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[Truncated abstract] The study reported in this thesis extends the scaled boundary finite-element method to firstorder and second-order wave diffraction problems. The scaled boundary finite-element method is a newly developed semi-analytical technique to solve systems of partial differential equations. It works by employing a special local coordinate system, called scaled boundary coordinate system, to define the computational field, and then weakening the partial differential equation in the circumferential direction with the standard finite elements whilst keeping the equation strong in the radial direction, finally analytically solving the resulting system of equations, termed the scaled boundary finite-element equation. This unique feature of the scaled boundary finite-element method enables it to combine many of advantages of the finite-element method and the boundaryelement method with the features of its own. ... In this thesis, both first-order and second-order solutions of wave diffraction problems are presented in the context of scaled boundary finite-element analysis. In the first-order wave diffraction analysis, the boundary-value problems governed by the Laplace equation or by the Helmholtz equation are considered. The solution methods for bounded domains and unbounded domains are described in detail. The solution process is implemented and validated by practical numerical examples. The numerical examples examined include well benchmarked problems such as wave reflection and transmission by a single horizontal structure and by two structures with a small gap, wave radiation induced by oscillating bodies in heave, sway and roll motions, wave diffraction by vertical structures with circular, elliptical, rectangular cross sections and harbour oscillation problems. The numerical results are compared with the available analytical solutions, numerical solutions with other conventional numerical methods and experimental results to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the scaled boundary finite-element method. The computed results show that the scaled boundary finite-element method is able to accurately model the singularity of velocity field near sharp corners and to satisfy the radiation condition with ease. It is worth nothing that the scaled boundary finite-element method is completely free of irregular frequency problem that the Green's function methods often suffer from. For the second-order wave diffraction problem, this thesis develops solution schemes for both monochromatic wave and bichromatic wave cases, based on the analytical expression of first-order solution in the radial direction. It is found that the scaled boundary finiteelement method can produce accurate results of second-order wave loads, due to its high accuracy in calculating the first-order velocity field.

Η θεωρία σκέδασης καλύπτει ένα μεγάλο φάσμα επιστημονικών και τεχνολογικών εφαρμογών, όπως μη καταστρεπτικός έλεγχος, ραντάρ, σόναρ, γεωφυσική έρευνα, απομακρυσμένη καταγραφή, ιατρική απεικόνιση, υποθαλάσσια ακουστική, σεισμολογία, αναγνώριση βιολογικών προτύπων και ειδικές τεχνικές που εφαρμόζονται στη διαγνωστική ιατρική. Στις περισσότερες από τις παραπάνω περιπτώσεις η υπόθεση πως το υλικό είναι ισότροπο δεν αρκεί και προκειμένου τα αποτελέσματα να προσεγγίζουν ικανοποιητικά την πραγματικότητα, θα πρέπει να γίνει η παραδοχή πως ο χώρος είναι ανισότροπος, πως οι ιδιότητές του εξαρτώνται δηλαδή από την κατεύθυνση. Παρόλο που η ιδιότητα της ανισοτροπίας ήταν ήδη γνωστή από την εποχή του Green (μέσα 19ου αιώνα), λόγω της αυξημένης μαθηματικής πολυπλοκότητας που παρουσιάζει, μόνο τα τελευταία χρόνια εμφανίζεται σημαντικός αριθμός δημοσιεύσεων που ασχολούνται με την ανισότροπη σκέδαση, οι οποίες στην πλειοψηφία τους αναφέρονται μόνο σε ανισότροπο σκεδαστή. Η παρούσα διατριβή ερευνά το πρόβλημα ανισότροπης σκέδασης βαθμωτών πεδίων για τη γενική περίπτωση, όπου όχι μόνο ο σκεδαστής αλλά και ο χώρος σκέδασης είναι ανισότροποι χώροι και μάλιστα έχουν διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά. Όπως προκύπτει, τα χαρακτηριστικά του ανισότροπου μέσου μεταφέρονται πλήρως από έναν τροποποιημένο τελεστή κλίσης, ο οποίος εμφανίζεται σε κάθε περίπτωση ανισοτροπίας και μας επιτρέπει να βρούμε τη θεμελιώδη λύση της τροποποιημένης εξίσωσης Helmholtz. Δεδομένης της θεμελιώδους λύσης, τοποθετείται το βασικό πρόβλημα σκέδασης σε ανισότροπα μέσα όπως και οι συνθήκες διαπερατότητας καθώς και οι συνοριακές συνθήκες. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται η μορφή και οι ιδιότητες των προσπίπτοντων πεδίων και παράγονται τα συναρτησιακά ενέργειας για αυτό το πρόβλημα σκέδασης. Αναπτύσσονται οι ολοκληρωτικές αναπαραστάσεις για το σκεδαζόμενο, το ολικό και το εσωτερικό πεδίο, ενώ παράλληλα προκύπτει η τροποποιημένη συνθήκη ακτινοβολίας και με αυτό τον τρόπο ολοκληρώνεται η βασική θεωρία. Με ασυμπτωτική ανάλυση προκύπτει το ανισότροπο πλάτος σκέδασης και έπειτα ορίζονται οι ενεργειακές διατομές που αντιστοιχούν στην περίπτωση που εξετάζεται. Ακολούθως αποδεικνύονται τα θεωρήματα αμοιβαιότητας, το γενικευμένο και το οπτικό θεώρημα σκέδασης για τα ανισότροπα μέσα. Ως εφαρμογή παρουσιάζεται το πρόβλημα σκέδασης χαμηλών συχνοτήτων για έναν ανισότροπο διαπερατό σκεδαστή. Τέλος, όλο το πρόβλημα ανισότροπης σκέδασης ανάγεται στο αντίστοιχο του ισότροπου χώρου, προς επιβεβαίωση των αποτελεσμάτων. / Scattering theory covers a large spectrum of scientific and technological applications such as non destructive control, radars, sonar, geophysical exploration, remote sensing, medical imaging, under-water acoustics, seismology, biological pattern recognition and special techniques in medical diagnostics. In most of the above cases the assumption that the material is isotropic is inadequate. Therefore, in order to conform to reality, we have to accept that the space is anisotropic, i.e. its properties depend on the direction. Although the anisotropic property was already known, since Green’s era, only a few publications have appeared, due to the mathematical complexity related with the anisotropic property. It was during the last years that more references considered the anisotropic scattering, while most of them regarded only anisotropic scatterers. The thesis examines the problem of scalar field anisotropic scattering for the general case, where not only the scatterer but also the propagation space are anisotropic and they do not have the same characteristics. It comes out that the characteristics of an anisotropic medium are being fully carried by a modified gradient operator which appears in any case of anisotropy and allows the calculation of the fundamental solution for the modified Helmholtz’ equation. Once the fundamental solution is known, the basic problem of anisotropic scattering is postulated as well as the transmission and the boundary conditions. Incident fields’ forms and characteristics are being presented and the energy functional for this scattering problem is being produced. The integral representations for the scattered, total and internal field are also developed, while at the same time arises the modified radiation condition. Asymptotic analysis produces the anisotropic scattering amplitude and afterwards follows the definition of the energy functionals that correspond to our case. The reciprocity theorems, the general scattering, as well as the optical theorem for anisotropic medium are also proved. As an example, the theory developed in this thesis is applied to the low frequency problem for an anisotropic scatterrer. Finally, the results are verified by reducing the whole problem of anisotropic scattering to its equivalent of isotropic space.

Neste trabalho são analisados os quatro modos de plasmon, ligados simétrico (Sb) e assimétrico (ab), fuga pelo núcleo (ln) e fuga pela cobertura (lc), que se propagam em uma fibra óptica fracamente guiada envolta por um filme metálico. No filme metálico é depositada uma camada dielétrica extra e acima desta, uma outra denominada cobertura. A análise será desenvolvida para filmes metálicos de prata, paládio e ouro. Esta estrutura é muito útil na confecção de sensores ópticos. / In this work the four Plasmon modes are analyzed, the symmetrical (Sb) and asymmetrical bounded (ab); the core (ln) and covering leaky modes (lc), that propagate in weakly guided optical fibers with a metallic film around that. In the metallic film a layer extra dielectric is deposited and above this, another layer denominated covering. The analysis will be developed for metallic films of the Silver, Palladium and Gold. This structure is very useful to making optical sensors.

Neste trabalho, é feita a análise dos modos de plasmon que se propagam em um filme metálico que cobre uma fibra óptica generalizada. Os modos de plasmon estudados são: Fuga pela Cobertura (lcv), Ligado Simétrico (Sb), Fuga pelo Núcleo (lcr) e Ligado Assimétrico (ab). Os filmes metálicos, para efeito de comparação, utilizados neste trabalho, são: a prata, o ouro e o paládio. Desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático do fenômeno eletromagnético e um software, que gerou um banco de dados que facilitasse a análise de estruturas, com diversas combinações de parâmetros. Com o banco de dados, foram obtidos diversos gráficos, que permitiram: analisar os modos de plasmon, verificar a atenuação das ondas e o comportamento do campo eletromagnético em cada região da estrutura. As confrontações entre as estruturas com filmes de: prata, ouro e paládio, permitiram concluir que aquelas elaboradas com os filmes de prata e de ouro são as que apresentam menores perdas, portanto, as recomendadas na confecção de sensores. Como a prata é mais acessível que o ouro, aconselha-se a sua utilização. A análise e os resultados deste trabalho são originais na literatura especializada. / In this work it is done the analysis of the ways of plasmon that developed themselves in a mettalic film that covers an optic and generalized fiber. The studied ways of plasmon are: Cover-Leaky (lcv), Symmetric Bounded (Sb), Core-Leaky (lcr) and Asymmetrical Bounded (ab). The metallic films, for reason of comparison, used in this work, are: the silver, the gold and the paladium. It was developed a mathematical model of the electricmagnetic phenomenon and a software, that created a database which could make it easy the analysis of structures with several combinations of parameters. With the database have been got several graphs that let: analyse the types of plasmon, see the reduction of waves and the behaviour of the electricmagnetic field in each area of the structure. The confrontations between the structures with films of silver, gold and paladium made it possible to conclude that those elaborated with films of silver and gold are those that present smaller losses, so, are recommended in the confection of sensors. As silver is more accecible than gold it is advisable its utilization. The analysis and the results of this work are original in the specialized literature.

La nécessité d’améliorer la performance aérodynamique des véhicules aériens est à l’origine d’intenses recherches sur l’optimisation en temps réel de la forme de la voilure. Cette optimisation en temps réel ne peut être atteinte que par le morphing de la surface portante en utilisant des matériaux et des actionneurs appropriés. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier des actionneurs basés sur des matériaux intelligents pour l’optimisation de la performance aérodynamique sur différentes échelles de temps (d’actionnement basse fréquence et haute fréquence). Premièrement, différents types d’actionnement , qu’ils soient basse fréquence et grand déplacement grâce aux AMF ou qu’ils soient haute fréquence et faible déplacement utilisant des matériaux piézoélectrique sont considérés. Leurs effets sur l’écoulement environnant ont été analysés séparément en utilisant des mesures PIV dédiées. Les expériences ont montré la capacité de déformation de la technologie AMF sous des charges aérodynamiques réalistes. Il a été souligné que malgré la fréquence d’actionnement limitée l’hypothèse "quasi-statique" doit être soigneusement adaptée à la gamme de nombres de Reynolds de 200.000. Les mesures PIV menées derrière le bord de fuite à actionnement piézoélectrique ont montré la capacité de l’actionneur à réduire les modes d’instabilité de la couche de cisaillement. Une fréquence optimale d’actionnement de 60 Hz a été identifiée à l’aide d’une analyse en boucle ouverte. Dans un deuxième temps, une hybridation des deux technologies précédemment étudiés a été proposée. Les actionneurs utilisés, AMFs et MFCs, ont été modélisés et la capacité d’action combinée a été démontrée. Le prototype conçu, suivant le profil aérodynamique NACA4412 a été testé en la soufflerie et il a été montré que la combinaison de ces deux technologies permet d’agir sur les tourbillons de la zone de cisaillement ainsi que de contrôler la portance. / The need to improve the aerodynamic performance of air vehicles is the origin of intense research on the real-time optimization of the airfoil shape. This real-time optimization can only be achieved by morphing the airfoil using adequate materials and actuators. The object of this thesis is to study smart-material actuators for aerodynamic performance optimization on different time scales (low-frequent and high-frequent actuation). First, the effects of the distinct actuation types, low-frequency large-displacement shape-memory alloy (SMA) and high-frequency low-displacement piezoelectric, on the surrounding flow are analyzed separately using dedicated time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) measurements. The experiments showed the deformation capacity of the SMA technology under realistic aerodynamic loads. Furthermore, it was highlighted that despite the limited actuation frequency the “quasi-static” hypothesis has to be carefully adapted for the Reynolds number range of 200.000. The PIV measurements conducted behind the piezoelectrically actuated trailing edge showed the capacity of the actuator to reduce the shear-layer instability modes. An open-loop optimum actuation frequency of 60 Hz has been identified. Secondly, a hybridization of the two previously studied technologies has been proposed. The implied actuators, SMAs and macro fiber composites (MFCs), have been modelled and the combined actuation capacity has been demonstrated. The designed prototype NACA4412 airfoil has been tested in the S4 wind-tunnel of IMFT and it was shown that the combination of the two technologies allows acting on the shear-layer vortices as well as control the lift.

Neste trabalho são analisados os quatro modos de plasmon, ligados simétrico (Sb) e assimétrico (ab), fuga pelo núcleo (ln) e fuga pela cobertura (lc), que se propagam em uma fibra óptica fracamente guiada envolta por um filme metálico. No filme metálico é depositada uma camada dielétrica extra e acima desta, uma outra denominada cobertura. A análise será desenvolvida para filmes metálicos de prata, paládio e ouro. Esta estrutura é muito útil na confecção de sensores ópticos. / In this work the four Plasmon modes are analyzed, the symmetrical (Sb) and asymmetrical bounded (ab); the core (ln) and covering leaky modes (lc), that propagate in weakly guided optical fibers with a metallic film around that. In the metallic film a layer extra dielectric is deposited and above this, another layer denominated covering. The analysis will be developed for metallic films of the Silver, Palladium and Gold. This structure is very useful to making optical sensors.

Neste trabalho, é feita a análise dos modos de plasmon que se propagam em um filme metálico que cobre uma fibra óptica generalizada. Os modos de plasmon estudados são: Fuga pela Cobertura (lcv), Ligado Simétrico (Sb), Fuga pelo Núcleo (lcr) e Ligado Assimétrico (ab). Os filmes metálicos, para efeito de comparação, utilizados neste trabalho, são: a prata, o ouro e o paládio. Desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático do fenômeno eletromagnético e um software, que gerou um banco de dados que facilitasse a análise de estruturas, com diversas combinações de parâmetros. Com o banco de dados, foram obtidos diversos gráficos, que permitiram: analisar os modos de plasmon, verificar a atenuação das ondas e o comportamento do campo eletromagnético em cada região da estrutura. As confrontações entre as estruturas com filmes de: prata, ouro e paládio, permitiram concluir que aquelas elaboradas com os filmes de prata e de ouro são as que apresentam menores perdas, portanto, as recomendadas na confecção de sensores. Como a prata é mais acessível que o ouro, aconselha-se a sua utilização. A análise e os resultados deste trabalho são originais na literatura especializada. / In this work it is done the analysis of the ways of plasmon that developed themselves in a mettalic film that covers an optic and generalized fiber. The studied ways of plasmon are: Cover-Leaky (lcv), Symmetric Bounded (Sb), Core-Leaky (lcr) and Asymmetrical Bounded (ab). The metallic films, for reason of comparison, used in this work, are: the silver, the gold and the paladium. It was developed a mathematical model of the electricmagnetic phenomenon and a software, that created a database which could make it easy the analysis of structures with several combinations of parameters. With the database have been got several graphs that let: analyse the types of plasmon, see the reduction of waves and the behaviour of the electricmagnetic field in each area of the structure. The confrontations between the structures with films of silver, gold and paladium made it possible to conclude that those elaborated with films of silver and gold are those that present smaller losses, so, are recommended in the confection of sensors. As silver is more accecible than gold it is advisable its utilization. The analysis and the results of this work are original in the specialized literature.

A evolução nos sistemas digitais de comunicação está intrinsicamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento da tecnologia de fibras ópticas. Desde a sua criação, na década de 60, inúmeras pesquisas vem sendo realizadas com o intuito de aumentar a capacidade de informação transmitida, por meio da redução da atenuação, controle da dispersão cromática e eliminação das não-linearidades. Neste contexto, as Fibras de Bragg surgem como uma estrutura de grande potencialidade para se minimizar tais inconvenientes. As fibras de Bragg possuem um mecanismo de operação diferente em relação às fibras tradicionais de suportar os modos confinados. Nelas, o núcleo possui um baixo índice de refração, e a casca é constituída por anéis dielétricos de diferentes índices de refração, alocados alternadamente. Para uma fibra de Bragg com núcleo oco, como a considerada neste trabalho, há perdas decorrentes dos modos de fuga. Portanto, a análise da dispersão destas estruturas se situa no plano complexo, tornando-a muito difícil. Esta dissertação será fundamentada em uma estratégia imprescindível à análise dos modos transversais TE0m, TM0m e dos híbridos. Os resultados encontrados são validados confrontando-os com os obtidos na literatura. O trabalho discutirá as perdas e dispersões dos modos citados, e os resultados obtidos poderão nortear as pesquisas das fibras de Bragg. / The evolution of digital communication systems is intrinsically related to the development of optical fiber technology. Since its creation in the 1960s, many studies have been conducted in order to increase the system capacity, such as the attenuation reduction, chromatic dispersion control and elimination of nonlinearities. In this context, Bragg fibers appear as a structure with great potential to mitigate these drawbacks. Bragg fibers have a different operational mechanism with respect to traditional fibers to support the confined modes. Their core has a low refractive index, and the cladding consists of dielectric rings of different refractive indices, allocated alternately. For a Bragg fiber with hollow core, as considered in this paper, there are losses due to the occurrence of leaky modes. Therefore, the dispersion analysis of these structures falls in the complex plane, making it even harder. This dissertation will be based on a strategy essential to the analysis of transverse modes: TE0m, TM0m and hybrids. The found results have been validated by comparing them with those obtained in the literature. The paper discusses the losses and dispersions of the mentioned modes, and the results obtained will serve to guide the research on Bragg fibers.