Health financing policies implemented by nations around the world vary based on who receives coverage and what health system resources are covered. Although, many health systems are attempting to move towards Universal Health Coverage, part of their populations continue to incur out-of-pocket payments for using all or some health services. Some health systems restrict health insurance for certain migrant populations, providing coverage for emergency care only, or none at all. Other health systems fail to provide coverage for prescription drugs, leaving those without the ability to pay out-of-pocket for medications behind. The lack of financial protections against catastrophic or impoverishing healthcare expenditures for these patients may deter them from seeking the care they need or increase the risk of severe financial hardships. This dissertation addresses these migrant and drug coverage gaps by examining the impacts of health financing policies and how these can be changed to move health systems towards Universal Health Coverage. First, this dissertation examines restrictions to refugee health policy in Canada by conducting an interpretive policy analysis to reveal how political actors strategically use causal stories to enact policy change. Second, quantitative studies assessing the effects of health insurance on migrants’ health-related outcomes are systematically reviewed. Third, this dissertation explores a provincial health system without universal prescription drug coverage to establish associations between health services use, prescription drug coverage and immigrant category. Finally, given migrants experience health outcome and health services utilization disparities, an exploratory analysis of factors that impede or assist migrants’ access to prescription drugs is conducted to uncover how these factors influence their health. While each study is distinct, together, these chapters build on each other using mixed methodological approaches to identify ways that address health financing policy gaps to reduce health inequities, build inclusive and cost-effective health systems and strengthen global health security. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The research project intends to investigate the issue of health care accessibility with respect to financial obstacles focusing on the case study of Uganda, where impoverishing effects due to health services utilisation are critical for the population well-being. The thesis consists of three independent chapters aimed to examine multiple aspects which are relevant for health coverage and financial protection. In the first chapter, a political economy perspective is adopted to analyse the country experience of health financing reforms for Universal Health Coverage through a desk review and Key Informant Interviews. In the second chapter, household data from a rural district are employed to explore how the provision of social support through social networks operates at the behavioural level for overcoming barriers to health care utilisation and coping with financial hardship due to health expenditures. The analysis presented in the third chapter relies on a longitudinal household survey to assess the impact of a Community Health Financing pilot program on health expenditures and coping strategies. Overall, the thesis can contribute to the current debate on health coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. On one side, the new evidence based on the collection of primary data and the adoption of innovative methodologies allows to advance the academic knowledge on financial protection. On the other side, the main research findings have the potential to inform policy design and policy making to effectively improve health coverage outcomes in informal settings.

La thèse présente le système de santé en Chine à travers son évolution depuis les années 50 et en fait une analyse institutionnelle pour comprendre comment le gouvernement chinois a réagi pendant les différentes phases de développement face à la demande de la population en termes de protection sanitaire. L’idée de cette thèse est de combiner une analyse institutionnelle avec une étude de cas à Weifang en Chine pour comprendre en profondeur le système de santé Chinois, mais aussi pour essayer de fournir des supports utiles pour les autres études qui pourraient être menées sur ce sujet. / This thesis tries to explain the Chinese health system since the 50s, and make an institutional analysis to understand how Chinese government reacted during different steps of development face to population’s demand in terms of health protection. The purpose of this thesis is to associate an institutional analysis with a case study in Weifang in China to deeply understand chinese health system, at the meanwhile this thesis tries to provide useful support for other future studies on this subject.

Objetivo: elaborar um matriz de decisão, utilizando custos e fatores relacionados à qualidade em serviços públicos de saúde, como auxiliar na análise de incorporação de uma ressonância magnética. Métodos: os cálculos foram realizados pela Análise de Custos pelo Ciclo de Vida , e pelos custos hospitalares correntes, para dois cenários: aquisição do equipamento ou terceirização do serviço.Estipulou-se o ciclo de vida do equipamento em dez anos, a taxa anual de depreciação em 10%, o fator de desconto em 10% ao ano e um incremento anual de exames de 10% até o final do ciclo. Resultados: para o gestor estadual, praticando serviço terceirizado, o custo anual de 1440 exames foi estimado em R$1.211.040,00 e o custo unitário médio do exame em R$841,00. Considerando a aquisição e implantação de serviço próprio, e os cálculos realizados pelo ciclo de vida, o custo anual total foi estimado em R$1.169.280,00 e o custo unitário médio do exame em R$812,00. Para o primeiro cenário (serviço próprio) o Valor Presente Líquido foi estimado em R$- 7.586.892 e para o segundo cenário (serviço terceirizado) em R$ -8.675.617,00. A diferença entre os dois cenários foi de R$ -1.088.725,00. Os demais critérios a serem considerados na análise, contemplando as dimensões técnica, interpessoal e ambiental, foram contemplados em um questionário a ser aplicado com servidores e acompanhantes, cujos resultados deverão compor a Matriz de Decisão. Conclusões: no momento o serviço próprio é o mais viável do ponto de vista econômico-financeiro, com o Ponto de Equilíbrio Financeiro atingido a partir do quinto ano do ciclo. Para completar a Matriz de Decisão, um questionário contemplando fatores de qualidade em serviços (domínios percepção e satisfação) será aplicado com os clientes internos (servidores) e externos (acompanhantes), cujos resultados deverão ser analisados quando da tomada de decisão. / Objective: To develop a decision matrix, using costs and factors related to quality on public health services as an aid in the analysis of incorporation of an MRI. Methods: The calculations were carried out by the Life Cycle Cost Analysis and the current hospital costs for two scenarios: acquisition of equipment or outsourcing serviçe. The life cycle of the equipment was stipulated in ten years, the annual depreciation at 10%, the discount factor at 10% per year and an annual increase of 10% of examinations by the end of the cycle. Results: For the state manager, practicing outsourced service, the annual cost of 1440 examinations was estimated at R $ 1,211,040.00 and the average unit cost of the test in R$ 841.00. Considering the acquisition and deployment of service itself, and the calculations made by the Life Cycle Cost Analysis, the total annual cost was estimated at R $ 1,169,280.00 and the average unit cost of the test in R$ 812.00. For the first scenario the Net Present Value was estimated at R$ -7.586.892 and the second scenario at R$ -8,675,617.00. The difference between the two scenarios was R$ 1,088,725.00. Other criteria to be considered in the analysis, contemplating the technical, interpersonal and environmental factors, were included in a questionnaire to be applied to servers and companions whose results will compose the Decision Matrix. Conclusions: At the time the own service is the most feasible from the economic and financial standpoint, with the Financial Breakeven Point reached at the fifth year of the cycle. To complete the Decision Matrix, a questionnaire on Service Quality (perceptions and satisfactions domains) will be applied to internal (servers) and external (companions) clients, whose results should be considered when making any decision.

Objetivo: elaborar um matriz de decisão, utilizando custos e fatores relacionados à qualidade em serviços públicos de saúde, como auxiliar na análise de incorporação de uma ressonância magnética. Métodos: os cálculos foram realizados pela Análise de Custos pelo Ciclo de Vida , e pelos custos hospitalares correntes, para dois cenários: aquisição do equipamento ou terceirização do serviço.Estipulou-se o ciclo de vida do equipamento em dez anos, a taxa anual de depreciação em 10%, o fator de desconto em 10% ao ano e um incremento anual de exames de 10% até o final do ciclo. Resultados: para o gestor estadual, praticando serviço terceirizado, o custo anual de 1440 exames foi estimado em R$1.211.040,00 e o custo unitário médio do exame em R$841,00. Considerando a aquisição e implantação de serviço próprio, e os cálculos realizados pelo ciclo de vida, o custo anual total foi estimado em R$1.169.280,00 e o custo unitário médio do exame em R$812,00. Para o primeiro cenário (serviço próprio) o Valor Presente Líquido foi estimado em R$- 7.586.892 e para o segundo cenário (serviço terceirizado) em R$ -8.675.617,00. A diferença entre os dois cenários foi de R$ -1.088.725,00. Os demais critérios a serem considerados na análise, contemplando as dimensões técnica, interpessoal e ambiental, foram contemplados em um questionário a ser aplicado com servidores e acompanhantes, cujos resultados deverão compor a Matriz de Decisão. Conclusões: no momento o serviço próprio é o mais viável do ponto de vista econômico-financeiro, com o Ponto de Equilíbrio Financeiro atingido a partir do quinto ano do ciclo. Para completar a Matriz de Decisão, um questionário contemplando fatores de qualidade em serviços (domínios percepção e satisfação) será aplicado com os clientes internos (servidores) e externos (acompanhantes), cujos resultados deverão ser analisados quando da tomada de decisão. / Objective: To develop a decision matrix, using costs and factors related to quality on public health services as an aid in the analysis of incorporation of an MRI. Methods: The calculations were carried out by the Life Cycle Cost Analysis and the current hospital costs for two scenarios: acquisition of equipment or outsourcing serviçe. The life cycle of the equipment was stipulated in ten years, the annual depreciation at 10%, the discount factor at 10% per year and an annual increase of 10% of examinations by the end of the cycle. Results: For the state manager, practicing outsourced service, the annual cost of 1440 examinations was estimated at R $ 1,211,040.00 and the average unit cost of the test in R$ 841.00. Considering the acquisition and deployment of service itself, and the calculations made by the Life Cycle Cost Analysis, the total annual cost was estimated at R $ 1,169,280.00 and the average unit cost of the test in R$ 812.00. For the first scenario the Net Present Value was estimated at R$ -7.586.892 and the second scenario at R$ -8,675,617.00. The difference between the two scenarios was R$ 1,088,725.00. Other criteria to be considered in the analysis, contemplating the technical, interpersonal and environmental factors, were included in a questionnaire to be applied to servers and companions whose results will compose the Decision Matrix. Conclusions: At the time the own service is the most feasible from the economic and financial standpoint, with the Financial Breakeven Point reached at the fifth year of the cycle. To complete the Decision Matrix, a questionnaire on Service Quality (perceptions and satisfactions domains) will be applied to internal (servers) and external (companions) clients, whose results should be considered when making any decision.

Objetivo: elaborar um matriz de decisão, utilizando custos e fatores relacionados à qualidade em serviços públicos de saúde, como auxiliar na análise de incorporação de uma ressonância magnética. Métodos: os cálculos foram realizados pela Análise de Custos pelo Ciclo de Vida , e pelos custos hospitalares correntes, para dois cenários: aquisição do equipamento ou terceirização do serviço.Estipulou-se o ciclo de vida do equipamento em dez anos, a taxa anual de depreciação em 10%, o fator de desconto em 10% ao ano e um incremento anual de exames de 10% até o final do ciclo. Resultados: para o gestor estadual, praticando serviço terceirizado, o custo anual de 1440 exames foi estimado em R$1.211.040,00 e o custo unitário médio do exame em R$841,00. Considerando a aquisição e implantação de serviço próprio, e os cálculos realizados pelo ciclo de vida, o custo anual total foi estimado em R$1.169.280,00 e o custo unitário médio do exame em R$812,00. Para o primeiro cenário (serviço próprio) o Valor Presente Líquido foi estimado em R$- 7.586.892 e para o segundo cenário (serviço terceirizado) em R$ -8.675.617,00. A diferença entre os dois cenários foi de R$ -1.088.725,00. Os demais critérios a serem considerados na análise, contemplando as dimensões técnica, interpessoal e ambiental, foram contemplados em um questionário a ser aplicado com servidores e acompanhantes, cujos resultados deverão compor a Matriz de Decisão. Conclusões: no momento o serviço próprio é o mais viável do ponto de vista econômico-financeiro, com o Ponto de Equilíbrio Financeiro atingido a partir do quinto ano do ciclo. Para completar a Matriz de Decisão, um questionário contemplando fatores de qualidade em serviços (domínios percepção e satisfação) será aplicado com os clientes internos (servidores) e externos (acompanhantes), cujos resultados deverão ser analisados quando da tomada de decisão. / Objective: To develop a decision matrix, using costs and factors related to quality on public health services as an aid in the analysis of incorporation of an MRI. Methods: The calculations were carried out by the Life Cycle Cost Analysis and the current hospital costs for two scenarios: acquisition of equipment or outsourcing serviçe. The life cycle of the equipment was stipulated in ten years, the annual depreciation at 10%, the discount factor at 10% per year and an annual increase of 10% of examinations by the end of the cycle. Results: For the state manager, practicing outsourced service, the annual cost of 1440 examinations was estimated at R $ 1,211,040.00 and the average unit cost of the test in R$ 841.00. Considering the acquisition and deployment of service itself, and the calculations made by the Life Cycle Cost Analysis, the total annual cost was estimated at R $ 1,169,280.00 and the average unit cost of the test in R$ 812.00. For the first scenario the Net Present Value was estimated at R$ -7.586.892 and the second scenario at R$ -8,675,617.00. The difference between the two scenarios was R$ 1,088,725.00. Other criteria to be considered in the analysis, contemplating the technical, interpersonal and environmental factors, were included in a questionnaire to be applied to servers and companions whose results will compose the Decision Matrix. Conclusions: At the time the own service is the most feasible from the economic and financial standpoint, with the Financial Breakeven Point reached at the fifth year of the cycle. To complete the Decision Matrix, a questionnaire on Service Quality (perceptions and satisfactions domains) will be applied to internal (servers) and external (companions) clients, whose results should be considered when making any decision.

Le financement basé sur les résultats (FBR) est un type de financement de plus en plus utilisé dans les systèmes de santé en Afrique. Au Mali, un projet pilote de FBR a été implanté afin d’améliorer l’offre et la qualité des soins, en ciblant des services payés à la performance. Aucune étude n’a encore été publiée pour comprendre le processus de pérennisation d’un tel programme en Afrique ou pour évaluer la pérennité de ses résultats; ceci étant le but de la recherche. La pérennisation a été analysée à travers ses différents déterminants, phases, niveaux et contextes. Ces composantes ont été explorées par différents événements critiques permettant d’obtenir une notion partagée par les parties prenantes de la pérennité du projet. Six centres de santé communautaire et deux centres de référence ont été choisis comme sites. Quarante-neuf entretiens ont été conduits avec les différentes parties prenantes (prestataires de soins, direction, gestionnaires, membres du projet) à divers niveaux administratifs (aires de santé, district, régional et national). Une analyse thématique a été effectuée à l’aide du logiciel © QDA Miner. Les résultats montrent que le niveau de pérennité du projet est faible pour plusieurs raisons. Concernant les déterminants de pérennité, l’investissement de ressources s’est arrêté à la fin du projet, peu de partage culturel se déroulait autour du FBR, peu de nouvelles tâches ont perduré et le projet n’était pas totalement adapté/approprié pour/par tous les acteurs. Peu d’événements critiques permettent de retracer les différentes phases de pérennisation, cependant, un manque de planification au niveau de la pérennité du projet est constaté. Des questions peuvent donc être posées quant à l’approche par projet et les gains potentiels qui pourraient être effectués grâce à une meilleure compréhension et opérationnalisation du concept de pérennité. / Performance-based financing (PBF) is emerging as a new alternative to finance health systems in many African countries. In Mali, a pilot project was conducted to improve demand and supply of health services through financing performance. No study has explored the sustainability process of such a project in Africa. This study’s objectives were to understand the sustainability process of the project and to assess its level of sustainability. The process of sustainability was examined through its different determinants, stages and contexts. These were explored in interviews to discern, via critical events, stakeholders’ ideas regarding sustainability in terms of this project. Forty-nine stakeholders were interviewed in six community health centres and two referral health centres, including health practitioners, administrators (at district, regional, national levels), and those involved in implementing and conceptualizing the program (government and NGOs). A theme analysis was done with the software © QDA Miner. The results show a weak level of sustainability of the project due to many factors. Concerning determinants of sustainability, investments stopped at the end of the project, insufficient cultural artefacts were shared around PBF, few new tasks lasted after the project and the latter was not fully adapted/owned for/by the stakeholders. Few critical events were associated to stages of sustainability; however, a lack of planning could be seen linked to sustainability. Therefore, questions can be asked regarding the project approach and the potential gains that could be made through a better comprehension and operationalisation of the sustainability concept.

Il est admis qu’avoir une mauvaise santé est une des causes principales de pauvreté,particulièrement dans les pays à faible et moyen revenus. Une des raisons de ce constat est une absence de protection financière. L’objectif de cette thèse est de discerner le rôle que l'assurance maladie pourrait jouer dans l'organisation du système de protection financière de la santé. La thèse se compose de deux parties. La première partie aborde les problèmes liés au financement de santé d’un point de vue global. Le chapitre 1 apporte des discussions théoriques sur trois thèmes: 1) les spécificités des risques de la consommation médicale qui rendent la gestion du risque par l’assurance maladie privé difficile, 2) le rôle du gouvernement et du marché dans la répartition des ressources de santé. 3) les options pour l'organisation du financement de la santé. Le chapitre 2 présente une comparaison statistique sur la performance des systèmes de financement de la santé entre des pays à contextes socio-Économique différents. Les discussions sont menées autour de trois aspects du financement de la santé: la disponibilité des ressources,l'organisation du financement de la santé, et la couverture de la protection financière. La deuxième partie qui comporte trois chapitres étudie l'évolution du système de financement de la santé dans un pays donné: la Chine. Le chapitre 3 présente l'histoire du système de financement de la santé en Chine depuis 1950. Il nous aide à comprendre les défis dans le financement de la santé suscités par la réforme économique. Le chapitre 4 porte sur une étude empirique de la répartition de la charge financière de la santé en Chine dans les années 1990. Il illustre les résultats directs de la baisse du financement public et de l'augmentation des paiements directs sur le bienêtre de la population. Le chapitre 5 présente la réforme de l'assurance maladie lancée par le gouvernement depuis la fin des années 1990. L'objectif est d'estimer l'impact de la mise en oeuvre du nouveau système rural d’assurance médical (NRMCS) sur les activités et la structure financière de ces hôpitaux. Une analyse d'impact est réalisée sur un échantillon de 24 hôpitaux dans la préfecture de Weifang, au Nord de la Chine. Nous concluons que le système d'assurance maladie permet un partage des responsabilités financières entre prestataires de services, patient consommateurs et acheteurs de services. Elle inclut à la fois les agents publics et privés dans la contribution au financement de santé, ce qui rend chaque partie plus responsable vis-À-Vis de son comportement en raison des risques qu'il doit assumer du fait de la consommation médicale.Cependant, il est nécessaire de noter que l’assurance maladie sociale n’est qu’une option parmi d’autres systèmes de financement de la santé. La mise en oeuvre de ce système exige un certain niveau de développement socio-Économique. L’assurance maladie ne conduit pas systématiquement à une meilleure performance du financement de la santé si elle n'est pas accompagnée de réformes quant au paiement au fournisseur ou au système de prestation de services. L'engagement du gouvernement et des capacités institutionnelles sont également des facteurs clés pour le bon fonctionnement du système. / It has been widely recognized that poor health is an important cause of poverty, especiallyamong the low- and middle- income countries. One of the reasons is the absence of publicfinancial protection against the medical consumption risk in these countries. This Phd dissertationis dedicated to discern the role that health insurance could play in the organization of healthfinancial protection system. The dissertation is composed of two parts. The first part discusses theproblems linking to the financing to medical consumption from a global point of view. Chapter 1brings theoretical discussions on three topics: 1) the specialties of medical consumption risks andthe difficulties in using private health insurance to manage medical consumption risks. 2) Therole of government and market in the distribution of health resources. 3) The options for theorganization of health financing system. Chapter 2 conducts a statistical comparison on theperformance of health financing systems in the countries of different social-Economic background.The discussion is carried out around three aspects of health financing: the availability of resources,the organization of health financing, and the coverage of financial protection. The second part ofthe dissertation studies the evolution of heath financing system in a specific country: China. Threechapters are assigned to this part. Chapter 3 introduces the history of Chinese health financingsystem since 1950s. It helps us to understand the challenges in health financing brought byeconomic reform. Chapter 4 carries out an empirical study on the distribution of health financingburden in China in the 1990s. It illustrates the direct results of the decline of public financing andincrease of direct payment. Chapter 5 presents health insurance reform that launched by thegovernment since the end of 1990s. An impact analysis is conducted on an original dataset of 24township hospitals in Weifang prefecture in the north of the China. The objective is to estimatethe impact of the implementation of New Rural Medical Cooperation System (NRMCS) on theactivities and financial structure of township hospitals. At last, we conclude that social healthinsurance (SHI) permits a sharing of health financial responsibilities between the service provider,the patient-Consumer, and the service purchaser. It can not only involve both public and privateagents into the collection of funds for health financing system, but also make each party moreaccountable due to the risks they bear from the result of medical consumption. Meanwhile it isnecessary to note that SHI is just one option among others to organize health financing system.The implementation of SHI requires a certain level of social-Economic development. SHI does notsystematically bring better performance on health financing if it is not accompanied by thereforms on provider payment or on service delivery system. Government commitment andinstitutional capacity are also key factors for the good function of the system.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-10-18T22:00:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O ANDREI SOUZA TELES.pdf: 1414050 bytes, checksum: 2b5b002664ea70e3c434943166993948 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T22:00:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O ANDREI SOUZA TELES.pdf: 1414050 bytes, checksum: 2b5b002664ea70e3c434943166993948 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The health care financing consists of a structural and structuring element that underpins economic social practices that take care of human life. Considering the importance of funding the conduct, implementation and success of health policies, this work aimed to analyze the Public Expenditure of the Unified National Health System (SUS) in the state of Bahia, from 2009 to 2012. It is a quantitative study of a descriptive and analytical perspective, comparative and retrospective, covering all 417 municipalities in Bahia. The main data on funding for the health sector were declared by municipalities to Information System Public Health Budgets (SIOPS), collected between 2013 and 2014, and tabulated with the help of the National Health Accounts model (National Health Accounts - NHA), specifically using the Table 1 (Funding Sources for Finance Professionals), which was adapted to the reality of funding and Brazilian information systems. The results revealed that in Bahia public spending on the SUS, accumulated over four years of study, was about R$ 29,23 billion, 30% of which (8,66 billion) for the year 2012. In considering only the resources declared by municipalities to SIOPS, expended by the three spheres of government, there was an increase of 50,58% in the Public Expenditure on Health (GPS), totaling in the period from R$ 17,105 billion. The macro-East draws attention to the large volume of spending, surpassing the mark of R$ 1 billion every year, and two of its health regions, Salvador and Cama?ari, have been in the GPS ranking apex in the period. The health expenditure by size analysis showed that the vast majority of municipalities, about 70% did not reach the level of R$ 5 million. It was found in 2010 that 20% of resources, about R$ 410,30 million, were transferred to the 219 municipalities with the lowest Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM) the state, on the other hand, the 37 cities with the best IDHM received approximately 60% of federal funds, that is, more than R$ 1,23 billion. It was evident also that 30% of resources, approximately R$ 615,45 million, was allocated to 40% of the population, which is spread over 348 municipalities of the total of 417 present in Bahia and 50%, equivalent to more than R$ 1 billion, were also transferred to 40% of the population, but that is distributed in only 17 municipalities. With regard to the volume of federal funds specifically for the Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU), from 2009 to 2012, noted an increase of 148,31%, highlighting the East macro-region. However, half of the state health regions did not show whether spending records with this service. The relative share of SAMU as Average funding block component and high complexity grew in the period, reached 6,67% in 2012. Data analysis identified the existing inequalities in the distribution of resources among regions, health regions and municipalities in the state of Bahia, but also inequalities, as municipalities and regions were favored already privileged socioeconomic at the expense of locations where populations are greater risks of illness and death, which remained being contemplated with proportionally fewer resources in relation to their health needs. It is not intended to generalize these results, but it is expected this study to contribute in the formulation of health policy, planning and management of resources within the SUS. / O financiamento da aten??o ? sa?de consiste em um elemento estrutural e estruturante que alicer?a economicamente as pr?ticas sociais que cuidam da vida humana. Considerando a import?ncia do financiamento na condu??o, na execu??o e no ?xito das pol?ticas de sa?de, esta disserta??o teve como objetivo analisar o Gasto P?blico do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (SUS) no estado da Bahia, no per?odo de 2009 a 2012. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo do tipo descritivo-anal?tico, comparativo e retrospectivo, que abrangeu todos os 417 munic?pios baianos. Os principais dados acerca dos recursos financeiros destinados ao setor sa?de foram declarados pelos munic?pios ao Sistema de Informa??es sobre Or?amentos P?blicos em Sa?de (SIOPS), coletados entre 2013 e 2014, e tabulados com o aux?lio do modelo de Contas Nacionais de Sa?de (National Health Accounts ? NHA), especificamente com uso a Tabela 1 (Fontes de Financiamento por Agentes de Financiamento), que foi adaptada ? realidade do financiamento e dos sistemas de informa??o brasileiros. Os resultados revelaram que na Bahia o gasto p?blico com o SUS, acumulado nos quatro anos de estudo, foi de cerca de R$ 29,23 bilh?es, sendo 30% deste total (8,66 bilh?es) referentes ao ano de 2012. Ao considerar apenas os recursos declarados pelos munic?pios ao SIOPS, dispendidos pelas tr?s esferas de governo, verificou-se um crescimento de 50,58% no Gasto P?blico em Sa?de (GPS), totalizando no quadri?nio R$ 17,105 bilh?es. A macrorregi?o Leste chama aten??o pelo grande volume de gasto, ultrapassando a cifra de R$ 1 bilh?o em todos os anos, sendo que duas de suas regi?es de sa?de, Salvador e Cama?ari, estiveram no ?pice do ranking de GPS, no per?odo. A an?lise por porte de gasto em sa?de mostrou que a grande maioria dos munic?pios, cerca de 70%, n?o alcan?ou o patamar dos R$ 5 milh?es. Constatou-se, em 2010, que 20% dos recursos, cerca de R$ 410,30 milh?es, foram transferidos para os 219 munic?pios com os menores ?ndices de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) do estado; por outro lado, os 37 munic?pios com os melhores IDHM, receberam, aproximadamente, 60% dos recursos federais, isto ?, mais de R$ 1,23 bilh?es. Evidenciou-se tamb?m que 30% dos recursos, em torno de R$ 615,45 milh?es, foi destinado a 40% da popula??o, que se encontra espalhada por 348 munic?pios do total de 417 presentes na Bahia e 50%, o equivalente a mais de R$ 1 bilh?o, foram transferidos tamb?m para 40% da popula??o, mas que se distribui por apenas 17 munic?pios. No que concerne ao volume de recursos federais destinados especificamente para o Servi?o de Atendimento M?vel de Urg?ncia (SAMU), de 2009 a 2012, notou-se um aumento de 148,31%, com destaque para a macrorregi?o Leste. Todavia, metade das regi?es de sa?de do estado n?o apresentou sequer registros de gasto com esse servi?o. A participa??o relativa do SAMU como componente do bloco de financiamento de M?dia e Alta Complexidade cresceu no per?odo, atingido 6,67%, em 2012. A an?lise dos dados permitiu identificar desigualdades existentes na distribui??o dos recursos entre macrorregi?es, regi?es de sa?de e munic?pios do estado da Bahia, e tamb?m iniquidades, uma vez que foram favorecidos os munic?pios e regi?es privilegiados socioeconomicamente, em detrimento das localidades onde as popula??es encontram maiores riscos de adoecer e morrer, as quais permaneceram sendo contempladas com recursos proporcionalmente menores em rela??o ?s suas necessidades de sa?de. N?o se pretende generalizar esses resultados, mas se espera com este estudo poder contribuir nos processos de formula??o da pol?tica de sa?de e de planejamento e gest?o dos recursos no ?mbito do SUS.

Dans l'optique du troisième Objectif de Développement Durable ("Santé et Bien-Etre pour tous"), il est nécessaire d'augmenter les ressources consacrées à la santé dans les pays à faible revenus, mais aussi de s'assurer que ces ressources sont allouées de façon optimale. Pour cela, les mesures d'efficience sont un outil d'analyse adapté pour évaluer la performance des systèmes au niveau macroéconomique ou des établissement de santé au niveau microéconomique, afin d'obtenir "plus de santé pour son argent" (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, 2010). Au travers de ses quatre chapitres, cette thèse s'inscrit dans la littérature empirique de l'évaluation de l'efficience des systèmes de santé.Le premier chapitre est une revue méthodologique des mesures non-paramétriques d'efficience, utilisées dans les trois chapitres empiriques qui suivent. Le second chapitre estime l'efficience d'un échantillon de 120 pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire de 1997 à 2014. On considère que les systèmes de santé produisent des résultats en termes de santé (de la survie maternelle et infantile) grâce à des dépenses de santé. Les résultats montrent que, pour un état de santé identique, les pays de l'échantillon pourraient dépenser 20\% de ressources en moins en moyenne, et que l'inefficience augmente avec le niveau de développement.Les deux derniers chapitres sont des études de cas. Le troisième porte sur un échantillon d'hôpitaux municipaux à Weifang, dans la province chinoise du Shandong. Il met en lumière, grâce à des données d'enquête, le potentiel d'amélioration en termes de performance, et le rôle de certains facteurs sur l'inefficience des hôpitaux: la demande de soins, et la part de subventions dans leur revenu. Le quatrième chapitre traite de l'efficience des établissements de soins de santé primaires à Oulan-Bator, en Mongolie. Avec les mêmes ressources, ils pourraient produire 30\% de soins supplémentaires en moyenne. Le bassin de desserte est positivement associé au niveau d'efficience, mais la faible rémunération du personnel, ainsi qu'un équilibre sous-optimal entre personnel médical et non-médical semblent freiner l'efficience des établissements de santé. / In the perspective of the third Sustainable Development Goal ("Good Health and Well-being"), it is necessary to increase financial resources for health in low income countries, but also to ensure that those resources are optimally allocated. To this purpose, efficiency measures appear as a useful tool to assess the performance of healh systems at the macroeconomic level, or of health facilities as the microeconomic level to get "more health for the money" (WHO,2010). Through its four chapters, this thesis provides some empirical evidence to the assessment of the efficiency of health system.The first chapter is a methodological review of nonparametric efficiency measures, used in the three empirical studies that follow. The second chapter assesses the efficiency of a sample of 120 low and middle income countries over the 1997/2014 period. Production function is defined as health expenditures producing health outcomes (maternal and juvenile survival). It concludes that, for the same health outcomes, countries could spend more than 20\% for the same health outcomes, and that inefficiency increases with the level of development of coutries. The last two chapters are case studies. The third one focuses on Township Health Centers in Weifang, Shandong province, China, relying on survey data. It highlights the potential for performance improvement and the role of demand side determinants and of the share of subsidies in incomes to explain efficiency scores. The fourth chapter deals with the efficiency of primary healthcare facilities in Ulan-Bator, Mongolia. It concludes that efficiency could be spurred by about 30\%. Demand side factors are positively associated to efficiency, but low levels of staff remuneration, as well as a suboptimal balance between medical and non-medical staff seem to hinder activity and efficiency of health facilities.