Conventionally performed equine ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is a technically demanding surgery associated with a high degree of invasiveness and morbidity. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgical technique allows introduction of a hand through a portal into the laparoscopic field to facilitate surgical manipulation while maintaining abdominal insufflation and laparoscopic visualization. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a hand-assisted laparoscopic OHE technique for dorsally recumbent horses. The surgical technique was developed in terminal (2 mares) and subsequently evaluated in 6 survival procedures. Mares were fasted 48 hours, anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency for laparoscopic surgery. A hand access device (Omniport) was placed in a caudal midline laparotomy followed by 4 laparoscopic portals. Transection of the ovarian pedicle and broad ligament was achieved using a combination of a laparoscopic stapling instrument, an ultrasonically activated instrument and endoscopic clips. The genital tract was exteriorized through the laparotomy, and the body of the uterus transected and sutured in conventional pattern. Horses were evaluated through postoperative day 14 when a post mortem evaluation was performed. Four mares recuperated well after surgery, 1 mare was euthanized due to bilateral femur fractures sustained during anesthetic recovery and another developed severe pleuropneumonia. At necropsy all but one abdominal incision was healing routinely. One mare had abscessed along the laparotomy incision and developed visceral adhesions. Uncomplicated healing of transected mesovarial, mesometrial and uterine remnants was observed in all recovered mares. Hand-assisted laparoscopic OHE technique represents a minimally invasive and technically feasible alternative for conventional OHE. Careful patient selection and preparation may reduce the complications observed in this study. / Master of Science

No / Despite wide acknowledgment that hand hygiene is the pre-eminent measure in the control of health-care-associated infection, Didier Pittet and colleagues 1 have highlighted that there is still a need for a systematic programme of research that will allow the development of new¿as well as refinement of existing¿approaches to hand cleansing. One of the key priorities Pittet and colleagues identified is the need for investigations into the relative importance of between and within patient cross-transmission

The purpose of this study is to compare first-hand and vicarious experiences as means of developing those factors or traits of reading readiness that may be improved through training. More specifically, it is an attempt to measure the amount of readiness gained through the two types of experiences by two groups of first-grade children in the San Angelo Public Schools.

Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Annually more than 3.5 million children worldwide, less than five years of age die of diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory-tract infections. Over the last two decades, the care of pre-school children outside of their homes has become more common in most parts of the world and has contributed to an increased risk of respiratory-tract and gastrointestinal infections in children. Children attending day-care centres are at an increased risk for diarrhoea and respiratory-tract infections and hands are the primary vehicle for transmission of infectious diseases. Thus, hand hygiene is essential for preventing and controlling of infection in the health care and community settings. Waterless hand sanitizer as an alternative to hand washing was investigated. Rinse-free hand sanitizer programmes in the community may be effective, safe and feasible. The aim of the study was to systematically appraise evidence on the effect of alcohol-based hand rub in the prevention of diarrhoea and acute respiratory-tract infection among children aged five years and below in community settings. The primary outcome of the study was to assess the incidence of respiratory-tract infection and diarrhea. Diarrhoea is defined by the World Health Organization as the excretion of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent excretion than is normal for the individual). The secondary outcome was to assess mortality, admission to hospital and duration of hospital stay. A comprehensive search for relevant studies was conducted on the following databases from 1990 to 2014: EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We searched the reference lists of all relevant articles and textbooks for more studies. Unpublished data previously presented at international and scientific meetings have been included in the review. Proceedings of international conferences on diarrhoea and respiratory-tract infection among children were searched for relevant articles. Subject experts were contacted. Two reviewers, Joelynn Steyn (JS) and Oswell Khondowe (OK) selected studies following a two-step study selection process. This review considered all published randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs published from January 1990 to July 2014. The first step was the selection of studies based on titles and abstracts. Both reviewers selected eligible studies which met the set criteria. During the second step, both reviewers retrieved the full-text articles of the studies and assessed the methodological quality of the studies. Four studies were included in this review. The included studies met most of the quality assessment criteria as stipulated in the Cochrane risk assessment tool. Two studies were clusterrandomized controlled trials, one was a block randomized controlled trial and one was a randomized controlled trial. Disagreements were resolved by discussion and where a lack of consensus existed, consultation with a third reviewer occurred. The use of alcohol hand rub as compared to control interventions significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhoea in children (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99). Statistical heterogeneity was observed among the included studies (I²=69, p=0.04). However this review found no significant difference in respiratory-tract infections between intervention groups versus control as observed from the confidence interval (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.07, p=0.63). The results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies conducted in communities with alcoholbased hand rub used by caregivers. Due to limited studies in this review, it makes it difficult to make strong conclusions on findings and to provide sufficient evidence to guide future research. We therefore recommend that more studies with high quality methodologies, using randomized controlled trial designs be conducted especially in poor resourced communities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer as 3.5 miljoen kinders jonger as vyf jaar oud sterf jaarliks wêreldwyd as gevolg van diarree en akute laer respiratoriese lugweginfeksies. Oor die laaste dekades het die versorging van voorskoolse kinders buite hul tuiste meer algemeen geword in die meeste dele van die wêreld wat bygedra het tot ’n risiko in die toename van respiratoriese en spysverteringskanaalinfeksies by kinders. Kinders by dagsorgsentrums het ’n groter risiko vir diarree en respiratoriese lugweë infeksies want die oordra van siekte-infeksies word veral deur die hande wat as die primêre bron daarvan beskou word, gesien. Dus is hand-higiëne noodsaaklik om infeksies in gesondheidsorg en gemeenskapsentrums te voorkom en te beheer. ’n Waterlose hande-ontsmettingsmiddel as ’n alternatief om hande te was, is ondersoek. Spoelvrye hande-ontsmettingsmiddel programme in die gemeenskap mag effektief, veilig en uitvoerbaar wees. Die doel van die studie was om sistematies die geslaagdheid van bewyse op die effek van alkoholgebaseerde hande-smeermiddel in die voorkoming van diarree en akute lugweginfeksies by kinders 5 jaar en jonger in gemeenskapsentrums te ondersoek. Die primêre uitkoms van die studie was om die voorkoms van respiratoriese lugweginfeksie en diarree te asseseer. Diarree soos gedefinieer deur die WGO is die uitskeiding van drie of meer los- of waterige stoelgange per dag (of meer gereelde uitskeiding wat normaal vir die individu is). Die sekondêre uitkoms was om mortaliteit, toelating tot die hospitaal en duur van hospitaalverblyf te assesseer. ’n Omvattende soektog vir relevante studies was op die volgende databasisse van 2004-2014 uitgevoer: EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar en Cochrane Sentrale Register van Beheerde Toetse. Ons het die verwysingslyste van alle relevante artikels en handboeke vir meer navorsingstudies nagegaan. Ongepubliseerde data wat voorheen aangebied is by internasionale en wetenskaplike vergaderings, is ingesluit in die oorsig. Bevindings by internasionale konferensies oor diarree en lugweginfeksies by kinders was nagegaan in die soektog na relevante artikels. Onderwerpdeskundiges was gekontak. Die twee navorsers, Joelynn Steyn (JS) en Oswell Khondowe (OK) het studies geselekteer deur ’n twee-stap studieselekteringsproses te volg. Die oorsig het alle gepubliseerde, ewekansige gekontroleerde proewe en kwasi-eksperimenteerde studies oorweeg tussen Januarie 1990 en Julie 2014. Die eerste stap was die selektering van studies gebaseer op hul titels en opsommings. Beide navorsers het geskikte studies slegs geselekteer as die studie aan die bepaalde kriteria voldoen het. Tydens die tweede stap het beide navorsers die volledige artikels geneem van die studies geselekteer en die gehalte van die metodologie geassesseer. Vierstudies is in die oorsig ingesluit. Die ingeslote studies het aan die meeste vereistes soos deur die Cochrane risiko assesseringsinstrument gestipuleer voldoen. Twee studies was groep-ewekansige gekontroleerde proewe, een was ’n blok ewekansige gekontroleerde proef en een was ’n ewekansige gekontroleerde proef. Verskille is opgelos deur bespreking en waar daar onderbreking in konsensus was, het ’n konsultasie met ’n derde beoordelaar plaasgevind. Die gebruik van ’n alkohol handreiniger, soos vergelyk met kontrole-intervensies, het die voorkoms van diarree in kinders beduidend verminder (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99). Statistiese heterogeniteit is egter tussen die ingeslote studies waargeneem (I²=69, p=0.04). Hierdie studie het geen beduidende verskille in lugweg infeksies tussen die intervensiegroepe teenoor die kontrolegroep gevind nie soos waargeneem uit die vertroue interval (RR0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.07, p=0.63). Die resultate moet met omsigtigheid geïnterpreteer word as gevolg van die beperkte aantal studies wat in gemeenskappe uitgevoer was met alkohol-gebasseerde handreiniger wat deur versorgers gebruik word. As gevolg van die beperkende aantal studies in hierdie studie, is dit moeilik om sterk gevolgtrekkings te maak op bevindinge en om voldoende bewyse te gee om toekomstige navorsing te rig. Ons beveel dus aan dat meer studies met hoë kwaliteit metodologie en wat ewekansige gekontroleerde proef-ontwerpe gebruik, uitgevoer word, veral in swak-toegeruste gemeenskappe. (RR0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.07, p=0.63). Die resultate moet met omsigtigheid geïnterpreteer word as gevolg van die beperkte aantal studies wat gedoen is in gemeenskappe met alkohol-

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

The world’s consumption is increasing at an accelerating rate and it´s produced and consumed more goods and services than ever before. A large part of people's consumption consists of clothing that is bought and discarded increasingly leading to a number of environmental problems such as global warming, pollution, loss of biodiversity and the depletion of natural assets. One way to save the earth's resources is to buy used clothing, so called second hand, instead of new ones. The store chain “The Ants” (in Swedish “Myrorna”) has specializing in second-hand goods and sells, among other things, clothes. This study examined consumers' motive for shopping second-hand clothing on The Ants and examined whether this is related to consumers' environmental awareness and their choice to buy second hand clothes on The Ants. The shop staffs experience of the customer's environmental awareness was also examined. The methods that were chosen were surveys that The Ants customers filled out and interviews with store employees. The results showed that consumer´s motive to buy second-hand clothing on The Ants was mainly due to the cheap price and then because of their environmental awareness, customers were relatively environmentally aware and knew that the clothing industry contribute to environmental problems. The consumers felt that they received too little information about the problems and they would like to know more. The result also showed that consumers don´t act according to this awareness as very few of them asked questions to the staff about their clothing production or work with sustainable consumption and the environment. The Ants shop staff experienced the same thing since they rarely or never received any questions from customers about clothing and its environmental problems. Customers also bought more new clothes than second-hand clothing. / Konsumtionen i världen ökar i en allt snabbare takt och det produceras och konsumeras mer varor och tjänster än någonsin tidigare. En stor del av människors konsumtion består av kläder som köps och slängs i större utsträckning vilket leder till ett flertal miljöproblem som global uppvärmning, föroreningar, förlorad biologisk mångfald och förbrukning av naturtillgångar. Ett sätt att spara på jordens resurser är genom att köpa begagnade kläder, så kallat second hand, istället för nyproducerade. Butikskedjan Myrorna har specialiserat sig på second hand varor och säljer bland annat kläder. Denna studie undersökte konsumenters motiv för att handla second hand kläder på Myrorna samt undersökte om detta har ett samband med konsumenters miljömedvetenhet och deras val att köpa second hand kläder på Myrorna. Även butikspersonalens upplevelse av kundernas miljömedvetenhet undersöktes. Metoderna som valdes var enkäter som Myrornas kunder fyllde i och intervjuer med butikspersonal. Resultatet visade att konsumenternas motiv för att handla second hand kläder på Myrorna berodde främst på det billiga priset och sedan på grund av deras miljömedvetenhet, kunderna var relativt miljömedvetna och funderade ofta på klädindustrins miljöproblem. Dock ansåg konsumenterna att de fick otillräcklig information om ämnet och skulle vilja veta mer. Resultatet visar också att konsumenterna inte agerar utifrån denna medvetenhet eftersom ytterst få av dem ställde frågor till butikspersonal om deras klädproduktion eller arbete med hållbar konsumtion och miljö. Myrornas butikspersonal upplevde samma sak eftersom de sällan eller aldrig fick några frågor från kunderna om kläder och dess miljöproblem. Kunderna köpte också mer nyproducerade kläder än second hand kläder.

The application of composites has been increasing dramatically in aerospace structures recently, for example, composites have contributed over 50 percent of the structure mass of large transport airplanes Boeing 787 and Airbus 350XWB. However, the further usage has been restricted because of the high material and manufacturing costs. Hence, it is essential to utilize cost estimation tools for accurate cost estimation in the early design stages, and then efficient decisions and design optimizations could be made to reduce the cost of composite products. This research project aims to develop a cost model for aerospace carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, which will help designers and cost engineers with the cost estimation for composites manufacturing in the early development stages. The main objectives of the research are to: (i) recognise the standard manufacturing stages and activities of CFRP components; (ii) identify the cost drivers of composites manufacturing; (iii) identify the cost estimation relationships; (iv) develop a cost model that can assist designers and engineers with manufacturing cost estimation for CFRP components; (v) validate the developed cost model through case studies and expert judgements. The process of model development was carried out through four main steps: firstly, conducting an integrated understanding of cost modelling for composites manufacturing; secondly, collecting data for cost modelling from industry and existing literature and databases; thirdly, developing the cost model with several function modules and databases; and finally, taking a validation of the developed model. The developed cost model consists of several modules: material selection, process planning, cost estimation, cost reporting and a user friendly interface. Moreover, the selection and planning modules are combined with databases including material and process. The developed model enables the user to estimate the manufacturing cost and process time of CFRP composites, and it can also help designers realize the impact of design changes on the manufacturing cost. The process planning can efficiently help estimators with manufacturing process understanding and accurate time estimation. Quality control activities are time consuming and investment sensitive in composites manufacturing.

To explore the influence that variations in projective stimuli might have on the respondent's ability to identify with pictorial representations of hands derived from the Hand Test (Wagner, 1961, 1983), 61 young adults (M age = 23) and 60 older adults (M age = 73) were presented with four alternate versions of hand stimuli (young male, young female, old male, and old female) in addition to the original Hand Test. Results indicated main effects for age and gender of respondent, which were primarily consistent with previous Hand Test research. Main effects for gender and age of hand stimuli (p < .05) were also found. Significant interaction effects were revealed for age of respondent by age of hand stimuli and for age of respondent by gender of hand stimuli (p < .05). These interactions resulted in the elicitation of a variety of responses to a differentiated manner than a standard set of Hand Test stimuli. A gender of respondent by gender of hand stimuli interaction effect was also found (p &lt; .05), suggesting that gender alterations of the card may also be beneficial for increasing respondent identification for some individuals. Overall, the results of variations in Hand Test stimuli, as they interact with respondent personal characteristics, indicate the utility of alternate versions of the Hand Test. This is based on the assumption that the respondent will identify with the hand that best resembles his/her hands, resulting in the stimulus performing its projective function to a greater extent.

A área de estudo foi a bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Bocaina que abrange totalmente a área urbana de Passos (MG) que há muito tempo vem sofrendo com problemas de inundações. O trabalho teve como objetivo principal determinar e analisar a potencialidade à inundação da bacia hidrográfica e da área urbana, integrando atributos morfométricos e geotécnicos. Para isso adotou-se duas escalas de trabalho, 1:50.000 para a bacia hidrográfica e 1:10.000 para a área urbana. Ressalta-se que para a execução dos procedimentos metodológicos foi necessário a utilização dos softwares ArcGIS10® e o TerraHidroView 0.4.5® e também de dados e mapas básicos disponibilizados pelo Projeto Grande Minas. Neste trabalho foram elaborados os seguintes documentos interpretativos: a Carta de Potencial dos Meios Físico e Antrópico ao Escoamento Superficial, desenvolvida por meio da ponderação de atributos com a técnica AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process); a Carta de Suscetibilidade Morfométrica à Inundação que classificou as sub-bacias hidrográficas do Ribeirão Bocaina com base em cinco parâmetros morfométricos; a Carta da Distância Vertical da Drenagem mais próxima, obtida com auxílio do modelo HAND (Height Above the Nearest Drainage) e a Carta de Predisposição Topográfica à Inundação para a bacia hidrográfica e para a área urbana, obtida a partir da correlação entre a suscetibilidade morfométrica à inundação e o modelo HAND. Além destes produtos cartográficos interpretativos, foi realizada também uma análise detalhada do potencial à inundação considerando as bacias hidrográficas urbanas, identificando os pontos de confluência críticos que demandam maiores cuidados e os locais que apresentam forte tendência ao crescimento urbano e que poderão proporcionar aumento da taxa de impermeabilização a montante da área urbana e potencializar as inundações. Os produtos interpretativos elaborados servirão de aporte para os gestores e planejadores em suas tomadas de decisão, visando à atenuação dos impactos frente à ocorrência do processo. / The study area was the basin of Ribeirão Bocaina covering the entire urban area of Passos (MG) that has long been suffering with flood problems. The work had as main objective to determine and analyze the potential for flooding of the watershed and of the urban area, integrating morphometric attributes and geotechnical. To that adopted two working scales, 1:50.000 for the watershed and 1:10.000 for the urban area. It should be noted that for the implementation of the methodological procedures was necessary the use of ArcGIS10® software and TerraHidroView 0.4.5® and also basic maps and data provided by Projeto Grande Minas. In this work the following interpretative documents were prepared: the Runoff Potential Map to the Physical and Anthropic Environment, developed through weighting of attributes with the AHP technique (Analytical Hierarchy Process); the Morphometric Susceptibility to Flood Map classified the sub-basins of the Ribeirão Bocaina based on morphometric parameters five; the Vertical Distance of the nearest Drainage Map, obtained with the aid of HAND model (Height Above the Nearest Drainage) and the Topographical Predisposition to the flood Map for the watershed and for the urban area, obtained from the correlation among the morphometric susceptibility to flood and the HAND model. In addition to these interpretative cartographic products, a detailed analysis of the flood potential considering the urban watersheds has been made, identifying the critical points of convergence that demand greater care and those places that have a strong tendency to urban growth and that may increase the waterproofing rate upstream of the urban area and increase flooding. The interpretive products developed will serve as a contribution for managers and planners in their decision-making, aimed at attenuating at the mitigation of the impacts against the occurrence of the process.

This study looks to better understand Swedish consumer purchasing intentions in the online second-hand clothing industry. This study examines factors affecting consumers’ intentions to purchase second-hand clothing online, as well as investigating how gender and a person’s general fashion involvement affects their purchasing intention. / Program: Textile Management, Fashion Management