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L'utilisation de variétés présentant des résistances quantitatives polygéniques est une pratique respectueuse de l'environnement et potentiellement durable pour lutter contre les bioagresseurs. Les résistances quantitatives sont cependant mal connues et encore peu exploitées. Via l'étude de l'interaction Capsicum spp. / Phytophthora capsici, les objectifs sont de (i) caractériser la diversité naturelle de l'hôte pour le phénotype quantitatif de résistance, (ii) décrire la diversité au QTL Pc5.1, déterminant majeur de la résistance, conservé chez les géniteurs et efficace à large spectre, et (iii) déterminer le profil d'évolution moléculaire aux gènes candidats de Pc5.1. L'évaluation du niveau de résistance de ressources génétiques de Capsicum spp. et du spectre de résistance d'un panel d'accessions a permis d'identifier de nouveaux géniteurs de forte résistance au spectre large et a fourni un set d'isolats différenciant les accessions selon leur spectre. Le polymorphisme à Pc5.1 a été révélé par séquençage haut débit. Globalement, Pc5.1 présente un polymorphisme nucléotidique plus élevé que le reste du génome. Les accessions résistantes sont très peu divergentes au QTL, signe d'une forte conservation intra- et inter-génique, alors que les accessions sensibles sont plus polymorphes. Aux gènes candidats, deux haplotypes majeurs ont été identifiés, l'un présent quasi exclusivement chez des accessions résistantes et l'autre chez des accessions sensibles, ce qui confirme la forte conservation du locus et la divergence entre résistants et sensibles. Le déséquilibre de liaison mesuré aux gènes candidats étant fort, surtout chez les C. annuum, 65% des polymorphismes sont significativement associés à la résistance. Cette étude a mis en évidence le caractère contraint de l'allèle de résistance à Pc5.1 et interroge sur l'origine et l'histoire évolutive du QTL, en relation avec sonefficacité à large spectre. Il semble qu'une localisation proche du centromère limite les recombinaisons au locus et que la divergence entre les sensibles et les résistants soit un événement ancien. La détermination de la nature moléculaire et de l'histoire évolutive de Pc5.1 sera poursuivie en approfondissant les analyses de divergence des séquences et en se focalisant sur la validation fonctionnelle des gènes candidats déjà en cours. / An environmentally friendly and potentially durable strategy to control diseases is the breeding for varieties displaying quantitative polygenic resistances. However a few is known about quantitative resistances, which are thus underexploited. Through the investigation of the Capsicum spp. / Phytophthora capsici interaction, this study aimed to (i) phenotype natural host diversity for the quantitative resistance, (ii) describe the nucleotide diversity at the QTL Pc5.1, a major determinant of resistance that is retrieved among genitors and is broad-spectrum, and (iii) explore the pattern of molecular evolution at Pc5.1 candidate genes. Through the phenotyping for level of resistance in Capsicum spp. genetic resources and spectrum of resistance in a sample of accessions, novel genitors displaying strong and broadspectrum resistance have been identified, and a set of isolates that differentiate accessions according to their resistance spectrum has been established. High-throughput sequencing has been exploited to identify polymorphisms at Pc5.1. Nucleotide diversity at Pc5.1 is higher than over the genome. Resistant accessions displayed low divergence thatindicates high intra- and inter-genic conservation, while susceptible accessions are more polymorphic than resistant ones. At the candidate genes, two major haplotypes have been identified, one being almost exclusively exhibited by resistant accessions and the other by susceptible ones, which reinforces the assessments that the QTL is highly conserved and that resistant and susceptible accessions are divergent. Linkage disequilibrium at candidate genes being high, particularly for C. annuum, 65% of polymorphisms are in significant association with resistance. By highlightingthe constraint pattern of selection at Pc5.1, this study wonders about the origin and the evolution history of the QTL, in relation to its broad-spectrum efficiency. A close proximity with the centromere region seems to restrict recombinations at the QTL, and divergence between resistant and susceptible may be an ancient event. The investigation of the molecular function and the pattern of evolution of Pc5.1 will be continued through in depth study of the acquired sequences and functional validation of candidate genes already ongoing.

La phylogéographie intègre l’information géographique et génétique pour inférer l’histoire démographique et les processus évolutifs des espèces. La présente étude recherche à travers les patrons de différenciation de l’ADN chloroplastique (ADNcp) au sein de Santiria trimera (Oliv.) H.J.LAM ex AUBR. [Emend. ONANA] la reconstitution d’une histoire des végétations des écosystèmes de forêts tropicales humides d’Afrique. Le modèle S. trimera est un arbre dioïque endémique des forêts humides d’Afrique dont les drupes sont dispersées par les primates et les oiseaux. Les formes morphologiques de ce modèle sont très variables et suscitent la délicate question de délimitation des espèces. Trois régions de l’ADNcp (l’intergène trnL-F, une portion du gène rbcL et l’intron rpl36-infA-rps8) ont été séquencées chez 377 individus issus de 42 populations de l’île de São Tomé, du Haut- et Bas-Guinéen pour étudier la phylogéographie. Des arbres phylogénétiques ont été réalisés sur des séquences d’un intron nucléaire du gène Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (72 individus) et sur les trois régions chloroplastiques. Une analyse morphométrique a été réalisée sur des données collectées sur des arbres en fruits. A l’aide de 10 locus microsatellites nucléaires, nous avons déterminé la structure génétique entre trois morphotypes sympatriques et analysé la structure génétique spatiale au sein de chaque groupe génétique. Le séquençage de l’ADNcp a mis en évidence des doubles pics sur les chromatogrammes de séquences. L’analyse des séquences clonées de produits PCR, la distribution des sites à doubles pics dans les séquences et dans les populations et les états ancestraux des positions à doubles pics nous ont permis d’interpréter les doubles pics comme résultant d’une co-amplification d’une copie chloroplastique et de copies nucléaires des régions séquencées. Les pics majeurs ont été considérés comme les nucléotides d’ADNcp d’origine maternelle et les pics mineurs ont été exclus de notre jeu de données. Les domaines phytogéographiques de São Tomé, du Haut- et Bas-Guinéen ne partagent aucun haplotype chloroplastique. Le Bas-Guinéen montre une plus grande diversité génétique. Les zones de distribution des haplotypes rares coïncident avec les refuges forestiers hypothétiques. L’analyse morphométrique et la phylogénie des séquences d’ADNcp suggèrent conjointement la reconnaissance de deux espèces bien différenciées. La structure génétique au sein d’une même population présumée suggère que les trois morphotypes en sympatrie dans les populations du Gabon constituent deux réservoirs génétiques différenciés sans individus hybrides. Selon le Concept Biologique de l’Espèce, S. trimera est probablement un mélange de deux espèces. On peut définir une espèce constituée d’individus avec des racines échasses et petites folioles coriaces (SRsl) et une seconde espèce constituée à la fois d’individus avec des racines échasses et de grandes folioles papyracées (SRll) et d’individus sans racine échasse avec de grandes folioles coriaces (NSR). Au vu de ces résultats, la classification taxonomique de S. trimera nécessite une révision. La confusion de ces deux espèces dans les forêts du Gabon explique une plus forte divergence de lignées chloroplastiques sympatriques par rapport aux lignées issues des régions biogéographiques isolées. L’un des deux haplotypes principaux de l’espèce à grandes folioles (SRll + NSR) est distribué dans le nord du Gabon et l’autre est distribué dans le sud. Au sein de l’espèce à petites folioles (SRsl), les zones d’endémisme de lignées chloroplastiques se situent dans l’Ouest du Cameroun qui est considéré comme une zone de fort endémisme et de forte diversité en espèces. Globalement, les patrons phylogéographiques mis en évidence entre lignées chloroplastiques de S. trimera sont compatibles avec les hypothèses biogéographiques basées sur les patrons de diversité et d’endémisme des espèces. / Phylogeography combines geographic and genetic information to infer demographic history and evolutionary processes. The present study of the spatial structure of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) within Santiria trimera H.J.LAM ex AUBR. [Emend. ONANA], a primate- and bird-dispersed dioecious tree typical of African rainforests, provides insights into African vegetation history. This tree displays striking morphological variation which poses the problem of species delineation. Three regions of cpDNA (intergene trnL-F, a portion of rbcL gene and intron rpl36-infA-rps8) were sequenced in 377 individuals from 42 populations from São Tomé island and from Upper- and Lower-Guinean forests to study phylogeography. To study genetic divergence among morphotypes of S. trimera, phylogenies of a nuclear intron of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from 72 individuals and concatenated sequences of the three cpDNA sequences were compared to morphological data from fruit-bearing trees. Using ten nuclear microsatellite markers, we defined the genetic structure among three sympatric morphotypes and analysed the spatial genetic structure within each genetic group. CpDNA sequences revealed double-peaks on sequence chromatograms. Sequences of cloned PCR products, the distribution of double peaks on sequences and in populations and ancestral nucleotides inferred from different taxa of the Burseraceae family enabled us to deduce that double peaks were due to the co-amplification of chloroplast and nuclear copies of the cpDNA region. Major peaks were considered as originating from maternal cpDNA. Subordinated peaks corresponding to the nuclear copies were excluded from our data set. The phytogeographic domains of São Tomé, Upper and Lower Guinea did not share any haplotype. Lower Guinea was the most diversified and the most divergent haplotypes were found in Gabonese forests. Endemism areas of haplotypes coincide with hypothetic forests refuges. Morphometric analyses and phylogenies cpDNA converge to delineating two well-differentiated species within S. trimera. Likewise, the genetic structure within one assumed population suggests that the three sympatric morphotypes constitute two genetically isolated populations without any hybrid. Following the Biological Species Concept, S. trimera is probably a mixture of two species in Lower Guinean forests. The first species is composed of all individuals with stilt roots and small leaflets (SRsl) and the second one is composed of both the morphotype with stilt roots, large and thin leaflets (SRll) and the morphotype without stilt roots with large and tough leaflets (NSR). In the view of our results, the taxonomical classification of S. trimera requires a revision. The confusion of both species in Gabonese forests explains that the highest divergence among chloroplast lineages was found in sympatric populations instead of among isolated biogeographic regions. One of the two major haplotypes of the second species (NSR + SRll) was distributed in the north of Gabon while the other haplotype was distributed in the south. Within the species with small leaflets (SRsl), areas of elevated haplotype endemism in West Cameroon coincided with hypothetic forest refuges. Overall, phylogeographic patterns within our model were in accordance with biogeographic hypotheses based on species endemism and diversity patterns.

The work focuses on molecular genetic testing of patients with Usher syndrome to confirm the diagnosis, to determine the causal cause of the disease and describe new mutations causing Usher syndrome in Czech patients. Usher syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease that is the most common cause of hereditary deafblindness. Based on responsible genes and disease onset is classified into three clinical subtypes. Given the fact that there is currently no specific treatment, there is a need to understand the pathophysiology of this disease and to broaden the spectrum of causal mutations. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the anatomy of the eye, especially the structure of the retina. Attention is also paid to retinal diseases, such as the progressive loss of vision characteristic for retinitis pigmentosa (RP). RP may occur either as an isolated disorder or also affecting other organs, so-called syndromic RP. Classic syndromic RP includes Usher's syndrome, which the work mainly deals with. The theoretical part of the thesis describes mainly the mechanism of the disease, the functions of individual Usher proteins and the genes that encode these proteins. The haplotype analysis has been previously done for the most common mutations causing Usher's syndrome in Europe Based...

Notre patrimoine génétique dévoile, de plus en plus, les passerelles démogénétiques d’une susceptibilité plus accrue de certains individus à des maladies infectieuses complexes. En vue d’une caractérisation de la variabilité génétique des populations ouest-africaines, nous avons analysé 659 chromosomes X au locus dys44 qui comprend, 35 SNPs et un microsatellite distribués sur 2853 pb en amont et 5034 pb en aval de l’exon 44 du gène de la dystrophine en Xp21.3. Les génotypes obtenus, par ASO dynamique et électrophorèse sur gel d’acrylamide, ont servi à la détermination des haplotypes. Des paramètres comme la diversité haplotypique (G) et l'indice de fixation (Fst) ont été calculés. Des analyses en composantes principales ainsi que multidimensionnelles ont été réalisées. Sur 68 haplotypes détectés, 26 sont nouveaux, et cette région, avec une diversité haplotypique moyenne (Gmoy) de 0,91 ± 0,03, se révèle beaucoup plus hétérogène que le reste du continent (Gmoy = 0,85 ± 0,04). Toutefois, malgré l’existence de disparités sous régionales dans la distribution des variants du marqueur dys44, l’AMOVA montre d’une manière générale, une faible érosion de l’éloignement génétique entre les populations subsahariennes (Fst = 1,5% ; p<10-5). Certains variants tel que l’haplotype eurasien B006 paraissent indiquer des flux transsahariens de gènes entre les populations nord-africaines et celles subsahariennes, comme l’exemplifie le pool génétique de l’une des populations ubiquitaires de la famille linguistique Nigéro-congolaise : Les Fulani. Nos résultats vont aussi dans le sens d’un héritage phylétique commun entre les Biaka, les Afro-américains et les populations de la sous-famille de langues Volta-Congo. / The unravelling of our genetic heritage has revealed a demogenetic segueway leading to an increased susceptibility of certain individuals to complex infectious diseases. In order to characterize genetic variability among the West African populations, we analyzed 659 X chromosomes at the dys44 locus which comprises 35 SNPs and a microsatellite spanning a region 2853 bp upstream and 5034 bp downstream of exon 44 of the dystrophine gene in Xp21.3. The resulting genotypes, obtained by dynamic allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization and acrylamide gel electrophoresis, were used for haplotype construction. Gene diversity parameters such as the haplotypic diversity (G) and fixation indexes (Fst) were estimated. Multidimensional analysis of the data, including principal component analysis was also performed. Of the 68 distinct haplotypes detected in our data set, 26 were novel. The mean haplotypic diversity (Gmoy) was 0.91 ± 0.03 for this West African region which was shown to be more heterogeneous than the rest of the continent (Gmoy = 0.85 ± 0.04). However, despite certain sub-regional differences in the distribution of dys44 variants, the analysis of molecular variance showed an overall decline in the genetic distance between Sub-Saharan populations (Fst = 1.5% ; p<10-5). Certain variants, such as the Eurasian-specific haplotype B006, appear to suggest a Trans-Saharan gene flux between North African and Sub-Saharan populations as exemplified by the observed genetic pool of one of the ubiquitous populations of the Nigerian-Congolese linguistic family: The Fulani. Our results are also in agreement with a phyletic heritage between the Biaka, the Afro-Americans and the populations of the Volta-Congo language subfamilies.

Genetic causes of medullary thyroid carcinoma and Hirschsprung's disease Abstract Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) are classified as simple neurocristopathies, i.e. diseases linked to neural crest-derived cells. MTC is derived from parafollicular cells of the thyroid and HSCR is characterized by absence of enteric ganglia in the gastrointestinal tract. The RET proto-oncogene is only expressed in neural crest-derived cells, including parafollicular cells and enteric neurons. The RET encodes a transmembrane tyrosinekinase receptor that plays an important role during proliferation, differentiation and cell survival, and activates many signaling pathways. If the strictly regulated activation fails, e.g. due to mutations in the specific gene locations, the RET becomes a highly effective oncogene. Activating germline mutations in the RET proto- oncogene lead to hereditary forms of MTC, whereas sporadic forms of MTC are caused by somatic mutations in the tumor tissue. On the contrary, inactivating mutations induce migration failure of ganglion cell precursors during the development of enteric nervous system and result in the development of HSCR. In rare cases, the coexistence of both diseases is caused by mutations with a dual gain-of-function and loss-of-function character....

A associação não aleatória entre alelos de diferentes lócus caracteriza o que é chamado de desequilíbrio de ligação (DL) entre eles. A extensão do DL nas populações humanas pode ser influenciada por muitos fatores, tais como taxa de recombinação, características demográficas (idade, tamanho e taxa de crescimento) e fatores evolutivos (deriva genética, efeito fundador, gargalos populacionais, mutação, seleção e fluxo gênico). Portanto, o conhecimento dos padrões do DL fornecem dados que auxiliam na descrição dos eventos demográficos e evolutivos sofridos pelas populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os padrões de DL de quatro populações brasileiras e correlacioná-los com suas respectivas histórias demográficas, uma vez que estas populações experimentaram alguns dos eventos evolutivos que geram ou retardam o decréscimo do DL, como fundação por poucos indivíduos, miscigenação no momento da fundação e posterior isolamento. Foram analisadas amostras de três populações remanescentes de quilombos do Estado do Piauí, Gaucinha (GAU, n = 14), Mimbó (MIB, n = 15) e Sítio Velho (STV, n = 15) e da população urbana de Teresina, Piauí (TES, n = 15), além de sete amostras populacionais do projeto HapMap (CEU, CHB, JPT, ASW, LWK, MKK, YRI, todas com n = 15). Foram genotipados mais de 250 mil SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) utilizando-se o GeneChip® Human Mapping 250K Nsp I Array - Affymetrix® nas amostras das quatro populações brasileiras. Os dados brutos das populações do HapMap para este array foram obtidos na página do projeto. Os genótipos para todas as amostras foram determinados pelo algoritmo CRLMM após comparação com o algoritmo BRLMM, e as análises de DL e determinação dos blocos de haplótipos foram realizadas com o uso do programa Haploview. Considerando-se o número de blocos de haplótipos detectados em cada população estudada, padrão semelhante foi observado em todos os autossomos. Em geral, a população europeia (CEU) e as duas populações asiáticas (CHB e JPT) do HapMap apresentaram os maiores números de blocos, enquanto que os menores números foram observados nos quilombos GAU e MIB e na população TES. As populações africanas LWK, MKK e YRI e a população afro-americana ASW apresentaram os valores intermediários e a população afro-brasileira STV, apresentou um número de blocos apenas inferior a CEU, CHB e JPT. A grande contribuição africana nos quilombos GAU e MIB pode explicar o menor DL observado nestas comunidades. Por outro lado, o menor DL em TES se deve, provavelmente, à sua fundação, que envolveu um maior número de indivíduos e foi seguida por um rápido crescimento. A possível explicação para o maior DL observado em STV, em relação aos demais quilombos, consiste em sua peculiar história demográfica: esta comunidade experimentou uma miscigenação no momento de sua fundação, que foi seguida por um crescimento lento e pouca diferenciação. Assim, foi demonstrado como os eventos demográficos de cada população influenciam seus respectivos padrões de DL. / The non-random association between alleles of different loci characterizes what is called linkage disequilibrium (LD) between them. The LD extent in human populations can be influenced by many factors, such as recombination rate, demographic features (age, size and growth rate) and evolutionary events (genetic drift, founder effects, population bottlenecks, mutation, selection and gene flow). Therefore, knowledge of the LD patterns provides data that assists in describing the evolutionary and demographic events experienced by populations. The aim of this study was to describe the LD patterns of four Brazilian populations and correlate these patterns with their respective demographic histories, since these populations have experienced some of the evolutionary events that produce or retard the LD decrease, such as foundation by few individuals, admixture at the founding moment and subsequent isolation. Samples from three quilombo remnants populations of the Piauí State, Gaucinha (GAU, n = 14), Mimbó (MIB, n = 15) and Sítio Velho (STV, n = 15) and the urban population of Teresina, Piauí (TES, n = 15), and seven population samples from the HapMap Project (CEU, CHB, JPT, ASW, LWK, MKK, YRI, all with n = 15) were analyzed. More than 250 thousand SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were genotyped using the GeneChip ® Human Mapping 250K Nsp Array I - Affymetrix ® in the samples of the four Brazilian populations. Raw data of the HapMap population samples for this array were obtained from the HapMap homepage. Genotypes for all samples were determined by CRLMM algorithm after comparison with the BRLMM algorithm. LD analyzes and determination of haplotype blocks were performed using the Haploview software. Considering the number of haplotype blocks detected in each population, a consistent pattern was observed for all autosomes. The European population (CEU) and the two Asian populations (CHB and JPT) of the HapMap showed the highest numbers of blocks, while the lowest numbers were observed in the GAU and MIB quilombos and in the TES population. The African populations, LWK, MKK and YRI, and the African-American ASW exhibited intermediate values and the African-Brazilian population STV, presented a number of blocks smaller than that observed for CEU, CHB and JPT. The great African contribution in the GAU and MIB quilombos may explain the lower LD observed in these communities. On the other hand, the lower LD in TES is probably due to its foundation that involved a larger number of individuals and was followed by a fast growth. A possible explanation for the higher LD observed in STV, compared to other quilombos, consists in its particular demographic history: this community experienced admixture at the time of its foundation, which was followed by slow growth and low differentiation. Thus, it was shown how the demographic events of each population influence their respective LD patterns.

A asma brônquica é doença inflamatória crônica complexa das vias aéreas provocada pela interação de fatores genéticos e ambientais. O gene HLA-G (Antígeno Leucocitário Humano G) foi identificado como gene de susceptibilidade à asma, codificando uma molécula não clássica do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC, do inglês Major Histocompatibility Complex) de classe I com função moduladora das células do sistema imunológico. Nesse contexto, avaliamos o papel do HLA-G na asma afim de identificar genótipos, alelos e haplótipos associados com proteção ou susceptibilidade nas diferentes formas de apresentação da doença. Investigamos os sítios polimórficos da região 3\' não traduzida (3\'UTR-untranslated region) do HLA-G (14 pb Ins/Del, + 3001 C/T, +3003 C/T, +3010 C/G, +3027 A/C, +3035 C/T, +3142 C/G, +3187 A/G e +3196 C/G) em 118 pacientes asmáticos estratificados em asma leve ou moderada e grave e 183 indivíduos brasileiros saudáveis. Testes de associação foram realizados para avaliar as frequências dos genótipos, alelos e haplótipos da 3\'UTR do HLA-G na asma brônquica, considerada como grupo total ou estratificada de acordo com a gravidade da doença. Nossos resultados demonstraram que as frequências dos alelos +3001 C, +3003 C, +3035 C e +3196 C e do genótipo 14 bp DI estavam aumentadas no grupo total e nas diversas formas de apresentação da doença. Os alelos +3010 C e +3142 G e o genótipo +3010 CC estavam mais representados em pacientes com asma leve ou moderada. Por outro lado, os genótipos +3010 GG, +3142 CG e +3187 AG e o alelo +3010 G apresentaram maior frequência nos asmáticos graves, estando fortemente associados com o desenvolvimento da forma grave da asma. Além disso, os genótipos 14 pb II, +3010 CC e +3142 GG e o alelo +3010 C conferiram proteção à asma grave. Além disso, identificamos um haplótipo da 3\'UTR do HLA-G associado ao desenvolvimento de asma brônquica, a UTR-8, e um haplótipo que conferiu proteção contra a mesma, a UTR-7. Concluindo, neste estudo, observamos frequências diferenciais de sítios polimórficos do segmento 3\'UTR do HLA-G associados com predisposição à asma brônquica e, também, com a gravidade da doença / Bronchial asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways caused by the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The HLA-G (Human Leucocyte Antigen G) gene was identified as a susceptible marker for bronchial asthma, encoding a nonclassical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecule, considered to be an important immune check point modulator. In the present study, we evaluated the role of HLA-G in bronchial asthma susceptibility and disease severity, evaluating HLA-G genotypes, alleles or haplotypes. We investigated the HLA-G 3\'Untraslated region (3\'UTR) polymorphic sites (14-bp INS/DEL, +3001, +3003C/T, +3010C/G, +3027A/C, +3035C/T, +3142C/G, +3187A/G, and +3196C/G) in 118 asthmatic Brazilian patients, stratified according to disease severity into mild/moderate and severe asthma, and in 183 healthy individuals. HLA-G 3\'UTR variation sites were individually analyzed or lumped together as haplotypes. Our results showed that frequencies of +3001 C, +3003 C, +3035 C e +3196 C alleles and 14 pb ID genotype were increased in asthma group considered as a whole and in patients stratified according to disease severity. The +3010 C and .3142 G alleles and the +3010 CC genotype were overrepresented in patients with mild and moderate forms. Similarly, the +3010 GG, +3142 CG, +3187 AG genotypes and +3010 G allele presented increased frequency in severe asthmatic patients. In contrast, the 14 pb II, +3010 CC and +3142 GG genotypes and +3010 C allele conferred protection against severe asthma. In addition, we identified a 3\'UTR HLA-G haplotype that was associated with bronchial asthma development (UTR-8) and one haplotype that conferred protection against asthma (UTR-7). In conclusion, in this study, we observed differential frequencies at HLA-G 3\'UTR polymorphic sites that are associated with bronchial asthma predisposition and, also, with disease severity