Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Hjärt -och kärlsjukdom är den vanligaste folksjukdomen i Sverige. Fler män än kvinnor drabbas och c:a 20% av de som drabbats lider utav rörelserädsla. Fysisk aktivitet är en viktig del i primär- och sekundärprevention. Livskvaliteten kan påverkas negativt efter hjärt-och kärlsjukdom. Syfte: Syftet var att studera samband mellan självskattad fysisk aktivitet, självskattad rörelserädsla och självskattad livskvalitet hos individer som drabbats av hjärtinfarkt och/eller genomgått hjärtoperation. Syftet var även att studera om det fanns några könsskillnader avseende rörelserädsla och livskvalitet i denna patientgrupp. Metod: Studien var en icke-experimentell kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där enkäter lagt grunden till beskrivande, korrelerande och jämförande design. Resultat: 29 deltagare medverkade. Totalt 19% av deltagarna led av rörelserädsla. Det förekom ingen skillnad mellan könen i median avseende varken rörelserädsla eller livskvalitet. Korrelationskoefficienten var 0,387 (p = 0,07) mellan fysisk aktivitet och livskvalitet i hela gruppen. Sambandet mellan rörelserädsla och livskvalitet var r = -0,460 (p = 0,03). Konklusion: Resultatet stämmer överens med tidigare forskning avseende andelen individer som lider utav rörelserädsla. Inga skillnader påvisades mellan fysisk aktivitet och livskvalitet men ett måttligt negativt samband förelåg mellan rörelserädsla och livskvalitet.

Chaque année, l’arrêt cardiaque extra-hospitalier, plus communément appelé mort subite, est responsable de plus de 40 000 décès en France. Le plus souvent, cela constitue l’ultime complication d’un infarctus du myocarde ou d’autres maladies cardiovasculaires. Le développement des méthodes de réanimation cardio-pulmonaire (RCP), leur diffusion publique et l’amélioration de la prise en charge pré-hospitalière (« chaîne de survie ») ontpermis une forte augmentation du pourcentage de patients réanimés après un arrêt cardiaque depuis une trentaine d’années. Malheureusement, la reprise d’une activité circulatoire spontanée ne constitue que la première étape de cette prise en charge et la majorité des patients décèdent dans les jours suivants de défaillances multiviscérales regroupées sous le nom de « syndrome post-arrêt cardiaque » 2. Seule une minorité de patients peut i fine survivire et sortirt de l’hôpital après une bonne récupération neurologique. Depuis de nombreuses années, les chercheurs tentent donc de découvrir des stratégies cardioprotectrices et neuroprotectrices dont l’application permettrait d’améliorer le pronostic de ces patients. / Summary not transmitted

Thesis (MPH) -- University of Limpopo, 2007. / Aim of the study: To determine knowledge of CPR and heart attack or cardiac arrest signs and symptoms among university students. Study Design: A questionnaire based descriptive, cross – sectional study. Setting: University of Limpopo – Turfloop Campus in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Subjects: A total sample of 400 students participated in the study. The sample was selected randomly using simple random sampling techniques. Outcome measures: The faculty, age, gender and level of study were determined as well as the knowledge each student has on signs and symptoms of impending heart attack and CPR. Results: Of the 400 students only 26% (n=104) knew the signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack as well as out of hospital management of heart attack by performing CPR. There were differences between and within faculties, age groups, gender and level of study. Based on the Bonferroni test the student from faculty of Sciences, Health and Agriculture are more likely (p-value 0017) to know when to perform CPR compared to students from other faculties. Level of study is not associated (p-value 0128) with how much the students know about the timing and indications of CPR. Overall female students performed worse with 79% (n=123) responding incorrectly to the questions compared to 69% (n=169) males. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study it safely can be concluded that the students’ knowledge of signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack and CPR procedure is poor. It is therefore important for the university as a center of teaching and learning to consider including as part of university curriculum, basic life support v and first aid courses which include CPR. The inclusion of basic life support and first aid in university curriculum will prepare students to be able to effectively manage out of hospital heart attack and reduce mortality resulting from the latter. The findings of this study might to a certain extent be reflecting what the public’s knowledge on the subject is, hence the need for the policy makers to take serious note of the findings when public health promotion programmes are developed.

Background: During the past 50 years, novel diagnostic tools, interventional approaches, and population-wide changes in the major coronary risk factors have occurred. However, few studies have examined relatively recent trends in the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and the short-term outcomes of patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from the more generalizable perspective of a population-based investigation. Methods:We examined decade long trends (2001 to 2011) in patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment practices, and hospital outcomes among residents of the Worcester metropolitan area hospitalized with a validated initial AMI (n = 3,730) at all 11 greater Worcester medical centers during 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011. Results:The average age of the study population was 68.5 years and 56.9% were men. Patients hospitalized with a first AMI during the most recent study years were significantly younger (mean age = 69.9 in 2001/03; 65.2 in 2009/11), had lower serum troponin levels, and experienced a shorter hospital stay compared to patients hospitalized during the earliest study years. Hospitalized patients were more likely to received evidence-based medical management practices during the years under study. Multivariable-adjusted regression models showed a considerable decline over-time in the hospital death rate (9.6% in 2001/03; 6.5% in 2009/11), and a significant reduction in the proportion of patients who developed atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and ventricular fibrillation during their acute hospitalization. Conclusions: These results highlight the changing nature of patients hospitalized with an incident AMI, and reinforce the need for surveillance of AMI at the community level.

Bakgrund: Sexuell hälsa är ett tillstånd av emotionellt, fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt välbefinnande och kan förändras efter en hjärtinfarkt. Sjuksköterskor kan uppleva samtal om sexuell hälsa som tabu, samtidigt önskar kvinnor information om sexuell hälsa. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av sin sexuella hälsa efter hjärtinfarkt. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med nio artiklar med kvalitativ metod genomfördes. Resultat: Huvudtemat som framkom var Rädsla och oro, med sex subteman: Att sakna information, Att vara rädd för att återinsjukna, Att vara rädd för fysisk kontakt, Att sakna tilltro till sig själv, Att kommunicera med partnern och Att ha behov av närhet. Kvinnorna upplevde rädsla och oro efter hjärtinfarkten som kunde spegla sig på hur de såg på sin sexuella hälsa. Bristfällig information från sjukvården var den bidragande faktorn till kvinnornas rädsla som utgjorde hinder för kvinnan gällande hennes sexuella hälsa. Stödet från partnern upplevdes ha stor betydelse för hennes självkänsla, lust och trygghet. Slutsats: Bristande eller felaktig information kan leda till onödiga begränsningar i kvinnans liv. Kunskapen hos sjuksköterskor gällande sexuell hälsa behöver förbättras för att en adekvat behandling ska kunna ges. Likväl behöver sjuksköterskor ges mer gynnsamma förutsättningar för att kunna identifiera kvinnans resurser och förmåga till egenvård. / Background: Sexual health is a state of emotional, physical, mental and social well-being and can change after a heart attack. Nurses can experience conversations about sexual health as taboo, while women want information about sexual health. Aim: The aim was to describe women's experience of their sexual health after a heart attack. Method: A literature review with nine articles with a qualitative method was conducted. Result: The main theme that emerged was Fear and anxiety, with six sub-themes: Lacking information, Being afraid of re-illness, Being afraid of physical contact, Lacking confidence in oneself, Communicating with the partner and Having a need for closeness. The women experienced fear and anxiety after the heart attack that could be reflected in how they viewed their sexual health. Lack of information from the health service was the contributing factor to the women's fear that posed obstacles for the woman regarding her sexual health. The support from the partner was felt by the woman to be of great importance for her self-esteem, desire and security. Conclusions: Lack of or incorrect information may lead to unnecessary restrictions in the woman's life. The knowledge of nurses regarding sexual health needs to be improve for adequate treatment to be given to women. Nevertheless, nurses need to be given more favourable conditions to be able to identify the woman's resources and ability to self-care.

This diploma thesis deals with the problems of diseases of civilization. The work is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part explains what are diseases of civilization, how they arise and how they can be prevented. For each disease (coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer) the thesis describes in more detail how and why they arise, what are the risk factors, what preventive measures exist and how to treat the disease. In the practical part, the thesis is devoted to the research of pupils' knowledge in the field of diseases of civilization of selected schools. Using a questionnaire, we dermined the knowledge of the pupils of two secondary schools and found the variance in their knowledge. Furthermore, this knowledge of pupils was compared with their knowledge two years ago when a similar questionnaire was completed in the same schools. The purpose of this thesis was to find out how the knowledge of identical pupils of these two schools changed after two years. The final discussion shows how the knowledge of pupils has changed after two years. It was found that pupils' knowledge improved overall. Cancer, diabetes and obesity knowledge have all improved. There was a slight deterioration in the question concern the number of patients. There was no change in the...

Succinate is one of the intermediate in the Krebs cycle, which in recent years has been shown to interfere with other cellular events, some of which may affect cardiac ischemic tolerance. The aim of this project was to clarify its cardioprotective role in rat hearts subjected to acute ischemia-reperfusion. The myocardial resistance to acute ischemia (infarct size and incidence and severity of ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias) was analyzed using the Langendorff method of isolated perfused heart at a constant flow with acute succinate administration. Local ischemia was induced by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery. Acute administration of 1 mM succinate before 60 minutes of ischemia or before reperfusion only had a beneficial effect on reducing the infarct size by 25-30 % compared to the control group. At the same time, it had an adverse effect on the incidence and severity of ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias. Key words: Succinate, heart, rat, heart-attack, ventricular arrhythmias

Bakgrund: Hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar är den vanligaste folksjukdomen och dödsorsaken idet svenska samhället. Sjukdomen beror på en tilltäppning av hjärtats stora kärl. Att entilltäppning inträffar och en hjärtinfarkt uppstår beror på ateroskleros vilket orsakats avindividens levnadsvanor; tobaksrökning, fysisk inaktivitet, dåliga kostvanor, stress ochövervikt. Tilltäppningen av kärlet leder till ischemi vilket medför bröstsmärta. I detakuta förloppet upplever patienter känslor av stress, nedstämdhet och ilska. Efterutskrivning upplevs blandade känslor av patienterna och en oro skapas över att drabbasav en ny hjärtinfarkt.Syftet: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa patienters upplevelser under ochefter en hjärtinfarkt.Metod: Den metod som används till litteraturstudien är enligt Polit & Becks (2014). Tillden kvalitativa litteraturstudien gjordes ett flertal sökningar efter tio kvalitativavetenskapliga studier som genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PUBMED.Användning av MeSH- termer och Headings har utnyttjats.Resultat: Patienterna upplever känslomässiga reaktioner efter att ha insjuknat i enhjärtinfarkt. Reaktionerna omfattar både det akuta tillståndet och efterförloppet. Detrespondenterna uppfattade var upplevelser från kropp & själ och upplevelser frånomgivningen. Upplevelser från kropp & själ inkluderar symtom, rädsla och ångest,förändringar, insjuknandet och coping. Upplevelser från omgivningen innefattarpatienternas stöd från anhöriga, patienternas syn på vården samt deras roll iåterhämtningsprocessen. / Background: Heart - and vascular diseases are the most common national disease andthe leading cause of death in Swedish society. The disease occurs due to a blockage ofthe heart's large vessels. The reason that a blockage and a heart attack occur depends onatherosclerosis causes by individual lifestyles that includes smoking, physical inactivity,poor diet, stress and being overweight. The occlusion of the vessel leading to ischemiacauses chest pain. In the acute process the patients experience feelings of stress,depression and anger. After discharge from the hospital the patients experience mixedfeelings and concerns of developing another heart attack.The aim: The aim of this study is to illustrate patients' experiences during and after amyocardial infarction.Methods: The method which is used to the literature study is according to Polit & Beck(2014). To the qualitative literature study was several searches after ten qualitativescientific studies was made conducted by the databases PUBMED and CINAHL.MeSH- terms and Headings have been used.Results: The result shows that patients experience emotional reactions after beingdiagnosed with a myocardial infarction. The reactions include both the acute processand after the illness. The respondents expressed experiences from the body & soul andexperiences from the environment. The experiences from the body & soul includesymptoms, fear and anxiety, changes, becoming ill and coping. Experiences from theenvironment include patients support from relatives and the health care’s affect on theirrecovery.

No description available.

SAMMANFATTNING: Kranskärlssjukdom är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till död globalt. Kunskap idag påvisar att det finns ett antal modifierbara riskfaktorer där sjuksköterskan tillsammans med det multiprofessionella teamet har en nyckelroll i det sekundärpreventiva arbetet. De senaste årens forskning har påvisat att det akuta insjuknandet kan påverkas av inre eller yttre faktorer. Som ett exempel har studier visat att risken att insjukna i en hjärtinfarkt under julhelgen är kraftigt ökad. Syftet med studien var att studera förekomsten av potentiella triggers till hjärtinfarkt under julhelgen som kan ha betydelse för sekundärpreventiv vård. Studien genomfördes med en kvantitativ metod i form av en tvärsnittsstudie. En egenkonstruerad enkät användes för att identifiera förekomsten av aktuella triggers. Respondenterna fick själva uppskatta förekomsten av dessa dygnet innan hjärtinfarkten jämfört med vid ett normaltillstånd. I tillägg efterfrågades orsak till eventuell stress som fritextssvar. Enkäten skickades ut via post till en kohort av 135 deltagare från hela landet. Urvalet var konsekutivt. Alla som insjuknat i hjärtinfarkt med symtomdebut under föregående julhelg och som registrerats i det nationella kvalitetsregistret Riks-HIA och var levande vid tid för datauttag inkluderades. Svarsfrekvensen var 66 procent. Studiens resultat påvisar förekomst av en rad negativa faktorer som sömnlöshet, ökat matintag, lägre grad av fysisk aktivitet samt ökad stress. En liten del uppgav stress som var direkt knuten till julhelgen exempelvis i form av upplevt påtvingat umgänge samt allmänt julstök med matlagning och städning. Slutsatsen är att studien har ökat kunskapen kring i vilken utsträckning patienter har upplevt potentiella triggers dygnet före sitt insjuknande. Framträdande var den psykosociala ohälsan hos den undersökta populationen. Kunskapen om att vissa faktorer kan agera som akuta triggers bör införlivas i den sekundärpreventiva vården. Ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt med personens berättelse i centrum är av stor betydelse för att nå bestående livsstilsförändringar och utarbeta strategier för att undvika nya händelser. / ABSTRACT: Coronary heart disease is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Knowledge of today demonstrates that there are a number of modifiable risk factors where the nurse together with the multi-professional team has a key role in the secondary preventive work. In recent years, research has shown that the disease can be acutely affected by internal or external factors. For example, the risk of having a heart attack during Christmas holiday is significantly increased. The purpose of the study was to study the occurrence of potential triggers for heart attack during Christmas holiday that may be of importance for secondary preventive care. The study was conducted using a quantitative method as a cross-sectional study. A self-designed survey was used to identify the presence of triggers. The respondents themselves were able to estimate the presence of these the day before the heart attack compared with a normal condition. In addition, the reason for any stress was requested as a free text reply. The questionnaire was sent by post to a cohort of 135 participants from all over the country. The selection was consecutive. All patients with myocardial infarction with a symptom onset during the previous Christmas weekend registered in the national quality register Riks-HIA and was alive at the time of data collection, were included.The response rate was 66 percent. The results of the study show the presence of a number of negative factors such as insomnia, increased food intake, lower degree of physical activity and increased stress. A small number stated stress that was directly linked to the Christmas weekend in the form of experienced forced socialization or caused by general Christmas disturbances such as cooking and cleaning.In our conclusion, the study has increased the knowledge about into what extent patients experience potential triggers the day before their illness. Prominent was the psychosocial ill health of the population studied. The knowledge that certain factors can act as acute triggers should be incorporated into secondary preventive care. A person-centered approach with the person's story at the center, is of great importance for achieving lasting lifestyle changes and developing strategies to avoid new events.