Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborg universitet. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-241].

La anomia y la decadencia de las ideologías están en la agenda de la discusión pública desde el derrumbe de la URSS, el término de la guerra fría, la caída del Muro de Berlin, y la nueva fase de la internacionalización de la producción y el comercio conocida como globalización. En dicho contexto surge un nuevo referente: el programa de despolitización de las decisiones públicas basada en una sostenida creencia en la capacidad de la ciencia y la técnica – con énfasis en la tecnología de la información – para encontrar puntos de encuentro – dando por sentado que existen – donde antes las posiciones ideológicas producían desencuentros. Es la posición de la tecnocracia, de los ejecutivos del sector público y privado cuyo rol asciende a nuevos niveles donde las decisiones llegan a una complejidad tal que dejan en segundo plano tanto al burócrata como al gerente. Así el disenso que antes se consideraba inherente a los regímenes democráticos, se atribuye a la ignorancia de las teorías que explican el funcionamiento social, y el consenso sería una fase terminal del avance de la ciencia con su aplicación progresiva a las políticas públicas. (son las visiones de D. Bell, Lipset, Van Dijk, Horkheimer, Habermas, Fukuyama).

Orientador: David Dequech Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T05:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angeli_Eduardo_M.pdf: 1084758 bytes, checksum: 22a2b15b72cdab38dfc4c0402e18ca0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo da dissertação é contribuir ao estudo do pensamento econômico e social de Friedrich August von Hayek, focalizando em aspectos institucionais. Parte-se de taxonomia proposta por David Dequech, buscando-se estabelecer com quais tipos de incerteza Hayek lidava e a causa pela qual ele afirmava que a realidade é complexa. A partir desta plataforma é esclarecido o que Hayek entendia por instituição, regra, cultura e outros termos correlatos e, então, de que forma ele pensava que as instituições atuam sobre o comportamento econômico individual. Por fim, vemos o que significam o ¿racionalismo crítico¿ hayekiano e a teoria evolucionária de mudança institucional, pilares da filosofia política liberal de Hayek, em oposição ao que ele chamava de ¿racionalismo construtivista¿ e ¿Darwinismo Social¿ / Abstract: The dissertation aims to contribute to the study of the economic and social thought of Friedrich August von Hayek, focusing on institutional aspects. It starts with a taxonomy of varieties of uncertainty proposed by David Dequech, trying to identify those with which Hayek dealt and why he stated that reality is complex. Based on this, the dissertation examines what Hayek understood by terms such as institutions, rules, culture and the like, and how he thought that institutions act upon individual economic behavior. Finally, it studies the meaning of Hayek¿s ¿critical rationalism¿ and his evolutionary theory of institutional change, foundations of Hayek¿s liberal political philosophy, in opposition to what he called ¿constructivist rationalism¿ and ¿Social Darwinism¿ / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Orientador: David Dequech Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angeli_Eduardo_D.pdf: 1870969 bytes, checksum: 2e7fd01a02cca6a4c31d8db49941dc79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo da tese, constituída de quatro ensaios, é, por um lado, aprofundar o conhecimento acerca da mainline economics, e, por outro, aproximá-la de alguns debates contemporâneos da ciência econômica. Para isso, apresenta e qualifica como heterodoxa e robusta a mainline economics, uma linha de pesquisa existente ao longo da evolução do pensamento econômico que abre mão de um conceito central à ortodoxia, o de equilíbrio, substituindo-o pela análise institucional sob uma perspectiva liberal. Procura argumentar também que a crítica heterodoxa da teoria econômica convencional não deve ser confundida com a crítica do próprio sistema capitalista. Uma vez que os autores associados à mainline economics, em geral, encontram-se no passado da disciplina e à margem de sua corrente ortodoxa, a tese busca, a seguir, justificar a importância do estudo da história do pensamento econômico e da existência do pluralismo de metodologias em economia. Para isso, levanta dois argumentos associados à escola austríaca, um grupo particular dentro da mainline economics: a abordagem de Israel Kirzner para a descoberta de oportunidades no processo de mercado como analogia ao que acontece na relação entre teoria econômica e história do pensamento econômico, e a defesa da liberdade por F. A. Hayek como incentivo à chance de variação e fuga do modo convencional de se fazer ciência econômica. Tendo argumentado a favor da valorização de autores pregressos em economia e pela liberdade de se adotar metodologias distintas da convencional para se avançar em teoria econômica, a tese busca envolver o pensamento de dois autores associados à mainline economics com debates contemporâneos em economia. Assim, procura apreender o papel do individualismo no pensamento econômico e apresentar ao menos uma interpretação distinta da mainstream economics, mas que busca resgatar o pensamento de alguns dos clássicos da disciplina, qual seja, a de James Buchanan. Por fim, propõe-se avaliar o pensamento institucional de Hayek e sua compreensão de conceitos como instituições, regras, cultura e outros correlatos, bem como as relações entre eles, o comportamento humano e o desempenho do grupo social. Avalia também de que maneira se pode entender o liberalismo de Hayek como resultado de suas posições em economia institucional / Abstract: This dissertation is composed by four essays. Its purpose is to improve the comprehension about the mainline economics and to make it closer to some current discussions in economics. In order to achieve such goals, this dissertation presents the mainline economics, an intellectual project that can be found through the history of economic thought. Usually, the mainline economics does not use the conceptualization of equilibrium, at least not in the same sense of conventional economic theory. In this dissertation, there is an explanation of the reason for mainline economics can be heterodox and robust. It is also argued that a critique of orthodox economics should not be taken as a necessary critique of capitalism nor liberalism. Since economists who can be associated to the mainline economics are usually in the history of economics and they are not associated with economic orthodoxy, it is argued that both the history of economic thought and methodological pluralism in economics can be useful for the economic scientific community. In this context, two arguments related to the Austrian School of Economics are here developed: the place of entrepreneur in Kirzner's approach to the market process as an analogy to what is seen in the history of economic thought, and Hayek's arguments for liberty as a defense of freedom of research and the existence of methodological pluralism. It is argued that, under the Austrian point of view, history of economic thought and methodological pluralism might be more appreciated by economists. Afterwards, two connections between mainline economics and current discussions in Economics are proposed. Firstly, the role played by individualism in the economic thought is introduced and an interpretation that is different from the one held by orthodox economics. This reading is introduced by J. M. Buchanan's perspective. He is a mainline economist who has interesting explanations for the role of individualism in Economics. Secondly, Hayek's institutional thought is presented, in order to be compared to some institutional approaches that have been spreading through the social sciences in the last decades. The relation between Hayek's institutionalism, his liberalism and his interpretation of the role played by institutions over individual behavior and social performance is discussed as well / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

Friedrich August von Hayek hat meines Erachtens die elaborierteste Neufassung der liberalen Theorie im 20. Jahrhundert formuliert. Hayek selbst sah die Gefahr für eine liberale Großgesellschaft in der Überschätzung der menschlichen Erkenntnisfähigkeit, die Menschen dazu veranlasst, Gesellschaften zu planen. Die Konsequenz dieses falschen Anspruchs sah er in der Zerstörung der sozialen Strukturen, welche die Menschen kognitiv zur Planung erst befähigen. In dieser Arbeit zeige ich, dass es davon abweichend eine zweite Form des Scheiterns des liberalen Projekts gibt, welche aber selbst als Resultat der konsequenten Umsetzung desselben verstanden werden muss. Die liberale Großgesellschaft beruht auf einer bestimmten Geltung von Werten, welche die Individuen anerkennen. Meine These ist, dass einige dieser starken Werte selbst durch Marktkräfte selektiert werden und die Individuen im falschen Bewusstsein, dass diese Werte für die Marktgesellschaft konstituierend sind, das politische System zu einer antiliberalen Gesetzgebung animieren. Um dies zu plausibilisieren, soll der methodologische Individualismus konsequent angewendet werden. Dann muss aber der Darstellung der sozialen Ordnung ein Diskurs vorgelagert werden, der sich mit der Erkenntnisfähigkeit des Individuums beschäftigt. Die Art und Weise, wie es erkennt und was es über die Welt überhaupt wissen kann, ist grundlegend für die Art sozialer Ordnungen, die es realisiert. Die Soziologie von Hayek kann meines Erachtens nur aus der Perspektive seiner theoretischen Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie angemessen interpretiert werden. Hier kommt der Referenz auf Hermann von Helmholtz Theorie des unbewussten Schlusses eine überragende Bedeutung zu. Mit diesem Ansatz gelingt der Anschluss der Überlegungen Hayeks an die neueste Interpretation des Gehirns als prediction machine durch Karl Friston. Dies führt zu der Ansicht, dass eine Herrschaft der in der Vergangenheit aufgebauten neuronalen Strukturen über den neu einlaufenden sensorischen Input behauptet werden kann. Das Gehirn ist eine statistische Maschine, die auf Basis eines registrierten Ereignisses die Folgeereignisse prognostiziert. Dies hat zufolge, dass die Wahrnehmung der Gegenwart immer eine Simulation einer möglichen Zukunft darstellt. Wir nehmen die Welt wahr, bevor sie sich gezeigt hat. Dadurch, dass Hayek zugleich eine Variante des Funktionalismus eine Dekade vor Hilary Putnam entworfen hat, und die epistemische Funktion des Marktes hervorhebt, kann der Markt im Sinne der von Clark und Chalmers formulierten These als aktiver Externalismus verstanden werden. Er ist somit als soziales System rekonstruierbar, dass die Wissensgrenze jedes Individuums dadurch erweitert, dass die ihn konstituierenden Prozesse der Außenwelt als notwendiger Teil der intern laufenden kognitiven Prozesse der Individuen verstanden werden. Möglich werden Marktgesellschaften dann, wenn Individuen über ganz bestimmte neuronale Repräsentationen verfügen, die sie zu einem ganz bestimmten Handeln und Urteilen bewegen. / In my opinion, Friedrich August von Hayek formulated the most elaborate rewriting of liberal theory in the 20th century. Hayek himself saw the danger to a liberal grand society in the overestimation of human cognition that prompts people to plan societies. He saw the consequence of this false claim in the destruction of the social structures that cognitively empower People to Plan. In this work I show that there is a different form of failure of the liberal project, which itself has to be regarded as a result of the consistent implementation of it. The liberal great society is based on a certain validity of values that individuals recognize. My thesis is that some of these strong Values are self-selected by market forces, and individuals, in the mistaken awareness that these Values are constituent for market society, animate the political system into anti-liberal legislation. In my opinion, Hayek's sociology can only be interpreted appropriately from the perspective of his theoretical psychology and epistemology. In this context, the reference to Hermann von Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference is of paramount importance. This approach allows the connection of Hayek's reflections to the latest interpretation of the brain as a prediction machine by Karl Friston. This leads to the view that a domination of neural structures built up in the past can be predicated over the newly incoming sensory input. The brain is a statistical Machine that predicts follow-up events based on a registered event. According to this, the perception of the presence is always a simulation of a possible Future. We perceive the world before it has shown itself. By designing a variant of functionalism a decade before Hilary Putnam, highlighting the epistemic function of the market, according to Hayek, the market can be understood as active externalism in the Sense of the thesis formulated by Clark and Chalmers. It can therefore be reconstructed as a social system that expands the knowledge limit of each individual by understanding the processes of the outside world that constitutes it as a necessary part of the internal cognitive processes of Individuals. Market societies become possible when individuals have very specific neural representations that induce them to act and judge in a very specific way. These representations are located on such a high level within Hayek's neural architecture that they decide upon perceptual content. Traditionally, they can be described as norms or values. One of their essential characteristics is their consistency in time. In my opinion, therefore, there is a stage of development within the evolution of the market society, in which the values and normative attitudes that have historically led to the application of the market as a social system must now be abandoned in order to ensure the evolution of the market society. If the adaption time is too small, an interruption of the evolution of the market society may occur. This leads to the paradoxical situation that individuals nevertheless believe that they are realizing a liberal society, which, by the standards of the position developed by Hayek, can only be described as socialist. I will describe this as the self-annulment process of liberal society. In this scenario, the market society does not fail economically, but morally.

Habilitation - Universität, Bayreuth, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references and register.

Cette thèse s’intitule Les racines philosophiques et anthropologiques du destin de l’ordre catallactique chez Friedrich August von Hayek. Von Hayek fut économiste, psychologue théorique, juriste et historien. Mais l’étude de son œuvre montre aussi qu’il fut philosophe et anthropologue. Et, dans une certaine mesure, même s’il ne respectait pas toujours les politiciens, il fit, à sa manière, de la politique, dans son acception non politicienne, puisqu’il eut une réelle compréhension et un très grand respect pour la démocratie. Il tenta plutôt d’influencer, à l’université, lors de conférences internationales, dans ses ouvrages, les intellectuels, spécialement les rationalistes constructivistes, les hommes d’État ou de gouvernement, particulièrement les socialistes et les conservateurs, et, surtout, l’homme de la rue, finalement sur qui portait tout le poids de l’avenir de la civilisation occidentale. À ce sujet précis, il eut tellement de choses à dire. Et ces choses furent le prétexte à l’écriture d’un ouvrage philosophique. En effet, 1943 fut une date importante, pour lui. Il fit paraître La Route de la servitude. Déjà le titre était annonciateur. Dans cet ouvrage, von Hayek voulait alerter le monde des intellectuels, des hommes politiques et administratifs et de l’opinion publique au sujet de la prison vers laquelle tout ce monde, nonchalamment, volontairement, se dirigeait. Et en s’asservissant ainsi, l’homme du XXe siècle menaçait de mort ou d’appauvrissement, à terme, insidieusement, l’Occident. La mort ou l’appauvrissement de la civilisation occidentale, pour von Hayek, serait cataclysmique. Des milliards de personnes, au XXe siècle, survivaient justement grâce à ce qui avait permis à cette grande civilisation de la liberté de l’homme d’apparaître, de se développer et de se maintenir : il s’agissait de l’ordre catallactique. Mais qu’arrivait-il, au XXe siècle, à cet ordre catallactique riche de vies humaines? En fait, ce questionnement portait justement sur cet ordre et surtout sur son destin de plus en plus incertain. L’ordre catallactique, qui apparut, se développa et se maintint, s’affaiblissait ou disparaissait de plus en plus au XXe siècle et ce, malgré le fait qu’il favorisa, il y a des millénaires de cela, la vie à travers un mode différent et nouveau de survie. C’est pourquoi la déchéance de cet ordre, au XXe siècle, le préoccupa et le fit penser et écrire. L’objet de ses réflexions à l’égard du destin incertain de l’ordre catallactique est précisément ce que vise cette thèse : élucider et exposer, dans une perspective exégétique, les racines philosophiques et anthropologiques qui, dans la pensée de von Hayek, ont favorisé l’apparition, le développement et le maintien de l’ordre catallactique et de son déclin. Ainsi, nous avons eu besoin de nous appuyer sur quatre parties, qui sont, elles-mêmes, distribuées en sept chapitres. Première partie et ses deux chapitres. D’abord, nous avons tracé le profil biographique de Friedrich August von Hayek et enfin nous avons présenté une thématique intégratrice autour de laquelle gravite sa réflexion à l’égard du destin de l’ordre catallactique : il s’agit de la vie qui est essentiellement comprise comme une survie. Deuxième partie et son seul chapitre. Nous avons présenté la théorie de la connaissance de von Hayek, qui pourrait se ramener à l’idée suivante : l’homme ou l’intellectuel, du reste, reste un être de limites et d’ignorance. Cette conception, qui peut sembler étrange, possédait le mérite, selon von Hayek, de pouvoir voir au-delà de ce que les sens offrent à l’observation : l’invisible, l’inobservable et l’intangible qui caractérisent les pratiques économiques et les règles juridiques catallactiques qui apparurent, se développèrent et se maintinrent de façon spontanée, abstraite et complexe. Troisième partie et ses trois chapitres. En fait, ils viendront élucider et exposer les racines philosophiques et anthropologiques du destin incertain de l’ordre catallactique. D’abord, nous présenterons les concepts économiques et juridiques d’ordre et de catallaxie, qui sont à la base de l’ordre catallactique. Ensuite, nous tracerons le profil psychologique et anthropologique de l’homme : l’homme sensoriel ou phénoménal, l’homme biologique et l’homme culturel, qui furent à la base de la naissance de l’ordre catallactique et de son déclin. Enfin, nous avons repéré cette biologie immémoriale et psychophysiologique, et cette culture récente et lente au sein de l’histoire de l’évolution humaine afin d’y détecter des mouvements d’évolution – de la biologie à la culture – et d’autres de retour en arrière – de la culture vers la biologie. Quatrième partie et son chapitre. Nous avons présenté la problématique morale ou éthique que le destin de l’ordre catallactique, incertain au XXe siècle, portait en lui. En effet, pour certaines raisons, le système moral ou éthique catallactique n’arrivait plus, au XXe siècle, à concurrencer le système moral ou éthique socialiste ou socialisant issu de la pensée rationaliste constructiviste.

O presente trabalho analisa como o economista austríaco Friedrich August von Hayek estrutura sua teoria da justiça, identificando a realização do ideal de justiça numa sociedade livre com a vigência do Estado de Direito, ou seja, do governo das normas gerais de conduta justa, que deverão ser aplicadas sempre visando a igualdade formal (isonomia). Ainda, discute os motivos pelos quais o autor considera que a liberdade individual só poderá efetivamente florescer em uma ordem espontânea, que funciona baseada na concorrência, a qual só poderá se manter onde vigore o Estado de Direito e, portanto, haja justiça formal. / The present paper analyzes how the economist Friedrich August von Hayek structures his theory of justice, identifying the accomplishment of the ideal of justice in a free society with the Rule of Law, that is to say, in the government of rules of just conduct, which must be applied always aiming at the equality before the law (isonomia). Besides, this paper discusses the reasons why the author considers that liberty can effectively flourish only in a spontaneous order that performs based on competition, which will be maintained where the Rule of Law stands and, therefore, the formal justice is present.

O presente trabalho analisa como o economista austríaco Friedrich August von Hayek estrutura sua teoria da justiça, identificando a realização do ideal de justiça numa sociedade livre com a vigência do Estado de Direito, ou seja, do governo das normas gerais de conduta justa, que deverão ser aplicadas sempre visando a igualdade formal (isonomia). Ainda, discute os motivos pelos quais o autor considera que a liberdade individual só poderá efetivamente florescer em uma ordem espontânea, que funciona baseada na concorrência, a qual só poderá se manter onde vigore o Estado de Direito e, portanto, haja justiça formal. / The present paper analyzes how the economist Friedrich August von Hayek structures his theory of justice, identifying the accomplishment of the ideal of justice in a free society with the Rule of Law, that is to say, in the government of rules of just conduct, which must be applied always aiming at the equality before the law (isonomia). Besides, this paper discusses the reasons why the author considers that liberty can effectively flourish only in a spontaneous order that performs based on competition, which will be maintained where the Rule of Law stands and, therefore, the formal justice is present.

O presente trabalho analisa como o economista austríaco Friedrich August von Hayek estrutura sua teoria da justiça, identificando a realização do ideal de justiça numa sociedade livre com a vigência do Estado de Direito, ou seja, do governo das normas gerais de conduta justa, que deverão ser aplicadas sempre visando a igualdade formal (isonomia). Ainda, discute os motivos pelos quais o autor considera que a liberdade individual só poderá efetivamente florescer em uma ordem espontânea, que funciona baseada na concorrência, a qual só poderá se manter onde vigore o Estado de Direito e, portanto, haja justiça formal. / The present paper analyzes how the economist Friedrich August von Hayek structures his theory of justice, identifying the accomplishment of the ideal of justice in a free society with the Rule of Law, that is to say, in the government of rules of just conduct, which must be applied always aiming at the equality before the law (isonomia). Besides, this paper discusses the reasons why the author considers that liberty can effectively flourish only in a spontaneous order that performs based on competition, which will be maintained where the Rule of Law stands and, therefore, the formal justice is present.