiding. Many African countries do not fulfill those conditions. Extremely high prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS in Africa severely undermine social structure, economic development and political stability and thus contribute to state failure. State failure is in fundamental conflict with Germany's prime geopolitical interest in promoting a civilianized international system, because a failing state is incapable of creating civilianized structures. After analyzing Germany's foreign and development policies since World War II, I came to the conclusion that all German foreign policies aim at promoting a civilianized international system. I am arguing that development policies are part of broader foreign policies and thus pursue this goal with respect to developing countries. However, for the system itself it is much more important that the big players in the world are included and committed to it. Therefore, German foreign policy focuses on the major powers in the world and, just as developing countries play a minor role in international politics, development policies play a minor role in Germany's grand strategy as a civilian power. German grand strategy, however, plays a major role in the design and the conduct of German development policies, policies used as tools to pursue Germany's broader geopolitical interest in promoting a civilianized international system.

In agrarian societies, HIV/AIDS extends far beyond the realm of healthcare into agricultural production and food security as well. Namibia is a developing country with a large portion of its population involved in agriculture; the average HIV/AIDS infection rate of 21.3% in the country leaves a large portion of agricultural workers living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the impact of HIV/AIDS on national and community level food security in northern Namibia by ascertaining the perceptions and experiences of local farmers living with HIV/AIDS. In addition, this research aims to define the specific training needs for this population, and to identify possible barriers to access. Four focus groups and four key informant interviews were conducted in northern Namibia, and participants were asked a variety of questions relating to People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in agriculture. Qualitative analysis drew out prevailing themes and ideas from the data. This study found that there is a greater need for HIV/AIDS specific education and programs targeted to HIV/AIDS infected agrarian workers. Additionally this study found there were barriers to education present in the current system, and identified needs for joint programming initiatives between the ministries of health and agriculture.