Esta dissertação teve como objetivo descrever, à luz da obra de Bruno Latour, as construções de natureza e sociedade pelas redes de humanos e não-humanos da ciência das mudanças climáticas em São Paulo. As mudanças climáticas estão no olho do furacão de um dos debates científicos e sociopolíticos mais importantes da atualidade pelo risco que representam às antigas classificações das ciências modernas, que distinguem totalmente os domínios do humano e do natural. Este estudo buscou contribuir para o avanço teórico e etnográfico nas áreas de mudanças climáticas, da antropologia da ciência e da tecnologia, dos estudos sociais de ciência e tecnologia (science studies). O projeto teve início com o mapeamento da rede paulista de pesquisadores de mudanças climáticas dedicados à produção, ao desenvolvimento e ao uso da modelagem climática computacional, assim como o levantamento bibliográfico de antropologia e história das ciências e das ciências das mudanças climáticas. A partir da seleção de entrevistas com alguns informantes mapeados e da leitura do material bibliográfico levantado, o trabalho realizou uma discussão, seguindo a teoria do ator-rede, da história das classificações de humano e natural em risco na ciência de mudanças climáticas e uma discussão dos diferentes elementos e relações sociotécnicas produzidos e que a compõem. / This study concerns a description of nature and society production, according to Bruno Latour, in the human and non-human networks of climate change science in Sao Paulo. Climate change is at the eye of the storm in one of the most important scientific and sociopolitical debates of our time, due to the risks it presents to the old classifications of modern science, which distinguish the human and natural dominions. This study aimed at promoting developments in anthropological theory and ethnography in the fields of climate change, anthropology of science and technology, science studies, and actor-network-theory. The research started with mapping the network of climate change scientists in Sao Paulo dedicated to the production, development, and use of computer climate models and with selecting the literature concerning anthropology and history of science and climate change science. Based on interviews of mapped researchers and the selected literature, this study discusses following actor-network-theory the history of human and natural classifications at risk in climate change science and the different sociotechnical elements and relations that compose it and are produced by it.

Cette thèse propose une étude de l’œuvre intégrale de Jacques-Antoine de Révéroni Saint-Cyr (1767-1829), ingénieur militaire et écrivain, au sein de la production littéraire de l’époque révolutionnaire et impériale, à la croisée de la littérature, de l’histoire des sciences et de la musique. Étude historique, thématique et herméneutique, cette lecture critique analyse un imaginaire au tournant des Lumières qui comprend des mémoires sur l’art militaire, sur les beaux-arts et sur l’équilibre européen, des textes scéniques (opéras-comiques et comédies) et des romans. Cette diversité générique témoigne d’un complexus imaginaire partagé entre cœur et raison, mécanique et sensibilité, sérénité et inquiétude, qui inscrit le corpus révéronien dans un paradigme charnière entre l’héritage rationaliste de la philosophie des Lumières et une esthétique à coloration romantique. / This thesis studies the integral work of Jacques-Antoine de Révéroni Saint-Cyr (1767-1829), a military engineer and writer, at the breast of literary production of the French Revolution and Empire, encompassing literature, history of sciences and music. Historical, thematic and hermeneutical, this critical study analyses Reveroni’s imagery at the turning point of the age of enlightenment which includes essays about military art, fine arts and European equilibrium, theatrical production (comic operas and comedies) and novels. This variety of genres constructs an “imagery complexus” divided between heart and reason, mechanic and sensibility, serenity and anxiety, linked to a key paradigma between the rationalist heritage of the philosophy of enlightenment and an aesthetic coloured with romanticism.

Esta dissertação faz um estudo longitudinal sobre a produção científica da linha de pesquisa Políticas e Estratégias de Comunicação do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Comunicação da Universidade de São Paulo no interstício de 2001 a 2015. O objetivo geral da pesquisa buscou compreender de que modo o campo científico da Comunicação Organizacional e Relações Públicas se inter-relacionava com seu tempo histórico. O corpus da pesquisa foi constituído por trinta e nove teses de doutorado. Os objetivos específicos foram identificar todas as temáticas de pesquisa que emergiram no recorte delimitado, além das metodologias utilizadas na teses. O estudo fez uma abordagem quantitativa na primeira fase na qual foram compilados e tabulados os dados das temáticas e das metodologias. A segunda fase foi de abordagem qualitativa na qual foram realizadas quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores sociais que acompanharam a emergência e a consolidação do campo científico da comunicação organizacional e relações públicas. A amostragem dos dados foi agrupada em três quinquênios que permitiu delinear três matrizes de análises. O estudo concluiu que as temáticas emergidas no recorte selecionado mantêm uma visceral relação com o tempo histórico em que está circunscrito. / This dissertation makes a longitudinal study on the scientific production of the research line Policies and Communication Strategies of the Post-Graduate Program in Communication Sciences of the University of São Paulo in the interstice between 2001 and 2015. The general objective of the research sought to understand that the scientific field of Organizational Communication and Public Relations was interrelated with its historical time. The corpus of the research consisted of thirty-nine doctoral theses. The specific objectives were to identify all research topics that emerged in the delimited cut, in addition to the methodologies used in theses. The study did a quantitative approach in the first phase in which data on the themes and methodologies were compiled and tabulated. The second phase was a qualitative approach in which four semi-structured interviews were conducted with the social actors that accompany the emergence and consolidation of the scientific field of organizational communication and public relations. Data sampling was grouped in three quinquennia that allowed to delineate three analysis matrices. The study concluded that the emerging issues in the selected clipping maintains a visceral relation with the historical time in which it is circumscribed.

Le Séistan est une région semi désertique située entre l’est de l’Iran et l’ouest de l’Afghanistan. Le territoire fut habité de la préhistoire jusqu’à aujourd’hui. C’est pourquoi les savants européens et américains s’y intéressèrent dès les premières années du XXe siècle, période d’intense exploration de l’Asie centrale. La Délégation archéologique française en Iran (DAIFI), créée en 1900, puis la Délégation archéologique Française en Afghanistan (DAFA) créée en 1923, exerçaient un monopole officiel qui comprenait le Séistan. Cependant des missions allemandes, britanniques, italiennes et américaines explorèrent la région avant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Certains sites jugés particulièrement prometteurs furent même fouillés. En 1984 l’Iran et l’Afghanistan fermèrent leurs portes aux archéologues pour des raisons politiques, et mirent ainsi fin, pour un temps, à ces travaux. Pendant 80 ans, sur un même terrain, se succédèrent ainsi et souvent se croisèrent des individus au statut complexe. Ils représentaient un Etat et une ou plusieurs institutions. Ils apportaient avec eux des pratiques, des méthodes, et des doxas spécifiques à une communauté scientifique. Cette étude examine leurs relations en tenant compte de cette complexité. Dans quelle mesure s’influencèrent-ils ? Furent-ils en concurrence au nom d’une nation ou d’une institution? Tentèrent-ils de coopérer? Allèrent-ils jusqu’à collaborer en vue d’un intérêt commun, dit universel ? Après une présentation générale des travaux effectués au Séistan, l’étude s’attarde en particulier sur les relations franco-allemandes. Enfin elle décrit le développement d’une science dite internationale, et en souligne les limites. / The Sistan is a semi-desert area located between the east of Iran and the west of Afghanistan. The territory has been continuously inhabited since prehistorical times. Therefore European and American scholars turned their attention to it from the early 20th century on a time of intense exploration of Central Asia. The French archaeological Delegation in Iran (DAFI), created in 1900, then the French archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan (DAFA), created in 1923, had an official monopoly which included the Sistan. Nevertheless German, British, Italian and American missions surveyed the area before and after the World War Two. Some sites, which seemed particularly promising, were excavated. In 1984 Iran and Afghanistan closed their doors to archaeologists for political reasons, and stopped temporarily all work. During 80 years, on a same area, individuals who had a complex status succeeded one another and often crossed each other. They all represented a state and one or many institutions. They came with practices, methods, and doxas specific to a scientific community. This study analyses their relations, to include their complexity. To what extent did they influence each other? Were they in competition in the name of a nation or an institution? Did they try to cooperate? Did they collaborate for a mutual, “universal”, purpose? After a global presentation of the works made in Sistan, the study examines more specifically the French and German relationships. Then it describes the development of a so called international science, and stresses its limits.

L’inventaire in situ des gorgones des Petites Antilles françaises dans les années 80 a permis de lister 46 espèces jusqu’à 55m et six taxons exclusivement profonds. Cinq espèces sont signalées pour la première fois. Bien que les gorgones puissent être abondantes et pèsent sur la conservation des écosystèmes et paysages, elles sont peu prises en considération. Pourtant, l’intérêt des humains pour ces organismes n’est pas nouveau. La première partie est donc une approche culturelle. Les conceptions et savoirs liés au contexte idéologique et aux usages locaux ont évolué entre mythe et rationnel. Les gorgones sont devenues des objets de science au XVIIIè s. traitées par l’Histoire Naturelle puis par une approche pluridisciplinaire. Les enquêtes ethnographiques auprès des usagers de la mer confrontés aux mesures de protection révèlent leurs perceptions et connaissances. Mais pour la gestion (évaluation et suivi) ou la recherche, l’expertise taxinomique est fondamentale. La seconde partie aborde donc la systématique et soumet : 1) Les mises en synonymie des éventails de mer Gorgonia ventalina et G. flabellum et du couple Pterogorgia anceps et P. citrina 2) L’élévation des sous-genres Eunicea et Euniceopsis au rang de genres 3) La description d’une espèce d’Eunicea présumée nouvelle 4) La reconnaissance de complexes d’espèces. La pertinence des critères taxinomiques est discutée. De plus, ce travail apporte des données sur la distribution et les assemblages de gorgones. De façon générale, elles constituent une référence avant l’accélération des perturbations locales et globales qui conduisent à des changements récents affectant les paysages et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. / In the 80's the inventory in situ of the gorgonians in French Lesser Antilles leads to the knowledge of 46 species up to 55 m and six other ones deep. For the first time, five new species have been discovered in these geographical zones. The gorgonians are widespread in the shallow waters. They positively act on the ecosystems but they are not particularly taken into account for conservation of marine areas. However they are of great interest for humans since a long time. The first part of this work is therefore a cultural approach. It consists in describing the evolution in the way of seeing the gorgones. They were scientifically studied from the XVIIIth century and they were afterward noticed by multidisciplinary fields. Ethnological surveys on the users of the sea are interesting but the taxonomic expertise is inevitable for the management issues and researches upon marines ecosystems. Thus, the second part describes the systematic of caribbean gorgonians and submits 1) The sea fans Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum and the sister species Pterogorgia anceps and P. citrina are synonymous 2) The rise of the sub-genus Eunicea and Euniceopsis to genus level 3) The description of a new Eunicea species 4) The recognition of species complexes. Each taxonomical feature is analyzed and discussed. Datas of this work are a baseline before local and worldwide changes which affect the landscapes and the marine ecosystems functioning.

Orientadora: ProfªDrª Márcia Helena Alvim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014. / O presente estudo discute sobre a inserção de componentes históricos no ensino das Ciências,no Ensino Fundamental I, a partir da construção e análise de uma proposta didático-metodológica. A pesquisa, caracterizada como estudo de caso, busca inserir a História das Ciências em sala de aula,justificando-se que ela favorece a compreensão da natureza da ciência e de como o conhecimento científico é construído, contribuindo para a formação crítica do cidadão, em uma proposta de Educação Científica. Desta forma, buscamos responder se é possível utilizar a História da Ciência nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, como elemento contextualizador, de modo a favorecer a compreensão do processo de construção dos conhecimentos científicos. Apresentamos neste estudo a proposta didática, desenvolvida no 3º ano do ensino fundamental, com o tema das Grandes Navegações Portuguesas, tendo por objetivo analisar a contribuição da HC para o ensino das ciências.Por abordagem histórica elegemos a História dos Instrumentos de navegação marítima dos séculos XV e XVI, numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, favorecendo uma discussão contextualizada das relações existentes e da natureza da ciência. As atividades planejadas, organizadas em forma de sequência didática, foram aplicadas e analisadas aluz dos referenciais teóricos que embasam esta investigação, cujos resultados, corroboram com a inclusão e utilização da HC no ensino, aliada a atividades que possibilitem ao aluno perguntar, pesquisar, refletir, investigar, contribuindo para sua alfabetização cientifica, discutindo a ciência enquanto construção humana, dentro de uma proposta de Educação Científica. / This study isabout the inclusion of historical components in teaching Science in Elementary Education I, from the construction and analysis of a didactic-methodological proposal. The research, characterized as a case study intends toincluding the History of Sciences in class, justifying that it leads to understanding the nature of science and how the scientific knowledge is constructed, contributing to the critical education of citizens, in a proposal for Scientific Education. Thus, we try to answerif it is possible to use the History of Sciences in the initial years of the Elementary School, in an interdisciplinary perspective, as contextualizingelement in order to promote the understanding of the construction process of scientific knowledge. We present in this study the didactic proposal developed in the thirdyear of elementary education, with the theme of the Great Portuguese Navigations, in order to analyze the contribution of HS to science education. Using ahistorical approach, we chosethe History of Instruments, with emphasis on marine navigation instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, promoting a contextualized discussion of the existing relations and the nature of science. The activities planned, organized into a didactic sequence, were applied and analyzed according to thetheoretical references that support this research, whichresults corroborate the inclusion and use ofHS in teaching, combined with activities that enable students to ask, research, reflectandinvestigate, contributing to their scientific literacy, by discussing science as a human construction, within a proposal for Science Education.

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Esta dissertação teve como objetivo descrever, à luz da obra de Bruno Latour, as construções de natureza e sociedade pelas redes de humanos e não-humanos da ciência das mudanças climáticas em São Paulo. As mudanças climáticas estão no olho do furacão de um dos debates científicos e sociopolíticos mais importantes da atualidade pelo risco que representam às antigas classificações das ciências modernas, que distinguem totalmente os domínios do humano e do natural. Este estudo buscou contribuir para o avanço teórico e etnográfico nas áreas de mudanças climáticas, da antropologia da ciência e da tecnologia, dos estudos sociais de ciência e tecnologia (science studies). O projeto teve início com o mapeamento da rede paulista de pesquisadores de mudanças climáticas dedicados à produção, ao desenvolvimento e ao uso da modelagem climática computacional, assim como o levantamento bibliográfico de antropologia e história das ciências e das ciências das mudanças climáticas. A partir da seleção de entrevistas com alguns informantes mapeados e da leitura do material bibliográfico levantado, o trabalho realizou uma discussão, seguindo a teoria do ator-rede, da história das classificações de humano e natural em risco na ciência de mudanças climáticas e uma discussão dos diferentes elementos e relações sociotécnicas produzidos e que a compõem. / This study concerns a description of nature and society production, according to Bruno Latour, in the human and non-human networks of climate change science in Sao Paulo. Climate change is at the eye of the storm in one of the most important scientific and sociopolitical debates of our time, due to the risks it presents to the old classifications of modern science, which distinguish the human and natural dominions. This study aimed at promoting developments in anthropological theory and ethnography in the fields of climate change, anthropology of science and technology, science studies, and actor-network-theory. The research started with mapping the network of climate change scientists in Sao Paulo dedicated to the production, development, and use of computer climate models and with selecting the literature concerning anthropology and history of science and climate change science. Based on interviews of mapped researchers and the selected literature, this study discusses following actor-network-theory the history of human and natural classifications at risk in climate change science and the different sociotechnical elements and relations that compose it and are produced by it.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La réalisation de prédictions précises et surprenantes est une pratique essentielle des sciences empiriques et la confirmation de ces prédictions semble représenter l’un de leurs principaux succès théoriques et pratiques. Ainsi de nombreux scientifiques et épistémologues attribuent-ils aux succès prédictifs le pouvoir de confirmer des hypothèses, d’influencer le cours de l’histoire scientifique, voire de révéler quelles théories reflètent la réalité. Pourtant les prédictions s’appuient souvent sur des représentations simplifiées, idéalisées ou fictionnelles de la réalité. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser l’activité prédictive pour comprendre en quoi consistent les succès prédictifs et quelle portée on peut légitimement leur conférer. L’enjeu de cette analyse est notamment de savoir si une théorie ayant engendré un succès prédictif peut être considérée comme vraie ou partiellement vraie.La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’analyse de l’activité prédictive et conclut qu’il existe une pluralité de raisonnements et de succès prédictifs. La deuxième partie étudie l’influence de ces succès sur l’évolution d’une discipline, la cosmologie, de 1917 à nos jours et montre que les scientifiques attribuent de l’importance aux prédictions qui indiquent la capacité prédictive d’une hypothèse ou d’une théorie. Dans la troisième partie, je soutiens que le rôle des prédictions dans le choix rationnel des hypothèses est de permettre de juger de leur fécondité. La quatrième partie étudie les limites de la portée des succès prédictifs en montrant qu’ils ne permettent pas de savoir quels aspects des théories dont ils sont issus reflètent la réalité. / Deriving precise and surprising predictions is a key feature of scientific activity. The confirmation of these predictions by severe tests seems to represent major theoretical and practical successes in the field of empirical sciences. Therefore, many scientists and philosophers of science view predictive successes as having an important weight in scientific change, theory choice and for the identification of true claims about reality. However, predictions are often derived from simplified or idealised representations of real-world systems. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the predictive activity of empirical sciences in order to circumscribe the scope of predictive success. First, I claim that predictive successes come in many forms and structures. In the second part, I investigate the impact of successful predictions in the history of modern cosmology since 1917 and argue that scientists value predictions attesting the predictive capacity of new hypotheses. In a third part, I examine the weight of successful predictions in the confirmation of hypotheses and claim that they serve as a proxy for one of the most important virtues of theories: fruitfulness. The last part is dedicated to the limits of scientific successes and shows that novel predictions cannot help us to circumscribe which posits of scientific theories are worthy of belief.