No description available.

O presente estudo se ocupa da implantação e evolução das políticas de saúde bucal no Município de Diadema (SP), no período de 1972 a 2007, onde se observa o processo de transformação das práticas, da odontologia escolar até a abordagem familiar, com avanços e limitações. Analisa a evolução histórica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e das políticas nacionais, estaduais e municipais de saúde bucal. Trata-se um estudo qualitativo do tipo exploratório, conduzido por meio de análise bibliográfica documental e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Foram analisados documentos oficiais do município de Diadema e entrevistas realizadas com os prefeitos, secretários municipais de saúde, coordenadores de saúde bucal e cirurgiões dentistas que vivenciaram as diversas fases e políticas de saúde bucal no município. Busca identificar suas características inovadoras na organização das práticas assistenciais em saúde, enfatizando neste contexto a saúde bucal. Apresenta os resultados obtidos no período considerado, discutindo a política municipal de saúde bucal, localizando a posição da cidade no cenário estadual e nacional e identificando aspectos relacionados às perspectivas da saúde bucal em Diadema. / This study takes the deployment and evolution of oral health policies in the city of Diadema - São Paulo State, Brazil - during the period from 1972 to 1997, that were observed the transforming practices procedures, from the school children dental care program to family health approach, with advances and limitations. It analyses the historical evolution of the Unified Health System - SUS - and national, state and municipal of oral health policies. This is a exploratory qualitative study, which it is conducted through literature review documentary and semi-structured interviews. It is considered official documents of Diadema and it is conducted interviews with Mayors, Health Care Municipal Secretaries, Oral Health Municipal Coordinators and Dentists who experienced the different stages of Oral Health municipal policies. It seeks to identify the innovative practices characteristics in health care organization, emphasizing in oral health context. This study present the results obtained in considered period, to discussing oral health municipal policy, to finding Diadema city position in the State and National scene and to identifying issues related to oral health prospects in Diadema.

O presente estudo se ocupa da implantação e evolução das políticas de saúde bucal no Município de Diadema (SP), no período de 1972 a 2007, onde se observa o processo de transformação das práticas, da odontologia escolar até a abordagem familiar, com avanços e limitações. Analisa a evolução histórica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e das políticas nacionais, estaduais e municipais de saúde bucal. Trata-se um estudo qualitativo do tipo exploratório, conduzido por meio de análise bibliográfica documental e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Foram analisados documentos oficiais do município de Diadema e entrevistas realizadas com os prefeitos, secretários municipais de saúde, coordenadores de saúde bucal e cirurgiões dentistas que vivenciaram as diversas fases e políticas de saúde bucal no município. Busca identificar suas características inovadoras na organização das práticas assistenciais em saúde, enfatizando neste contexto a saúde bucal. Apresenta os resultados obtidos no período considerado, discutindo a política municipal de saúde bucal, localizando a posição da cidade no cenário estadual e nacional e identificando aspectos relacionados às perspectivas da saúde bucal em Diadema. / This study takes the deployment and evolution of oral health policies in the city of Diadema - São Paulo State, Brazil - during the period from 1972 to 1997, that were observed the transforming practices procedures, from the school children dental care program to family health approach, with advances and limitations. It analyses the historical evolution of the Unified Health System - SUS - and national, state and municipal of oral health policies. This is a exploratory qualitative study, which it is conducted through literature review documentary and semi-structured interviews. It is considered official documents of Diadema and it is conducted interviews with Mayors, Health Care Municipal Secretaries, Oral Health Municipal Coordinators and Dentists who experienced the different stages of Oral Health municipal policies. It seeks to identify the innovative practices characteristics in health care organization, emphasizing in oral health context. This study present the results obtained in considered period, to discussing oral health municipal policy, to finding Diadema city position in the State and National scene and to identifying issues related to oral health prospects in Diadema.

This study estimates the association between dietary factors and spontaneous pancreatitis in dogs. A case-control study was conducted using 198 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis and 187 control dogs with a diagnosis of renal failure without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. Information on signalment, weight, body condition, dietary intake, medical history, diagnostic tests performed, concurrent diseases, treatment, length of hospital stay, and discharge status was extracted from medical records for dogs admitted to the Texas A&M University Small Animal Clinic (TAMU SAC) during January 2000 to December 2005. Information on dietary intake, signalment, weight, medical, surgical and environmental history was collected for the same dogs through a telephone questionnaire conducted from November 2006 through January 2007. Descriptive statistics were calculated, tabular analyses performed, and logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Based on information extracted from the medical records, ingesting unusual food (OR=4.3; CI=1.7 to 10.7), ingesting table food (OR=1.5; CI=1.0 to 2.2), or exposure to both of these dietary factors (OR=2.1; CI=1.3 to 3.2) increased the odds of pancreatitis. Collected through the telephone questionnaire, ingesting unusual food (OR=6.1; CI=2.2 to 16.5), ingesting table scraps the week before diagnosis (OR=2.2; CI=1.2 to 3.8) or regularly throughout life (OR=2.2; CI=1.2 to 4.0), and getting into the trash (OR=13.2; CI=2.1 to undefined) increased the odds of pancreatitis. Multivariable modeling estimated the associations of exposure to one or more dietary factors reported through the telephone questionnaire (OR=2.6; CI=1.4 to 5.0), overweight (OR=1.3; CI=0.7 to 2.5), year of diagnosis (OR=3.5; CI=1.9 to 6.5), neuter status (OR=3.6; CI=1.4 to 9.5), non-neuter surgery (OR=21.1; CI=3.3 to 133.9) and an interaction term between neuter status and non-neuter surgery (OR=0.1; CI=0.01 to 0.4). Dietary factors increase the odds of spontaneous pancreatitis in dogs.

This study estimates the association between dietary factors and spontaneous pancreatitis in dogs. A case-control study was conducted using 198 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis and 187 control dogs with a diagnosis of renal failure without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. Information on signalment, weight, body condition, dietary intake, medical history, diagnostic tests performed, concurrent diseases, treatment, length of hospital stay, and discharge status was extracted from medical records for dogs admitted to the Texas A&M University Small Animal Clinic (TAMU SAC) during January 2000 to December 2005. Information on dietary intake, signalment, weight, medical, surgical and environmental history was collected for the same dogs through a telephone questionnaire conducted from November 2006 through January 2007. Descriptive statistics were calculated, tabular analyses performed, and logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Based on information extracted from the medical records, ingesting unusual food (OR=4.3; CI=1.7 to 10.7), ingesting table food (OR=1.5; CI=1.0 to 2.2), or exposure to both of these dietary factors (OR=2.1; CI=1.3 to 3.2) increased the odds of pancreatitis. Collected through the telephone questionnaire, ingesting unusual food (OR=6.1; CI=2.2 to 16.5), ingesting table scraps the week before diagnosis (OR=2.2; CI=1.2 to 3.8) or regularly throughout life (OR=2.2; CI=1.2 to 4.0), and getting into the trash (OR=13.2; CI=2.1 to undefined) increased the odds of pancreatitis. Multivariable modeling estimated the associations of exposure to one or more dietary factors reported through the telephone questionnaire (OR=2.6; CI=1.4 to 5.0), overweight (OR=1.3; CI=0.7 to 2.5), year of diagnosis (OR=3.5; CI=1.9 to 6.5), neuter status (OR=3.6; CI=1.4 to 9.5), non-neuter surgery (OR=21.1; CI=3.3 to 133.9) and an interaction term between neuter status and non-neuter surgery (OR=0.1; CI=0.01 to 0.4). Dietary factors increase the odds of spontaneous pancreatitis in dogs.

No description available.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of lumbar spine surgery and determine which factors modify outcome. A follow-up questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and the Oswestry Low Back Disability Questionnaire (ODI) were sent to working-aged patients who had undergone lumbar spine surgery in the Oulu University Hospital between June, 2005 and May, 2008. Those with a BDI ≥ 10 were further classified into either non-melancholic (NmDS) or melancholic depression (MDS) groups. Potential spinal cord stimulation (SCS) candidates were interviewed via telephone. The postal survey was sent to 814 patients, of which 537 (66%) replied. Of these, 361 had undergone disc surgery, 85 stabilizing surgery and 91 decompression. Pain intensity was milder, the frequency of pain more rare, functional disability minimal and quality of life better after disc surgery compared to stabilizing surgery and decompression, which are technically more demanding operations and the patients’ condition are often more serious. Altogether, 213 patients presented with depressive symptoms (DS) defined as having a BDI ≥ 10, and these were further classified into NmDS (n = 153) and MDS (n = 60) subtypes. ODI differed between DS subtypes: those without DS had minimal, NmDS moderate and MDS severe functional disability. Pain was more frequent and more intense among DS patients. In particular, MDS patients suffered from pain, used more pain medication, but received less benefit from it. Disc surgery patients were divided according to body mass index (BMI): normal, pre-obese and obese. Pre-obese and obese patients gained weight during the follow-up. Obese patients had more DS and a worse functional outcome than normal-weighted or pre-obese patients. Of the entire cohort (n = 814), 21 patients received SCS. Eleven respondents underwent SCS treatment after they had replied. Features predicting SCS treatment were daily or continuous pain, higher pain intensity with predominant radicular pain, more severe pain-related functional disability, more DS and reduced benefit from pain medication. The time between lumbar surgery and implantation of a SCS device was extensive. Based on data from phone interviews, it appears that SCS was not offered to all potential candidates. In conclusion, the outcome of lumbar spine surgery was good after disc surgery but less favourable after more demanding stabilizing surgery or decompression. DS, especially of the MDS subtype, and obesity were more often seen in patients with a poorer surgical outcome. SCS treatment was used late and only for patients with very severe pain. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli arvioida tuloksia lannerangan kirurgiassa ja kartoittaa tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat leikkaustulokseen. Seurantakysely, Beckin depressio¬kysely (BDI), SF-36 elämänlaatukysely ja Oswestryn toiminta¬kyky¬kysely (ODI), lähetettiin työikäisille Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa kesäkuu 2005 - maaliskuu 2008 alaselkäleikatuille potilaille. Beckin depressioasteikko > 10 luokiteltiin ei-melankolisesti masentuneisiin (NmDS) ja melankolisesti masen¬tuneisiin (MDS). Mahdolliset takajuostestimulaatio (TJS) -ehdokkaat haastateltiin puhelimitse. Postikysely lähetettiin 814 potilaalle, joista 537 (66%) vastasi. Näistä 361:lle tehtiin välilevytyräleikkaus, 85:lle stabiloiva leikkaus ja 91:lle juurikanavan avarrusleikkaus. Välilevytyräleikatuilla kipu oli lievempää, harvemmin esiintyvää, toiminnallinen haitta vähäisempää ja elämänlaatu parempaa verrattuna potilaisiin, joille tehtiin vaativampi stabiloiva tai juurikanavan avarrusleikkaus. Kaikkiaan 213 potilaalla oli depressio-oireita (DS, BDI ≥ 10) ja nämä luokiteltiin edelleen NmDS (n = 153) ja MDS (n = 60) alaryhmiin. ODI erottui eri DS alatyyppien välillä: ei-DS-potilailla oli minimaalinen, NmDS-potilailla kohtuullinen ja MDS-potilailla vaikea toiminnallinen haitta. Kipua oli useammin ja voimakkaampana DS-potilailla. Erityisesti MDS-potilaat kärsivät kivuista, käyttivät enemmän kipulääkkeitä ja hyötyivät niistä vähemmän. Välilevytyräleikatut luokiteltiin painoindeksin (BMI) pohjalta normaaleihin, ylipainoisiin ja lihaviin. Ylipainoiset ja lihavat lihoivat seuranta-aikana. Lihavilla potilailla oli enemmän masennusta ja huonompi toiminnallinen tulos verrattuna normaaleihin ja ylipainoisiin. Koko tutkimusryhmässä (n = 814) 21 potilasta oli saanut TJS:n. Yksitoista vastaajaa sai TJS:n kyselytutkimuksen jälkeen. TJS:n saaneilla oli päivittäistä tai jatkuvaa, kovempaa ja pääasiassa jalkaan säteilevää kipua. Kipu aiheutti enemmän toiminnallista haittaa, enemmän masennusta ja nämä saivat vähemmän apua kipulääkityksestä. Aika leikkauksen ja TJS:n asennuksen välillä oli pitkä. Puhelinhaastattelun avulla saatu tieto osoittaa, ettei TJS-hoitoa tarjota kaikille potentiaalisille hyötyjille. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että välilevytyräleikkauksen jälkeen tulos oli hyvä ja vaativampien stabiloivan ja juurikanavan avarrusleikkauksen jälkeen heikompi. DS, etenkin MDS ja lihavuus korostuivat huonommin toipuneissa. TJS-hoitoa käytettiin vain vaikeimmille tapauksille ja odotusajat olivat pitkät.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD / Purpose: To assess the oral health status of 4-15-year-old schoolchildren in the Western Region of the Eastern Cape Province, by determining the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, dental fluorosis, malocclusion and oral mucosal lesions and to create baseline data for planning oral health services in this region. Materials and Methods: The prevalent analytic survey was undertaken on 822 schoolchildren between the ages of 4-15 years in 27 different schools. The sample size selected for this region by the Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, for the National Oral Health Survey of 1999/2000 was used. The data on 209, 210, 209 and 194 scholars in the 4-5, 6, 12 and 15-year-old age groups respectively were collected. The World Health Organization's (1997) criteria were used to determine the prevalence of caries, periodontal treatment needs, the dental fluorosis, malocclusion and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions. Six calibrated and trained examiners recorded the data on a survey form. The WHO survey forms were used for data collection. The data were analysed and processed by the author on Microsoft Excel 2000. Results: The sample size consisted of 1.35 % Asian, 51.89 % Black, 26.07 % Coloured and 20.06 % White scholars. Nearly equal amounts of males (48.3 %) and females (51.7%) were examined. The dental caries prevalence in the primary dentition of 4-5-year-olds with an average age of 4.43 years was 40.67%, with a mean dmft of 3,56. The dental caries prevalence in the permanent dentition of6-, 12- and 15-year-oldage groups was 67.62%, 46.05% and 67.92% respectively. The mean DMFT for 6-, 12- and 15 year olds were 0.05, 1.19 and 2.02 respectively. Gender differences and differences in prevalence of dental caries between the populations groups were recorded. The Coloured children experienced the highest dental caries prevalence. In the 4-5- and 15-year-old groups the males were affected more than the females by dental caries. Prevalent differences were recorded between rural and urban areas in the same population group. The prevalence of periodontal disease in 373, 12-15-year-olds was 79.09%. Only 4.02 % were in need of dental hygiene instructions and polishing. Dental education, dental hygiene instructions, dental scaling and polishing were needed by 75.07% of the children. Dental fluorosis prevalence in 450, 6-15-year-olds was 13.03%. Dental fluorosis did not affect 86.97% of the scholars; 10.63% had mild fluorosis and 2.05% was severely affected. The mean fluoride concentration in the drinking water in this region were 1.07 mgIL, ranging between 0.3-3 mgIL. Definite malocclusion was recorded in only 0.48% of the 12-year-old group, whom needed elective treatment. In the 12-year-olds, 99.52% needed no or slight treatment for no or minor malocclusions. The majority of children had no oral mucosal lesions (91.55%). The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 8.5% in this survey. The most frequent conditions were traumatic lesions (1.96%), dento-alveolar abscess (1.22%) and herpes labialis (1.22%). The intra-examiner reliability for caries, dental fluorosis, periodontal treatment needs and prevalence of malocclusions was 97.66%, 100%, 88.89% and 86.67% respectively. The inter-examiner reliability was 98.75%, 98.34%, 100%, 100% and 100% respectively for the five examiners. Conclusion: This survey indicated a higher prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition (63.48%), than the permanent dentition (41.3%). The mean dmft was 3.65 and the DMFT 1.2, which indicated a low mean caries experience for these children. The WHO goal for the year 2000 for the 6-year-olds of 50% being caries free has not reached for only 32.56% were caries free. The mean DMFT of 1.2 for 12-year-olds in this survey is below the WHO goal of a mean DMFT of 1.5 or less. The lack of available preventative service provision, were ) indicated by the low percentage of fissure sealants (2.8%). The need for dental treatment was highlighted by the need mostly for one-surface restorations. Preventative treatment, two-surface fillings and extractions were also needed. Periodontal disease was a major public oral health concern for this region for a prevalence of 79.09% was recorded for the 12-15-year-olds. The majority of the children affected by periodontal disease (75.07%) were in need of professional cleaning and calculus removal. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 8.2%, 19.87% and 13.05% for 6-, 12- and IS-year age groups respectively. The prevalence of malocclusion was 0.48% for the 12-year-old group. The prevalence of oral mucosa lesions was 8.5% for 4-15-year-old schoolchildren. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that dental fluorosis; malocclusions and oral mucosal lesions were no public concern in this region. The major public oral health concerns were dental caries in the primary dentition and periodontal disease in all age groups. Recommendations: Dental services in this region should be directed towards prevention of dental caries in the primary dentition and periodontal disease in all age groups. The focus of dental services should be primarily on preventative programs and treatments. The public dental treatments needs indicated in this survey, namely scaling and polishing, restorations and extractions, consists of the primary health care package delivery. Currently, no evaluation tool exists to monitor the efficiency of oral health programs, no baseline data for the Province exists. Therefore, the urgent need for dental research and oral health service planning and delivery are recommended.

La presente Tesis Doctoral sigue el formato por compendio de publicaciones, en la que se han incluido cuatro artículos, tres de ellos publicados en revistas de alto factor de impacto Journal Citations Report; JCR Q1, y un artículo en proceso de revisión en una revista también de alto factor de impacto JCR Q1. La transmisión del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) sigue siendo un problema de salud pública. En los últimos años se ha visto incrementado el porcentaje de nuevos casos de personas infectadas por este virus, llegando a desarrollar el Síndrome de Inmunodeficencia adquirida (SIDA), lo que conlleva una disminución de la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) de aquellas personas que lo padecen. Dicho aumento en la transmisión de este virus se ha visto incrementado en mayor medida entre la población joven, por lo que es de gran relevancia indagar e identificar aquellos factores de riesgo que propician la adquisición del VIH en este colectivo. Es por todo ello, que la presente tesis doctoral se dirige al estudio de los factores de riesgo y protección relacionados con variables biopsicosociales y del estilo de vida para el contagio del VIH, así como en la evaluación y asociación del estilo de vida con la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud en población que convive con la infección por VIH. Para ello, en el primer estudio se contó con una muestra de 335 estudiantes universitarios españoles y se evaluaron factores sociodemográficos, estilos de vida y variables de riesgo de transmisión del VIH. Se establecieron diferencias respecto a las características sociodemográficas (edad, sexo, estado civil, situación laboral, situación económica y orientación sexual) y estilo de vida (dieta, ejercicio físico, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y estrés). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que, en general, ser mayor, estar en pareja y estar empleado son factores relacionados con un alto riesgo de transmisión del VIH. En cuanto al estilo de vida, la mala alimentación, una menor intensidad en la práctica de ejercicio físico, la mayor ingesta de alcohol y el tabaquismo se asociaron significativamente con un mayor riesgo de transmisión del VIH, a través de un menor uso del preservativo y una mayor frecuencia de conductas sexuales de riesgo. En este sentido, los participantes que desarrollan un estilo de vida poco saludable tienen el doble de probabilidad de tener un alto riesgo de transmisión del VIH, especialmente con respecto a estos comportamientos previamente indicados. Con el objetivo de analizar en mayor profundidad la relación entre los estilos de vida y el riesgo de transmisión de VIH, en el segundo estudio se analizó la relación entre la adherencia al Estilo de Vida Mediterráneo (EVM), caracterizado por establecer una adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, un alto nivel de socialización y comunicación durante el cocinado o consumo de los alimentos, realización de actividad física regular y buena calidad del sueño, con el funcionamiento y conductas de riesgo para la salud asociadas a la transmisión del VIH. Para ello, se evaluó la asociación entre la adherencia al EVM con el funcionamiento cognitivo, principalmente síntomas prefrontales, y conductas de riesgo para la transmisión del VIH. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 328 estudiantes universitarios españoles con un rango de edad entre 18 y 30 años. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una asociación significativa entre el EVM, los síntomas prefrontales y conductas de riesgo para el contagio de VIH. Los participantes con una alta adherencia al EVM mostraron un menor riesgo de contagio de VIH, ya que presentaron más información sobre el virus, conductas sexuales más seguras y una mayor frecuencia de uso de del preservativo. Los síntomas prefrontales en el dominio ejecutivo mediaron la relación entre EVM y las actitudes y la autoeficacia hacia el uso del preservativo. De esta manera, una mayor adherencia al EVM se relacionó con un menor número de síntomas prefrontales, y, por tanto, con una mayor autoeficacia y actitud positiva hacia el uso del preservativo. Una vez analizada la influencia de los estilos de vida sobre el riesgo de transmisión del VIH en población general, se hacía necesario analizar los estilos de vida en población con VIH, y de la misma manera, analizar la relación de estas variables con el riesgo de transmisión del virus y con el estado de salud. Dada que la transmisión del VIH ha aumentado y con ella, el número de personas infectadas, es importante evaluar aquellos factores del estilo de vida, fundamentalmente relacionados con las prácticas sexuales, y su relación con la CVRS en este grupo de población. Tras la realización de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, se encontró que el cuestionario Medical Outcome Study - HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para la evaluación de la CVRS en personas que viven con el VIH, tanto en contextos clínicos como en estudios de investigación. Por ello, en el tercer estudio de esta tesis doctoral, se estimó la fiabilidad promedio de las puntuaciones del cuestionario MOS-HIV y se evaluaron las características de los estudios que podrían explicar la variabilidad entre las estimaciones de fiabilidad. Además, se estimó la tasa de inducción de la fiabilidad del MOS-HIV. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura previa, que incluyó estudios que informaron de coeficientes α y/o test-retest con los datos disponibles para la puntuación total del MOS-HIV y sus diferentes subescalas. Se incluyeron 50 estudios (N= 14.132) en el metanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad. El coeficiente α promedio para la puntuación total de MOS-HIV fue de .91 y superior a .80 para todas las subescalas, excepto para el RF (funcionamiento de rol), que obtuvo un coeficiente de fiabilidad promedio de .76. Además, se encontró que la inducción de fiabilidad en los diferentes estudios analizados era del 76,1%. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio indicaron que el MOS-HIV es un instrumento fiable para la evaluación de la CVRS en personas que conviven con el VIH, con fines clínicos y de investigación. Una vez que se identificó que el cuestionario MOS-HIV es un instrumento válido y fiables para la evaluación de la CVRS en población con VIH, el cuarto estudio se dirigió a analizar los efectos de los estilos de vida, fundamentalmente relacionados con las prácticas sexuales, sobre la CVRS en población con VIH. En este sentido, en los últimos años no solamente ha aumentado la transmisión de VIH, sino que también han aparecido nuevas prácticas sexuales que favorecen dicha transmisión. Una de estas nuevas prácticas es el Chemsex, es decir, un nuevo comportamiento sexual de riesgo que implica la participación en relaciones sexuales bajo la influencia del efecto de diferentes drogas. Estas nuevas prácticas sexuales de riesgo han mostrado un aumento significativo durante los últimos años, lo que conlleva un grave problema de salud pública, especialmente cuando el Chemsex es practicado por personas con un diagnóstico de VIH. Por ello, se analizaron las características de las prácticas de Chemsex, las prácticas sexuales asociadas y los resultados de salud en una muestra de 101 hombres con VIH que tienen sexo con hombres que acudían al Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (España). Además, también se analizó la asociación entre la práctica de Chemsex y la CVRS. El Chemsex y las prácticas sexuales se evaluaron empleando un cuestionario aplicado ad hoc. La CVRS se evaluó mediante el cuestionario MOS-HIV. En total, el 40,6% de los participantes había practicado Chemsex durante el último año. Cuando se compararon las prácticas sexuales entre los individuos que practicaban Chemsex y los que no, los primeros presentaron un mayor nivel de conductas sexuales de riesgo, especialmente con parejas sexuales ocasionales y múltiples. En cuanto a la CVRS, aquellos individuos que practicaron Chemsex presentaron una peor CVRS en la mayoría de los dominios, especialmente aquellos participantes que lo practicaban con mayor intensidad. La presente Tesis Doctoral aporta información relevante acerca del VIH, su transmisión y su afectación sobre la CVRS en las personas que lo presentan. Se destaca la relevancia de las características sociodemográficas y los estilos de vida en la propensión a desarrollar conductas de riesgo para la infección por VIH, así como la importancia del estilo de vida mediterráneo en la prevención de estas conductas de riesgo, especialmente a través de un adecuado funcionamiento cognitivo. Además, se ha identificado al cuestionario MOS-HIV como “gold estándar” para la evaluación de la CVRS en personas con VIH. Finalmente, se destaca la alta prevalencia de la práctica de Chemsex entre hombres con VIH que tienen sexo con hombres en España y se especifican los efectos negativos que tienen estas prácticas sobre la CVRS, probablemente debido a los efectos mixtos de niveles más altos de conductas sexuales de riesgo y las consecuencias del consumo de drogas.

Utilizing the longitudinal component of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) (1994/1995-2000/2001), designed to collect comprehensive information on the health status of the Canadian population and related socio-demographic information, differences in health status between immigrants and non-immigrants (i.e., native-born individuals) were explored. Specifically, the analysis investigated how chronic conditions influence the health of immigrants, the role of stress and mental health upon immigrant health status, and the influence and role of previously underrepresented variables such as age and arrival cohorts on foreign-born health status. The conceptual approach of this project draws upon a 'population health' perspective, which suggests that the most influential determinants of human health status are non-medical in nature, but rather can be identified as the social and economic characteristics of individuals. Analysis was completed through the use of ordinary least squares stepwise regression and logistic stepwise regression in association with descriptive stochastic methodologies. Analysis of the mental health and stress variables suggests that, contrary to what has been expressed in literature in the past, both immigrants and the native-born do not perceive stress, distress, or depression to be major problems or health concerns in their lives. Furthermore, the analysis indicated, as was expected, that older immigrants are at greater risk of developing more chronic conditions relative to younger groups, and that arrival cohorts, the period in which an immigrant entered the nation, do exert a considerable influence on the health status of the foreign-born. Surprisingly, this analysis indicates that the Healthy Immigrant Effect (HIE), which proposes that recent immigrants, regardless of country of birth, tend to be in better health than the Canadian-born population upon entering the nation, may be more apparent than real, especially when investigating mental health and stress conditions amongst the foreign-born. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)