La question de la propulsion spatiale a été un enjeu politique au coeur de la guerre froide et reste un enjeu stratégique de nos jours. La technologie chimique déjà en place sur les moteurs fusées s'avère être limitée par la vitesse d'éjection et la durée de vie des appareils. La propulsion électrique et plus particulièrement le moteur à effet Hall apparait ainsi comme la technologie la plus performante et la plus utilisée pour diriger un satellite dans l'espace. Cependant, la physique à l'intérieur d'un propulseur étant complexe, de par les champs électromagnétiques ou les processus de collisions importants, toutes les particularités de fonctionnement du moteur ne sont pas parfaitement expliquées. Au bout de centaines d'heures d'essais, certains prototypes voient leur paroi s'éroder de façon anormale et des instabilités électromagnétiques se développent au sein de la chambre d'ionisation. La mobilité des électrons mesurée est en contradiction avec les modèles analytiques et soulèvent des problématiques sur la physique du plasma à l'intérieur de ces moteurs. Par conséquent, le code AVIP a été développé afin de proposer un code 3D massivement parallèle et non-structuré à Safran Aircraft Engines modélisant le plasma instationnaire à l'intérieur du propulseur. Des méthodes lagrangiennes et eulériennes sont utilisées et intégrées dans le code et mon travail s'est concentré sur le développement d'un modèle fluide, étant plus rapide et donc mieux adapté à la conception et au design industriel. Le modèle fluide est basé sur un modèle aux moments avec une expression rigoureuse des termes de collisions et une description précise des conditions limites pour les gaines. Ce modèle a été implémenté numériquement dans un formalisme non structuré et optimisé de façon à être performant sur les nouvelles architectures de calcul. La modélisation retenue et les efforts d'optimisation ont permis de réaliser un calcul réel de moteur à effet Hall afin de retrouver les propriétés globales de fonctionnement telles que l'accélération des ions ou encore la localisation de la zone d'ionisation. Un second cas d'application a finalement reproduit avec succès les instabilités azimutales dans le propulseur avec un modèle fluide et a justifié le rôle de ces instabilités dans le transport anormal des électrons et l'érosion des parois / The space propulsion has been a political issue in the midst of the Cold War and remains nowadays a strategic and industrial issue. The chemical propulsion on rocket engines is limited by its ejection velocity and its lifetime. Electric propulsion and more particularly Hall effect thrusters appear then as the most powerful and used technology for space satellite operation. The physic inside a thruster is complex because of the electromagnetic fields and important collision processes. Therefore, all specificities of the engine operation are not perfectly understood. After hundreds of hours of tests, thruster walls are curiously eroded and electromagnetic instabilities are developping within the ionization chamber. The measured electron mobility is in contradiction with the analytical models and raises issues on the plasma behavior inside the discharg chamber. As a result, the AVIP code was developed to provide a massively parallel and unstructured 3D code to Safran Aircraft Engines modeling unsteady plasma inside the thruster. Lagrangian and Eulerian methods are used and integrated in the solver and my work has focused on the development of a fluid model which is faster and therefore better suited to industrial conception. The model is based on a set of equations for neutrals, ions and electrons without drift-diffusion hypothesis, combined with a Poisson equation to describe the electric potential. A rigorous expression of collision terms and a precise description of the boundary conditions for sheaths have been established. This model has been implemented numerically in an unstructured formalism and optimized to obtain good performances on new computing architectures. The model and the numerical implementation allow us to perform a real Hall effect thruster simulation. Overall operating properties such as the acceleration of the ions or the location of the ionization zone are captured. Finally, a second application has successfully reproduced azimuthal instabilities in the Hall thruster with the fluid model and justified the role of these instabilities in the anomalous electron transport and in theerosion of the walls

In his review of John Akomfrah’s experimental documentary The Stuart Hall Project (2013), Adam Elliott-Cooper highlights the growing necessity to revisit Hall’s scholarly and activist legacy today. Elliott-Cooper takes issue with the contemporary left for failing to properly respond to a persistent institutional racism during neoliberalism and particularly argues that the 2011 English riots, following the shooting of Mark Duggan by police in Tottenham, are proof that an approach informed by Hall’s theoretical and activist work on race, ethnicity and policing is now more needed than ever in order to come to terms with the problems underlying the riots. In fact, the years after the riots have seen an increase in scholarship indebted to the “political and critical tradition of British cultural studies best exemplified by the work of Stuart Hall”, functioning as a “backlash against [...] current forms of post-ideological scholarship”, as Imogen Tyler describes her own current work on social abjection (2013: 215). In the following argument, I regard the English riots as a test case that can shape a dialogue between Hall’s work on ethnicity and difference, and younger currents in cultural studies. In particular, I will focus on the interplay of race and class that seems to be at the heart of the riots, and which has surfaced in many responses to them, most infamously historian David Starkey’s statement about the looters and rioters who, in his words, were “whites [who] have become black” (BBC 2011).

The following article deals with a somewhat neglected aspect of Stuart Hall’s manifold activities and its relevance for his theoretical work: his interest in and commitment to the promotion of black British art.

Amidst the countless and seminal contributions by Stuart Hall to discourses around race, representation, politics and identity, it is easy to overlook the equally countless essays about ‘minor’ fields in which he covered a broad range of related topics. One of these texts is an article about football hooliganism from 1978, entitled “The Treatment of ‘Football Hooliganism’ in the Press” from a volume edited by Hall and his colleagues Roger Ingham, John Clarke, Peter Marsh and Jim Donovan. The collection of essays is based on a conference held that previous year at the University of Southampton about football fans and violence, a topic that had become a major concern in the British public and that in consequence became a mainstay for research in the field of sociology. As this is Hall’s only text dealing with violence around football, the essay fills only a minor niche in his oeuvre. Within the field of hooligan studies, however, his contribution to the discipline is still seen as an important addition.

Eriksson, J.E. 2021. Hallar och kulthus i södra Skandinavien under äldre järnålder: När Oden och härskaren blev grannar.Eriksson, J.E. 2021. Halls and cult houses in southern Scandinavia during early iron age: When Odin and the ruler became neighbours. The intention of this paper is to investigate why halls and cult houses were built close together and at the same time in southern Scandinavia during the Roman Iron Age and the Migration Period and how this can be linked to the development of administrative and military power. The thesis has been divided into three parts, namely a review of archaeological and historical research, a description of three archaeological sites and analysis. This means that the theoretical starting point of the thesis is to compare research with recent years reported archaeological results. The paper focuses on the time from the Roman Iron Age to the end of the migration period, from the year 0 to 550 AD and the geographically area being studied to southern Scandinavia. The result of the study shows that leaders inspired by the Roman Empire built and took control over the halls and cult houses around the year 250 AD to legitimize and manifest their power, acquire wealth and loyalty from subjects. Archeological remains show that the Norse god Odin was worshiped in the cult house and the stability of this cult can be traced to the end of the Viking Age.

Stuart Hall, who passed away in February 2014, was one of the founding figures of what is known today as ‘cultural studies’ and long-time director of the renowned Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. In addition, he was a central figure of the British New Left, founding editor of the journal New Left Review, and one of Britain’s most charismatic public intellectuals. Crucially, for Hall, intellectual practice was a politics, and questions of culture were political questions. His was a thinking that was inquisitive, flexible and open-ended, regularly moving across disciplinary boundaries and synthesising different theoretical outlooks. It was rigorously contextual, extremely attentive to complexity, dedicated to the concrete, activist, committed and practical, and driven by a curiosity that constantly led onto new – and frequently largely uncharted – theoretical terrain. The subjects covered by Hall’s work include topics as diverse as popular culture and mass media; representation and signifying practices; subcultures; questions of power, ideology and resistance; ‘race’ and ethnicity; globalisation; multiculturalism and diaspora; cultural and personal identity; Thatcherism; New Labour; and neoliberalism. The present issue of Coils of the Serpent endeavours to contribute to the timely exploration of the legacy of Stuart Hall’s highly influential and multi-faceted work.

The purpose of this thesis is to understand how libraries in videos uploaded on the web site YouTube are portrayed and may be perceived by the audience. Four videos introducing libraries have been chosen with the same criteria to study this. The analysis has been based on Stuart Hall’s theories about representation and production meaning and his encoding/decoding model. The method used to examine the videos are a directed kind of textual analysis. The analysis is divided into two parts where the first part is dedicated to how the videos are encoded and what the preferred reading of them seem to be. The second part of it is dedicated to study how and why negotiating and oppositional readings can be made of the videos. When it comes to how the videos are encoded, one found that they have similar target groups and that they use different kinds of codes to communicate to the target groups. All the videos show similar parts of the library, like books and magazines. When it comes to how and why negotiating and oppositional readings can be made one found that these kinds of readings can stem from the receiver wanting to limit the libraries’ resources to certain groups, the receiver not agreeing with what kind of literature the producer chose to represent the library, disinterest in the library, distrust in the library and the producer not including a representative from the target audience. The reasons behind the differences in how the videos are coded may be because of different kinds of producers, different kinds of depicted libraries and differing views on the target group. The study also shows that the videos show a traditional and hegemonic image of the libraries. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

Alors que les applications spatiales prennent une place de plus en plus cruciale dans nos vies, les coûts d'opération des satellites doivent être réduits. Ceci peut être obtenu par l'utilisation de systèmes de propulsion électriques, plus efficients que leurs homologues chimiques traditionnellement utilisés. Une des technologies de propulsion électrique la plus performante et la plus utilisée est le propulseur à effet Hall, toutefois ce système reste complexe et peu compris. En effet de nombreuses questions, concernant le transport anormal des électrons ou les interactions plasma/paroi, sont encore ouvertes.Les réponses à ces questions sont basées sur des mécanismes cinétiques et donc ne peuvent être résolues par des modèles fluides. De plus les caractéristiques géométriques et temporelles de ces mécanismes les rendent difficilement observables expérimentalement. Par conséquent nous avons, pour répondre à ces questions, développé un code cinétique bi-dimensionnel.Grâce à un modèle simplifié de propulseur à effet Hall, nous avons observé l'importance de l'instabilité de dérive électronique pour le transport anormal. Ensuite en utilisant un modèle réaliste de propulseur, nous avons pu étudier les effets des interactions plasma/paroi sur la décharge plasma. Nous avons également pu quantifier les effets intriqués des émissions électroniques secondaires et de l'instabilité de dérive sur le transport anormal. Par une étude paramétrique sur les émissions électroniques secondaires, nous avons pu identifier trois régimes de décharge plasma. Finalement l'impact des ergols alternatifs a pu être étudié en utilisant des processus collisionnels réalistes. / As space applications are increasingly crucial in our daily life, satellite operating costs need to be decreased. This can be achieved through the use of cost efficient electric propulsion systems. One of the most successful and competitive electric propulsion system is the Hall effect thruster, but this system is characterized by its complexity and remains poorly understood. Indeed some key questions, concerning electron anomalous transport or plasma/wall interactions, are still to be answered.Answers to both questions are based on kinetic mechanisms, and thus cannot be solved with fluid models. Furthermore the temporal and geometrical scales of these mechanisms make them difficult to be experimentally measured. Consequently we chose, in order to answer those questions, to develop a bi-dimensional fully kinetic simulation tool.Using a simplified simulation of the Hall effect thruster, we observed the importance of the azimuthal electron drift instability for anomalous cross-field electron transport. Then, using a realistic model of a Hall effect thruster, we were able to study the effects of plasma/wall interactions on the plasma discharge characteristics, as well as to quantify the coupled effects of secondary electron emission and electron drift instability on the anomalous transport. Through parametric study of secondary electron emission, three plasma discharge regimes were identified. Finally the impact of alternative propellants was studied.

Résumé : Au cours de cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressés à différentes propriétés de transport électrique, thermique et thermoélectrique. En particulier, nous avons mis en évidence les effets Righi-Leduc anomal et planaire qui sont les équivalents thermiques des effets Hall anomal et planaire. Ces effets doivent impérativement être considérés dans l’interprétation des mesures d’effet Seebeck de Spin.Nous avons mis à profit les techniques développées dans le cadre de cette étude pour étudier l’effet Nernst dans InSb. Nous avons utilsé un modèle de distribution de porteur pour expliquer les non-linéarités de celui-ci à des champs magnétiques proches de 1T.Nous avons construit une expérience de résonance ferromagnétique dont le but sera d’étudier les implications des effets thermique et thermoélectrique dans les expérience de pompage de spin. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéréssés au transport électrique en géométrie Corbino. La géométrie Corbino est celle d’un disque dans laquelle il n’existe aucun bord libre ou des charges peuvent s’accumuler. Cela se traduit par l’apparition d’un courant de Hall ortho-radial dont la conséquence est l’augmentation de la résistance du disque. Nous avons mis en évidence une augmentation de résistance en géométrie Corbino dans CoGd et CoTb dont l’origine est l’effet Hall anomale. Bien que cet effet ne soit pas dissipatif, il a donné naissance à un courant dissipatif transverse. Nous avons également vu que cet effet entre en compétition avec la magnétorésistance anisotrope dans le permalloy.Du fait de la similitude entre l’effet Hall anomal et l’effet Hall de spin, on s’attend dans le platine à l’existence d’un fort courant de spin orthoradial sans possibilités d’accumulations dont la mise en évidence expérimentale fera l’objet de travaux futurs. / Abstract: During this PhD we studied different electric, thermal and thermoelectric properties. For instance, we characterized the anomalous and planar Righi-Leduc effects which are the thermal equivalent of the anomalous and planar Hall effects. These effect have to be taken into account when interpreting spin Seebeck measurements.We used the technics that we developped during this study to look at the Nernst effect in InSb. We developped, a carrier mobility distribution model to explain its non-linearity at fields around 1T.We built a ferromagnetic resonance experiment in order to study the impact of thermal and thermoelectric properties in spin pumping effect.Lastly, we studied electric transport in the Corbino geometry. Corbino geometry is the one of a disc where there are no free boundaries where electric charges can accumulate. This causes the apparition of an orthoradial Hall current which consequence is the increase of resistance of the disc. We showed an increase of resistance in the Corbino geometry in CoGd and CoTb originating from anomalous Hall effect. Despite the anomalous Hall effect does not dissipate, it produces an orthoradial current which dissipates. We also found in permalloy that this increase of resistance is counterbalanced by a decrease of resistance due to the anisotropic magnetoresistance.The similarity between anomalous Hall effect and spin Hall effect which share a common microscopic origin implies that we expect in platinum the apparition of an orthoradial spin current without possibility for the charges to accumulateition. This current should dissipate just the way it does for the anomalous Hall effect.The study of this spin current will be the topic of a futur study.

Nous avons étudié par des méthodes numériques et en théorie k.p avancée les propriétés tunnel d’électrons et de trous dans des systèmes modèles et hétérostructures composés de semi-conducteurs impliquant des interactions spin-orbite de volume. Nous démontrons que le couplage entre les interactions spin-orbite et d’échange à l’interface de jonctions tunnel résulte en un fort contraste de transmission de porteurs selon le signe de la composante de leur vecteur d’onde dans le plan de la jonction. Cet effet conduit à un effet tunnel anormal d’interface que nous appelons « Effet Hall Tunnel Anormal » (ATHE). De façon similaire, des processus tunnel non-conventionnels se manifestant sur des isolants topologiques ont été prédits par d’autres auteurs. Alors que l’ensemble de ces effets Hall anormaux sont liés aux interactions spin-orbite, les effets tunnel anormaux diffèrent des effets Hall tunnel, des effets Hall et des effets Hall de spin par la forte amplitude prédite ainsi que par des phénomènes de chiralité. Ces propriétés possèdent un lien nontrivial avec la symétrie du système. L’ensemble de ces résultats démontre l’existence d’une nouvelle classe d’effets tunnel qui devaient être étudiés expérimentalement dans un futur proche. En ce qui concerne la bande de valence, nous démontrons, en utilisant un Hamiltonien 14x14 prolongeant un modèle 2x2, que le calcul décrivant l’ATHE repose sur un traitement subtil des états dits « spurious » (états non-physiques) et nous donnons quelques éléments d’amélioration et de compréhension. Dans ce mémoire de thèse, nous développons deux méthodes numériques pour résoudre le problème des états spurious en développant en parallèle des méthodes k.p respectivement à 14 bandes et 30 bandes afin de décrire des matériaux semiconducteurs à gap indirect. Les calculs menés dans la bande de valence d’hétérostructures semiconductrice incluant interfaces et barrières tunnel (approches 6x6 et 14x14) sans centre de symétrie d’inversion mettent en évidence des propriétés d’asymétrie équivalente à celles obtenues dans la bande de conduction. De tels effets sont interprétés, dans le cadre de calculs de perturbation en transport basés sur des techniques de fonctions de Green, par des effets chiraux orbitaux lors du branchement tunnel des fonctions évanescentes dans la barrière. / We report on theoretical, analytical and computational investigations and k.p calculations of electron and hole tunneling, in model systems and heterostructures composed of exchange-split III-V semiconductors involving spin-orbit interaction (SOI). We show that the interplay of SOI and exchange interactions at interfaces and tunnel junctions results in a large difference of transmission for carriers, depending on the sign of their incident in-plane wave vector (k//): this leads to interfacial skew-tunneling effects that we refer to as Anomalous Tunnel Hall Effect (ATHE). In a 2x2 exchange-split band model, the transmission asymmetry (A) between incidence angles related to +k// and -k// wave vector components, is shown to be maximal at peculiar points of the Brillouin zone corresponding to a totally quenched transmission (A = 100%). More generally, we demonstrate the universal character of the transmission asymmetry A vs. in-plane wavevector component, for given reduced kinetic energy and exchange parameter, A being universally scaled by a unique function, independent of the spin-orbit strength and of the material parameters. Similarly, striking tunneling phenomena arising in topological insulators have just been predicted. While they all are related to the spin-orbit directional anisotropy, ATHE differs from the tunneling Hall effect, spontaneous anomalous, and spin Hall effects, or spin-galvanic effect, previously reported for electron transport, by its giant forward asymmetry and chiral nature. These features have non-trivial connection with the symmetry properties of the system. All these results show that a new class of tunneling phenomena can now be investigated and experimentally probed.When valence bands are involved, we show (using 14x14 Hamiltonian and within a 2x2 toy model) that ATHE accurate calculations rely on a subtle treatment of the spurious (unphysical) states and we give an insight into the topology of the complex band structure. We introduce two numerical methods to remove spurious states and successfully, include them in 30-band codes able to describe indirect bandgap group-IV semiconductors. Calculations performed in the valence bands of model heterostructures including tunnel barriers, in both 6x6 and 14x14 k.p Hamiltonians without inversion asymmetry, more astonishingly highlight the same trends in the transmission asymmetry which appears to be related to the difference of orbital chirality and to the related branching (overlap) of the corresponding evanescent wave functions responsible for the tunneling current. Besides, we built an analytical model and developed scattering perturbative techniques based on Green’s function method to analytically deal with electrons and holes and to compare these results with numerical calculations. The agreement between the different approaches is very good. In the case of holes, the asymmetry appears to be robust and persists even when a single electrode is magnetic.