Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2643339 bytes, checksum: df503aa4a6cc897d8f2bd07bb0f6cac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / New production systems for laying hens, fully automated, bring great advantage as compared with conventional production systems eggs, greater efficiency in the housing birds/m 2 . The sheds where there is this type of system can provide up to five rows of cages (alas), containing up to seven floors of overlapping cages allowing the lease of up to 120,000 birds in one aviary with approximate dimensions of 130m long by 14m wide. For these facilities, the fully mechanized system has become a trend in commercial poultry farms in Brazil posture. Minas Gerais is in leading position in the Brazilian scenario, production of chicken eggs, is the second largest egg producer in the country, yet, the state's biggest export. Effective flock of laying hens of the State in 2012 was 21.265.722 birds, about 10 % of Brazil's total herd. Due to the intensification of the production process of chicken eggs, there is a greater concentration of generation and waste coming from the birds. This fact causes major concerns with environmental issues, therefore, the rate of volatilization of ammonia formed in manure, is linked to factors such as: the pH, relative humidity and waste, ambient temperature, amount of crude protein present in ration and age of the birds. The total production of waste attributed to laying hens in Minas Gerais, is estimated at values of around 2126.6 to 2551.89 tons per day. Systems of agricultural production transform carbohydrates and vegetable proteins in milk, meat and eggs. Much of the vegetable protein ingested is excreted through urine and manure. From the compositional characteristics of the waste, combined with bacterial action and climatological variables, the mineralization of manure and nitrogen emissions in the form of ammonia to the atmosphere occurs. Two climatic factors directly affect the generation and emission of ammonia: the ambient air temperature and relative humidity. The Chapter I of this study was to characterize factors influencing ammonia emission by slurry from laying hens, as well as proposing the establishment of a maximum potential score for the emission of this gas due to laying hens, to the state of Minas Gerais. In Chapter II we sought to conduct a zoning egg producers municipalities in Minas Gerais, and construct maps with values of temperature and relative humidity of the average maximum air to the State. The results of a field study in a commercial laying farm, representative of the constructive pattern of fully mechanized vertical aviaries of Minas Gerais, where the conditions of ambient air were diagnosed in terms of concentrations of ammonia are presented in Chapter III as well as the characterization of the manure produced in mats system. / Os novos sistemas de produção para galinhas poedeiras, totalmente automatizados, trazem como grande diferencial, quando comparados com os sistemas de produção de ovos convencionais, a maior eficiência no alojamento de aves/m 2 . Os galpões onde existe este tipo de sistema podem apresentar até cinco alas de gaiolas, contendo até sete andares de gaiolas sobrepostas o que possibilita a locação de até 120.000 aves em um único aviário, com dimensões aproximadas de 130m de comprimento por 14m de largura. Por estas facilidades, o sistema totalmente mecanizado vem se tornando uma tendência nas criações de aves de postura comerciais no Brasil. Minas Gerais esta em posição de destaque no cenário brasileiro, de produção de ovos de galinha, é o segundo maior produtor de ovos no país, sendo ainda, o estado que mais exporta. O rebanho efetivo de galinhas poedeiras do Estado em 2012 era de 21.265.722 aves, cerca de 10% do rebanho total brasileiro. Devido à intensificação do processo produtivo de ovos de galinha, ocorre uma maior geração e concentração de dejetos oriundos das aves. Este fato ocasiona maiores preocupações com as questões ambientais, pois, a taxa de volatilização da amônia formada no esterco, está ligada a fatores como; o pH, teor de umidade relativa do ar e dos dejetos, temperatura ambiente, quantidade de proteína bruta presente na ração e idade das aves. A produção total de dejetos atribuídos às galinhas poedeiras, em Minas Gerais, é estimada em valores da ordem de 2.126,6 a 2.551,89 toneladas por dia. Os sistemas de produção agropecuários transformam carboidratos e proteínas de origem vegetal, em leite, carne e ovos. Boa parte da proteína vegetal ingerida é excretada através da urina e dejetos. A partir das características de composição dos dejetos, combinada às ações bacterianas e variáveis climatológicas, ocorre a mineralização do esterco e a emissão de nitrogênio, na forma de amônia, para a atmosfera. Dois fatores climáticos interferem diretamente na geração e emissão de amônia: a temperatura do ar ambiente e a umidade relativa do ar. O Capitulo I deste trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar fatores que influenciam a emissão de amônia pelos dejetos de galinhas poedeiras, bem como, propor a criação de um escore para o potencial máximo de emissão deste gás devido à criação de galinhas poedeiras, para o estado de Minas Gerais. No Capitulo II buscou-se realizar um zoneamento dos municípios produtores de ovos, em Minas Gerais, e, confeccionar mapas com valores de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar máxima médias, para o Estado. No Capitulo III são apresentados os resultados de um estudo de campo, em uma granja de postura comercial, representativa do padrão construtivo de aviários verticais totalmente mecanizados do estado de Minas Gerais, onde foram diagnosticadas as condições do ambiente aéreo, em termos de concentrações de amônia, bem como a caracterização do esterco produzido em sistema de esteiras.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 220006 bytes, checksum: e1341cd641e996e1fd48f4aae43da2cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / An experiment was carried out at the poultry department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa to evaluate the effect of three different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and two energy levels in diets for chickens laying hens in the second production cycle. A total of 360 chickens laying hens strain Hy-Line W-36, during three periods of 28 days each, in a randomized block design with a factorial 2 x 3 (two energy levels and three levels of NDF) with ten repetitions and six birds in each experimental unit. Diets were formulated with varying levels of addition of wheat bran (0, 8 and 16%) and soybean hulls (0, 2 and 4%), resulting in levels of 10.9, 13.6 and 16.4 % NDF (respectively levels 1, 2 and 3 NDF) levels of metabolizable energy (ME) were used, 2800.0 and 2833.0 kcal / kg considering the better utilization of energy from food by adult animals. Was observed a significant interaction (P <0.05) between the levels of NDF and ME for feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (FCRDE) and feed conversion by egg mass. (FCREM) generally, level 2 NDF combined with level 1 MS had lower FI and better FCRDE and FCREM. The interaction was not observed (P> 0.05) for percentage of posture (POST%), egg weight (EW) and egg mass (EM). A use of level 2 NDF did not affect POST% compared to level 1 NDF. EW and ME were not affected by dietary NDF levels. No interaction (P> 0.05) between the levels of NDF and ME in diets in relation to the values of Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (NCAME). The levels increase in NDF decreased (P <0.05) levels in the diets of birds NCAME. Recommends the use of at most 13.6% of NDF in diets for laying hens without the occurrence of adverse effects on egg production. / Um experimento foi realizado no setor de avicultura do departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa para avaliar o efeito de 3 diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e dois níveis de energia metabolizável em dietas para galinhas poedeiras leves no segundo ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 360 galinhas poedeiras leves da linhagem Hy-Line W-36, durante três períodos experimentais de 28 dias cada, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (dois níveis de energia metabolizável e três níveis de FDN) com dez repetições e seis aves na unidade experimental. As dietas foram formuladas com diferentes níveis de inclusão de farelo de trigo (0, 8 e 16%) e de casca de soja (0, 2 e 4%), resultando nos níveis de 10,9, 13,6 e 16,4% de FDN (respectivamente níveis 1, 2 e 3 de FDN), os níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) utilizados foram, 2800,0 e 2833,0 kcal/kg considerando melhor aproveitamento da energia dos alimentos pelos animais adultos. Foi observado interação significativa (P<0,05) entre os níveis de FDN e EM para consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos (CDZ) e conversão alimentar por massa de ovos. De modo geral, o nível 2 de FDN combinado com nível 1 de EM apresentou menor CR e melhor CDZ e CMO. Não foi observado interação (P>0,05) para percentual de postura (POST%), peso dos ovos (PO) e massa de ovos (MO). A utilização do nível 2 de FDN não afetou POST% em comparação ao nível 1 de FDN. O PO e a MO não foram afetados pelos níveis de FDN da dieta. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis de FDN e EM nas dietas em relação aos valores de EMAn. O aumento nos níveis de FDN reduziram (P<0,05) os níveis de EMAn nas dietas das aves. Recomenda-se a utilização de no máximo 13,6% de FDN em dietas para galinhas poedeiras sem que ocorra efeitos negativos na produção de ovos.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-31T14:57:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Demosthenes Arabutan Travassos da Silva.pdf: 283510 bytes, checksum: a13f24bf67f1261c9b7a3050cc58de08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T14:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Demosthenes Arabutan Travassos da Silva.pdf: 283510 bytes, checksum: a13f24bf67f1261c9b7a3050cc58de08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / The experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of yeast, sugar cane by the method "Spray dry". Two experiments were conducted: the first was to determine the chemical composition and coefficient of metabolizable dry matter (CMADM), the coefficients of gross energy metabolization (CMAEB), the coefficients of apparent metabolizable energy corrected gross (CMAnEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected for apparent nitrogen balance (AMEn) of the yeast sugar cane. The yast showed the following chemical composition: 90.68% of dry matter, 31.99% crude protein, 0.06% etério extract, 3.89% mineral matter and 4.130 kcal/kg DM of gross energy. The AME, AMEn, CMAMS, and CMAEB CMAnEB ingredient were 2.241 kcal / kgms; 1.981 kcal / kgms; 38.33%, 49.19% and 43.49% in dry matter, respectively. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of the yeast sugar cane in diets for laying hens on the performance and characteristics of the eggs. Birds were housed two hundred, forty-seven weeks of age in cages during three periods of twenty-eight days. The experimental design was completely randomized design with five treatments (one reference diet and four with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% inclusion) and five replicates of eight birds. The feed conversion per dozen eggs, feed conversion by egg mass, laying percentage, egg weight and egg mass, there was no significant difference between treatments with the exception of a period in which the level 4.6% Total best result for feed conversion per dozen eggs. The inclusion of yeast sugar cane dried by spray dry-level up to 8% in diets of laying hens does not affect performance and egg quality. / Os experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da levedura de cana-de-açúcar pelo método “Spray dry”. Dois experimentos foram realizados; o primeiro foi para determinar a composição química e dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMAMS), dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta (CMAEB), dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente corrigido da energia bruta (CMAnEB) e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) da levedura de cana-de açúcar. A levedura apresentou a seguinte composição química: 90,68% de Matéria seca, 31,99% de proteína bruta, 0,06% de extrato etério, 3,89% de matéria mineral e 4.130 kcal/ kg/MS de energia bruta. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, CMAMS, CMAEB e CMAnEB do ingrediente foram: 2,241 kcal/kgMs; 1,981 kcal/kgMs; 38,33%; 49,19% e 43,49% na matéria seca, respectivamente. O segundo experimento foi realizado para avaliar a inclusão de diferentes níveis da levedura de cana-de açúcar em dietas para galinhas poedeiras sobre o desempenho zootécnico e características dos ovos. Foram alojadas duzentas aves, com quarenta e sete semanas de idade alojadas em gaiolas durante três períodos de vinte e oito dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (uma dieta referência e quatro com 2%, 4%, 6% e 8% de inclusão) e cinco repetições de oito aves. Para a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, percentagem de postura, peso dos ovos e massa de ovos produzida, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com exceção do período 1 em que o nível 4,6% obteve melhor resultado para conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos. A inclusão de levedura de cana-de açúcar seca por spray dry em nível de até 8% em rações de poedeiras comerciais não afeta o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_CBGSTANURE.pdf: 173355 bytes, checksum: b5dad268631980af0fc582bf4351c9c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-21 / Two experiments have been carried out to evaluate the effect of the breeder hen ages and of the storage period of the eggs over the incubation efficiency and initial performance of laying hens. In the first experimental phase, 7224 Dekalb eggs with 32 and 57 weeks old, were incubated with three, five and seven days of storage. The treatments were defined according to the breeder hens ages and their period of storage of eggs, summing up to six treatments with fourteen repetitions of treatment each. The statistical outline was random and the tray height was a covariable. The efficiency of the incubation, the eggs loss of weight during storage, the quality of incubated eggs and the absolute weight of the yolk sac in relation to the weight of the chicken was evaluated. On the second experimental phase, 600 chickens from the six treatments of the first experimental phase were used. The poultry were bred up to the 28th day of life in common batteries. The statistical outline was totally random, and the height of the batteries was a covariable, with five repetitions of twelve birds in each treatment. The starter performance of chicks (up to 28 days of life) was evaluated. The results were submitted to variance analysis and to verify the importance of differences between the average of treatments, the Tukey test was used, with a probability of 5%. The breeder hens of 57 weeks produce heavier eggs with a larger quantity of albumen and yolk. The old breeder hens eggs had a lower quality of albumen when stored for seven days. The loss of weight of the eggs during storage and removal was higher according to the aging of the breeder hen. Eggs produced by the young breeder hens had a higher hatching rate; however, no matter the age of the breeder hen, there was a decrease of the hatching rate of fertile eggs whenever the storage period was increased. The breeder hens with 57 weeks produced heavier chicks and lower chick/egg weight coefficient. The higher ratio yolk sac/chick weight was obtained by the eggs produced by the old breeder hens. There was a lower weight loss of chicks from young breeder hens during the removal of incubatory trays to the grange. The storage period did not interfere in the birds performance and birds from old matrixes presented worse uniformity, higher final weight and bigger food allowance / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da idade das matrizes leves e o período de armazenamento dos ovos no rendimento de incubação e desempenho inicial de poedeiras comerciais. Com relação à primeira fase experimental, foram utilizados 7.224 ovos da linhagem Dekalb com 32 e 57 semanas de idade, incubados com três, cinco e sete dias de armazenamento. Os tratamentos foram definidos pelas idades das matrizes e o período de armazenamento dos ovos, totalizando seis tratamentos com 14 repetições por tratamento. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente ao acaso, sendo a altura da bandeja uma covariável. Avaliou-se o rendimento da incubação, a perda de peso dos ovos no armazenamento, a qualidade dos ovos incubáveis e o peso absoluto do saco vitelino em relação ao peso do pinto. Já na segunda fase experimental, foram utilizados 600 pintos provenientes dos seis tratamentos da fase experimental um. As aves foram criadas até os 28 dias de vida em baterias coletivas. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente ao acaso, e a altura da bateria considerada uma covariável, com cinco repetições de 12 aves em cada tratamento. Avaliou-se o desempenho inicial (até 28 dias de idade) das pintainhas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e para verificar a significância das diferenças entre as médias dos tratamentos foi aplicado o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foi observado que matrizes com 57 semanas de idade produzem ovos com maior peso, conteúdo e gema. Ovos de matrizes velhas apresentam pior qualidade de albúmen quando armazenados por sete dias. A perda de peso dos ovos durante o armazenamento e na transferência aumentou de acordo com o avançar da idade da matriz. Ovos produzidos pelas matrizes novas obtiveram melhor taxa de eclosão, entretanto, independente da idade da matriz, à medida que aumentou o período de armazenamento houve diminuição na taxa de eclosão dos ovos férteis. As matrizes com 57 semanas de idade produziram pintos mais pesados e menor relação peso do pinto/peso do ovo. A maior relação saco vitelino/peso do pinto foi obtida pelos ovos produzidos pelas matrizes velhas. Houve menor perda de peso no deslocamento do incubatório à granja pelos pintos oriundos de matrizes novas. O período de armazenamento dos ovos não interferiu no desempenho, e aves provindas de matrizes velhas apresentaram pior uniformidade e maior peso final e consumo de ração

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos determinar a composiÃÃo quÃmica e o valor da energia metabolizÃvel de fenos para poedeiras e avaliar o efeito da restriÃÃo alimentar sobre a ingestÃo voluntÃria de feno, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos. Foram realizados um ensaio de metabolismo utilizando o mÃtodo de coleta total de excreta e um de desempenho. No ensaio de metabolismo foram utilizadas 50 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brown com 61 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuÃdas ao acaso em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetiÃÃes de duas aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma raÃÃo-referÃncia e quatro raÃÃesteste (70% da raÃÃo-referÃncia e 30% de um dos fenos testados). Os fenos avaliados foram de cunhÃ, de folhas de mandioca, de folhas de leucena e de tifton. A inclusÃo de feno nas raÃÃes proporcionou reduÃÃo no consumo de raÃÃo pelas aves. Com a inclusÃo dos fenos na raÃÃo houve diminuiÃÃo nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matÃria seca (CDMS), do extrato etÃreo (CDEE), da energia bruta (CDEB) e na energia metabolizÃvel aparente corrigida pelo balanÃo de nitrogÃnio (EMAn). Entretanto, o coeficiente de digestibilidade de proteÃna bruta (CDPB) nÃo foi afetado. Os valores de EMA e EMAn dos fenos das folhas da mandioca, das folhas de leucena e de cunhà nÃo diferiram entre si e foram superiores ao obtido para o feno de tifton. Os valores de EMA e EMAn dos fenos de tifton, das folhas de mandioca, das folhas de leucena e de cunhà foram: 955 e 1025; 1694 e 1718; 1718 e 1848 e 1758 e 1777 Kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. No ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brown com 51 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuÃdas em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetiÃÃes de seis aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram no fornecimento de 100 g de raÃÃo/ave/dia (controle) sem oferta de feno e a oferta de 95, 90, 85 e 80 g de raÃÃo/ave/dia, que corresponderam, respectivamente, Ãs restriÃÃes de 5, 10, 15 e 20% da quantidade de raÃÃo, com o fornecimento de feno à vontade. Os fenos utilizados foram de cunhÃ, das folhas de leucena e de tifton. Com o aumento no nÃvel de restriÃÃo, houve aumento linear no consumo diÃrio de feno, reduÃÃo linear na produÃÃo e na massa de ovo, no peso mÃdio das aves e piora na conversÃo alimentar. Independente do nÃvel de restriÃÃo, as aves preferiram os fenos das leguminosas. Com relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas de qualidade dos ovos, apenas a coloraÃÃo da gema variou entre os tratamentos obtendo-se gemas mais pigmentadas com o nÃvel de 20% de restriÃÃo. Poedeiras criadas em sistema do tipo caipira podem ser submetidas a 5% de restriÃÃo da raÃÃo, com o fornecimento de feno à vontade / Two different trials were conducted to develop the present work. In the first trial the objective was to determine the chemical composition and the values of metabolizable energy of hays utilized in laying hens diet. The second one, was carried out to evaluate the effect of a quantitative feed restriction on voluntary ingestion of hay, on laying hen performance and on egg characteristics. The metabolism trial was conducted using the total excreta collection methodology. A total of 50 laying hens Hisex Brown with 61 weeks of age were randomly distributed into five treatments with five repetitions of two birds each. Treatments consited of a reference-diet and four test-diets (70% of reference-diet plus 30% of each hay). The hays evaluated were cunhà hay (CH), cassava leaf meal (CLM), leucaena leaf meal (LLM) and tifton (TH). The inclusion of hays in the diets reduced feed intake, the digestibility coeficients of dry matter (DCDM), ether extract (DCEE), crude energy (DCCE) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen (AMEn). However, no effect was found for the digestibility coeficient of crude protein (DCCP) compared to a reference-diet. The values of AME and AMEn of CH, CLM and LLM did not differ among them but they were higher than that of the TH. The values of AME and AMEn of TH, CLM, LLM and CH were: 925 and 1,025; 1,694 and 1,718; 1,718 and 1,848 and 1,758 and 1,777 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. In the second trial, 150 laying Hisex Brown with 51 weeks of age were distributed into five treatments with five repetitions of six birds each. The treatments were: a control, consisting of supplying a 100g of a laying hen diet per bird/day without hay and the others consisting of a feed restriction of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the diet offered to the birds in the control treatment along with an âad libtumâ offering of cunhà hay, leucaena leaf meal and tifton hay. It was found a linear increase of hay consumption with the increase of the level of feed restriction. However, there was a linear decrease of egg production, egg mass and feed conversion. Independently of the level of feed restriction, the consumption of CH and LLM was higher than that of TH. The yolk collor was affected by treatments. Birds from the treatment with 20% of feed restriction showed the highest egg yolk pigmentation. It can be concluded that laying hens raised in semi-intensive system can be submitted to a 5% of feed restriction provided on âad libtumâ offering of hay

Os peitos de galinhas matrizes pesadas de corte, poedeiras comerciais brancas e frangos foram desossados manualmente, com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar as propriedades tecnológicas – capacidade de retenção de água e de emulsificação – bem como pH e composição centesimal, além de elaborar e avaliar sensorialmente um produto reestruturado empanado, tipo nugget. Os resultados das análises indicaram que não houve diferença significativa entre as carnes analisadas, nem entre produtos processados, implicando utilização regular desse tipo de matéria-prima na indústria de alimentos. O restante das carcaças das galinhas foi utilizado para extração de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) para avaliação da estabilidade microbiológica. As CMSs foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: I) com 150ppm de nitrito, embaladas em saco de polietileno; e II) com 150ppm de nitrito e 500ppm de eritorbato, embaladas em saco de polietileno. Como controle, as amostras de CMS foram apenas acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno. Todas as embalagens foram estocadas e congeladas a –18ºC por 99 dias. Os resultados da análise de caracterização microbiológica indicaram que tanto as amostras de CMS de galinha matriz quanto de galinha poedeira atenderam os padrões de contagem requeridos pela legislação Brasileira. A avaliação da estabilidade microbiológica das CMSs no primeiro e no último dia para mesófilos, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens e Pseudomonas, bem como as análises quinzenais de microrganismos psicrotróficos, indicaram que não houve uma redução significativa nas contagens, independentemente do tratamento aplicado. Não foi detectada Salmonella em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Tais resultados apontaram o tempo de estocagem como o principal fator na redução da carga bacteriana. / The breasts of heavy fowls, white commercial egg-layers and chickens were manually deboned in order to evaluate and compare technological properties—water hold and emulsifying capacity—and pH and centesimal composition, as well as to prepare and assess a restructured coated product. The results of the analyses indicated that there was not a significant difference between the meats analyzed, nor among the processed products, implying the regular use of such meat in the food industry. The remaining parts of the hens’ carcasses were mechanically deboned for the evaluation of microbiological stability. The mechanically deboned meat (MDM) was submitted to two treatments: I) 150ppm of nitrite, packed in polyethylene bags; II) 150ppm of nitrite and 500ppm of erythorbate, packed in polyethylene bags. The control meats were just packed in polyethylene bags. All samples were frozen-stored at –18ºC for 99 days. The results of microbiological characterization indicated that both samples from heavy fowls and egg-layers were in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. MDM microbiological stability evaluation on the first and last days for fecal coliforms, mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas, as well as the analyses carried out every fifteen days for psychrotrophics bacteria indicated that there was not a significant reduction in the presence of the above, irrespective of the treatment applied. Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples. Such results indicated that freezing storage period was the main factor responsible for the reduction of the bacterial count in MDM.

Le pou rouge Dermanyssus gallinae est un acarien d’importance sanitaire et économique majeure en élevage de poules pondeuses partout dans le monde mais paradoxalement le fonctionnement de son écosystème a été relativement peu étudié. Hématophage strict, D. gallinae n’est pas un parasite typique, il entretient une relation lâche mais obligatoire avec son hôte. Confiné dans l’environnement proche de son hôte (nids, fientes sèches, litière, fumier, . . .) D. gallinae est fortement soumis aux interactions avec les autres organismes qui peuplent ces microhabitats. Ce travail a pour objectif d’apporter des éléments pertinents de caractérisation de cet écosystème singulier mal connu pour, au delà de la production de connaissance, alimenter une réflexion sur le développement de stratégies de gestion intégrée innovantes afin de s’affranchir de la stricte lutte chimique qui reste à l’heure actuelle le moyen de luttele plus largement utilisé. L’étude des interactions chimiques entre le pou rouge et son hôte a permis de mieux identifier les sources de stimulus et mieux comprendre les réponses de D. gallinae aux odeurs de poule ainsi que de déterminer dans quelle mesure il était possible d’interférer entre l’hôte et son microprédateur au moment de l’étape de repérage. La caractérisation de la structure des communautés d’arthropodes partageant les mêmes microhabitats que le pou rouge a montré que D. gallinae côtoyait plusieurs espèces d’acariens et insectes prédateurs d’arthropodes qui sont potentiellement ses ennemis naturels. Il a également été mis en évidence que le bâtiment d’élevage constituait une unité propre en termes de composition et de structure des communautés d’arthropodes. Les différences significatives de fréquence et d’occurrencedes différentes espèces prédatrices entre bâtiments, ainsi que leur capacitéde propagation depuis l’environnement extérieur constituent des indicateurs prometteurs pour le développement de la lutte biologique par conservation contre le pou rouge. Des questions transversales quant aux effets croisés, synergiques ou antagonistes, entre la manipulation des odeurs de l’hôte et la mise à contribution des processus écologiques impliquant les arthropodes non hématophages sont posées en vue d’une démarche intégrant ces outils ainsi que les autres moyens de contrôle disponibles dans un contexte de protection biologique intégrée du pou rouge. / The Poultry Red Mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae is a mite of major sanitary andeconomic importance for the egg production industry worldwide but paradoxicallythe functioning of its ecosystem has been little studied. The objective of this work was to provide relevant elements for the characterization of this singular ecosystem that is poorly known, in order to, beyond the production of knowledge, contribute to the development of innovative strategies of integrated management. This is expected to allow going further than the strict chemical control which is still to date the most widely used means of control. The study of the chemical interactions between the PRM and its host allowed to better identify sources of stimulus and to better understand D. gallinae’s responses to chicken odors as well as to determine to what extent it was possible to interfere between the host and its micropredator during the first phase of the host location. The characterization of the structure of arthropod communities sharing the same microhabitats as does PRM showed that D. gallinae was associated with several species of mites and predatory insects of arthropods which could potentially be its natural enemies. It was also demonstrated that the livestock building was a specific unit in terms of the composition and structure ofthe arthropod communities. Significant differences in the frequency and occurrence of predatory species between buildings and their propagation capacity from the external environment are promising indicators for the development of conservation biological control (CBC) against PRM. A reflection on the possible synergistic and antagonistic cross-effects between the manipulation of host odors and the stimulation of ecological processes involving non-haematophagous arthropods is carried out. This is expected to participate in the development of an approach integrating these tools as well as other available means of control in a context of integrated biological protection of PRM.

Varje år slänger svensken 74 kilo mat per person. För att förstå vad och varför vi slänger mat gick jag igenom vad ett hyreshus slänger i soprummet. Bland den slängda maten kunde jag se att de boende äter mycket ägg och tillsammans med de boende bestämde vi oss för att dem skulle testa att bli hönsägare. I mitt designarbete har jag designat ett modulärt hönshus och ett driftsystem för att de boende i hyreshuset tillsammans ska ta hand om höns och ge sina matrester till hönorna. Jag har undersökt vad de boende behöver för skapa gemenskap kring huset och på bäst sätt sköta driften. Med insikter från denna prototyp designade ytterligare ett modulärt hönshus, denna gång matas hönsen på Konstfack med Konstfacks restaurangs matrester. Jag kallar projektet ”The urban hens” och vill med detta projekt skapa en social mötesplats och verka för en mer cirkulär matekonomi som kan öka förståelse för matens värde.

Os ovos são alimentos de alto valor nutricional, já que possuem todas as vitaminas, aminoácidos e minerais essenciais. Os consumidores dão preferência, ovos com gema bem pigmentadas. A cultura popular trata o urucum como um poderoso agente anticolesterolemico, além de ser amplamente utilizado na forma de pigmento para a indústria. O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da adição de urucum (Bixa orellana L.) na ração de galinhas, verificando possível interferência na qualidade dos ovos, alteração de colesterol e cor e nas gemas e teores de vitamina A e ferro, inclusive com relação ao tempo. Para a obtenção das amostras foram utilizados 125 animais divididos em quatro tratamentos com adição de urucum na ração (0,5% - T2; 1,0% - T3; 1,5% - T4 e 2,0% - T5) e 1 controle (0% - T1). Os animais foram separados aleatoriamente em cinco blocos de cinco animais, totalizando 25 animais por parcela. Os ovos após serem colhidos passaram por análise de qualidade e padronização: pesados, classificados pelo ovoscópio, análise gravimétrica, unidade Haugh, altura de albúmen e gema, espessura da casca, diâmetro e índice de gema. O colesterol foi medido por método colorimétrico e a alteração da cor da gema, foi medida em colorímetro. Foi utilizado Teste de Tukey em nível de 5% para comparação de médias, utilizando o software SAS. Com relação à análise de qualidade dos ovos, não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. A unidade Haugh e o índice de gema apresentaram diferença que, não se deve à adição do urucum por não ser uma resposta linear. Com relação ao colesterol, os tratamentos T2 e T3 (0,5% e 1,0% respectivamente) não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si, porém todos os tratamentos se diferenciaram em relação ao controle, apresentando diminuição no nível de colesterol, com o aumento da porcentagem de urucum na ração. Ao longo do tempo, o colesterol, mesmo administrando-se urucum para os animais, apresentou aumento significativo. Em relação a cor, determinada através do colorímetro Minolta, foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: para L, T1 e T2 apresentaram os valores superiores e, T4 e T5 os mais baixos; para a*: T4 e T5 apresentaram os maiores valores, diferindo dos demais; para b*: T1 e T2 apresentaram os maiores valores diferindo dos demais. Foi calculado também o Croma (cor) e Hue-Angle (saturação da cor). Para carotenóides (&#946; e &#945; caroteno), T5 apresentou valores superiores aos demais, diferindo estatisticamente (p<0,05). Com relação ao ferro total, T5 apresentou valores superiores aos demais, além do ferro dialisável, que provavelmente pela presença do aumento de carotenóides, também apresentou-se superior. Assim, pode-se concluir que a utilização de urucum na ração de poedeiras é útil, pois não interfere na qualidade dos ovos, influi na redução do colesterol, promove a cor das amostras, aumento de carotenóides e conteúdo de ferro. / The poultry meat and eggs are foods of high nutritional value, because they have all vitamins, amino acids and essential minerals to constitute a life. The popular culture treats the anatto like a power agent anticholesterolemic, there to be amply utilized like color source amount in the kitchen whatever in poultry farmer industry like a pigment, cosiderated that national and foreigner consumers have preference eggs with yolk yellow-orange and chickens with skin pigmented well. This research evaluated the effects of addition of anatto (Bixa orellana L.) add in ration of laying hens, relating the possible interference of the anatto in egg quality, cholesterol color and level in the yolk and tenor of vitamin A and iron, including the relationship with the time. The samples were obtained from 125 animal divided in 4 treatments with adittion of anatto (0.5% - T2; 1.0% - T3; 1.5% - T4 and 2.0% - T5 of anatto added in the ration) and 1 control (0% - T1 of anatto). The animals were separated aleatoric in 5 blocks, each block with 5 animals, with total 25 animals by parcel. The eggs harvesters were submeted by analysis of quality and standardization: they were weighty, classified by the eggscopic, gravimetric analysis, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk height, thickness of the shell, diameter and index yolk; the cholesterol was measured by a color methodology and the alteration of the yolk color, was measured in colorimeter. The statistic analysis was maked employing the Turkey test, level 5%, to compair means, utilized the SAS program. About the eggs quality analysis, they don’t showed significative difference between the treatments. The Haugh unit and the yolk index showed difference but it was not relationed to anatto add in ration. About the cholesterol, it decreased with the addition of anatto, but it increase with the time, even administrating anatto for the animals, there’s a significative increase at the cholesterol level. The color determined by the colorimeter, is dividing in 3 parts the prism: L, a* e b*: to L, T1 e T2 (control and 0.5% respectively) presented lower levels and, T4 and T5 (1.5% e 2.0% respectively) the highest. To a*: only T4 and T5 (1.5% and 2.0% respectively) don’t have difference of all. To b*: T1 and T2 (control and 0.5% respectively) presented the minimum value difering of all. There was calculated either, Croma (color) and Hue-Angle (color saturation). About the carotenes (&#946; and &#945; carotene), T5 showed higher values of the other, disagree of the statistics. About the total iron, T5 showed higher to the others, besides of the dialysable iron, that probably because of the presence of the increase of carotenes, showed higher either. So, can conclude that the utilization of anatto in ration of laying hens is very interesting, because it doesn’t interfere in the eggs quality, flow into the cholesterol reduction and color of the samples and increase carotenes and iron.

In einer klinisch-prospektiven Feldstudie wurden Legehennenherden untersucht, in denen poldefekte Eier auftraten. Aus 3 betroffenen Herden wurden hierzu gezielt 86 Hühner, die poldefekte Eier legten, sowie willkürlich 72 Hühner, die normale Eier legten, untersucht. Alle Herden zeigten eine gute Legeleistung und eine hohen Sekundaanteil von über 5% an der Legeleistung, wobei die verschmutzten Eier die größte Fraktion ausmachten. Je mehr poldefekte Eier auftraten, umso höher waren der Schmutzeianteil sowie der Anteil an Bruch- und Fließeiern. Dieses Phänomen lässt sich durch die verringerte Schalenstabilität der poldefekten Eier erklären. Bei den auf poldefekte Eier selektierten Hühnern machten die poldefekten Eier den Hauptanteil der absoluten Legeleistung mit 46 bis 64% aus, sie hatten zudem einen Bruch- und Fließeianteil zwischen 27 und 38%. Der Bruch –und Fließeianteil hat die absolute Legeleistung gesenkt, aufgrund ihrer Instabilität gingen viele dieser Eier auf dem Weg vom Huhn zur Packstelle verloren. Hatte ein Huhn einmal begonnen poldefekte Eier zu legen, legte es fast keine normalen Eier mehr. In der serologischen Untersuchung mittels ELISA hatten die Hühner aller drei Herden, welche poldefekte Eier legten, einen signifikant höheren Antikörpertiter (p<0,05) gegen Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) im Vergleich zu der Kontrollgruppe. Bei allen Hühnern konnte MS-spezifische DNA in Trachealabstrichen mittels PCR amplifiziert werden. Kloakenabstriche erwiesen sich mittels MS-PCR bei den Hühnern mit poldefekten Eiern zu 87% (n=72), bei den Kontrollhühner dagegen nur zu 18% (n=13) als MS positiv. MS war darüber hinaus aus Legedarmabstrichen von fünf Hühnern, welche poldefekte Eier legten, kultivierbar. Darüber hinaus wurden 49 poldefekte Eier und 43 Eier ohne Poldefekte im Eiklar auf MS untersucht. Bei fast allen poldefekten Eiern konnte im Eiklar MS-spezifische DNA nachgewiesen werden (n=48; 98%), im Unterschied zu den Kontrolleiern (n=11; 26%). Ein kausal-pathogenetischer Zusammenhang zwischen einer Infektion des Legedarms mit MS und dem Legen von Eiern mit Poldefekten ist den Ergebnissen folgend wahrscheinlich, wobei verschiedene Faktoren für die Infektion des Legedarms verantwortlich zu sein scheinen. Bei der qualitativen Untersuchung hatten die poldefekten Eier eine signifikant (p<0.05) geringere Schalenstabilität im Vergleich zu den Kontrolleiern. Die Eischalenspitzen der Gruppe „Pol A“ hielten mit 11,4N fast nur ein Viertel der Belastung der Referenzherde aus. Die hohe Schalenstabilität der Kontrolleier von über 40N zeigte, dass die Legehennen, die keine poldefekten Eier legten, keine Schalenstabilitätsprobleme hatten. Die Farbe der braunen poldefekten Eier war oft signifikant heller als die der Kontrolleier, auch waren die Farbpigmente (a- und b-Wert) signifikant (p<0,05) verändert. Das trockene Schalengewicht war bei den poldefekten Eiern mit bis zu einem Gramm Unterschied pro Ei signifikant (p<0,05) niedriger als bei den Kontrolleiern. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Eischale wurden an 2 poldefekten Eiern und 2 Eiern ohne Poldefekte durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die poldefekten Eier sowohl in Struktur als auch im Durchmesser der Eischale erheblich von den Kontrolleiern unterschieden. Es ist fraglich, ob die veränderte Schale der poldefekten Eier in ihrer mikrobiologischen Barrierefunktion beeinträchtigt ist. Die für die Eifrische relevanten Größen wichen bei den poldefekten Eiern teilweise signifikant von den Kontrolleiern ab. In den braunen poldefekten Eiern traten vermehrt Fleischflecken auf. Aus den poldefekten Eiern ließ sich der Erreger MS jedoch nicht isolieren und anzüchten. Die untersuchten poldefekten Eier erfüllten damit - soweit ihre Schale intakt war - die formalen Anforderungen an frische Eier der Güteklasse A nach VO (EG) Nr. 1234/2007 und 598/2008. In der gelelektrophoretischen Analyse der organischen Matrix der Eischalen war in den poldefekten Eiern die Intensität der Lysozym zugeordneten Bande jeweils höher als in den Kontrolleiern, dies ließ sich jedoch statistisch nicht untermauern. Ätiologisch ist denkbar, dass eine subklinische bakterielle Besiedlung des Legedarms mit MS und die daraus resultierende Immunantwort den Lysozymspiegel des Uterussekrets erhöht. Die Verschiebung des Lysozymspiegels wirkt sich sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ negativ auf die Eischalenbildung aus. Das Resultat ist eine verringerte Schalenstabilität, das morphologische Korrelat der im Eischalenspitzenbereich sichtbare Defekt.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 4 2.1 Eibildung und Eischalenbildung 4 2.1.1 Am Anfang war das Ei 4 2.1.2 Aufbau des Hühnereies 4 2.1.3 Eibildung 5 2.1.4 Das Grundmuster der Mineralisation der Eischale 7 2.1.5 Rolle der organischen Anteile der Eischalenmatrix, Lysozym 12 2.2 Qualitätsanforderungen an Eier 13 2.2.1 Bedeutung der Schalenstabilität 13 2.2.2 Anforderungen an die Lagerung von Eiern 13 2.2.3 Gütemerkmale 14 2.2.3.1 Äußere Merkmale 14 2.2.3.2 Innere Merkmale 15 2.2.4 Zusammensetzung des Eies 17 2.3 Legeleistung von LSL-Hybriden 18 2.4 Ursachen für Qualitätsmängel der Eischale 18 2.4.1 Infektiöse Ursachen für eine verminderte Eischalenqualität 18 2.4.1.1 Mykoplasmosen 19 2.4.1.2 Egg-Drop-Syndrom (Aviäre Adenovirus-Salpingitis), andere Adenoviren 25 2.4.1.3 Infektiöse Bronchitis des Huhnes 27 2.4.1.4 Newcastle Disease 28 2.4.1.5 Eileiter-Bauchfell-Entzündung 29 2.4.2 Nicht infektiöse Ursachen für eine verminderte Eischalenqualität 30 2.4.2.1 Nutritive und metabolische Faktoren 30 2.4.2.2 Mykotoxikosen 31 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODEN 33 3.1 Anamnese 33 3.2 Grunddaten zu den Legehennen 33 3.2.1 Aufzucht und Impfschema 33 3.2.2 Legephase und Impfschema 34 3.2.3 Farmgesundheit 34 3.3 Definition der Selektionskriterien „poldefektes Ei“ und „Polhenne/Polhühner“ 35 3.4 Eiabnahme, Untersuchung der Herden und Selektionstiere 35 3.4.1 Eiabnahme und Legeleistung der Herden 35 3.4.2 Eiabnahme und Legeleistung der Selektionstiere 36 3.4.3 Einzeltierauswahl, klinische Untersuchung und Probenentnahme 36 3.4.3.1 Serologische Untersuchung der Selektionstiere 37 3.4.3.2 PCR-Untersuchung auf Mycoplasma synoviae und Mycoplasma gallisepticum 37 3.4.3.3 Sektion von Selektionstieren 38 3.4.3.4 Probenlagerung und Probenversand 38 3.5 Gütemerkmale der Eier 39 3.5.1 Äußere Qualität 39 3.5.1.1 Gruppenauswahl und Analysekriterien 39 3.5.1.2 Schalenfarbe 39 3.5.1.3 Beschreibung der Messgeräte zur Bestimmung der äußeren Qualität der Eier 39 3.5.2 Innere Qualität 40 3.5.2.1 Gruppenauswahl und Analysekriterien 40 3.5.2.2 Beschreibung der Messgeräte zur Bestimmung der inneren Qualität der Eier 40 3.5.3 Spezielle Untersuchungen 41 3.5.3.1 Rohnährstoffanalysen 41 3.5.3.2 Differenzierung von Fettsäuren im Eidotter 41 3.5.3.3 Gelelektrophorese der Eischalenmatrixproteine 43 3.6 Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung der Eischalen mittels REM 44 3.6.1 Gruppenauswahl und Analysekriterien 44 3.6.2 Präparation der Proben 44 3.7 Statistische Auswertung 45 4 ERGEBNISSE 46 4.1.1 Allgemeine Sektionsergebnisse 46 4.1.2 Spezielle Sektionsergebnisse 46 4.2 Legeleistung 47 4.2.1 Legeleistung, Sekunda und poldefekte Eier der untersuchten Herden 47 4.2.2 Korrelationen der Legeleistungsfraktionen 51 4.3 Legeleistung der selektierten Polhennen 52 4.4 Serologische Untersuchungen 53 4.4.1 Serologische Untersuchung der Selektionstiere 53 4.4.2 Korrelationen zwischen den signifikant verschiedenen Antikörpertitern 54 4.4.3 MS-Antikörpertiter in Abhängigkeit zur Lokalisation der Hühner in der Halle 54 4.5 Nachweis des MS- und MG-Antigens mittels PCR 55 4.5.1 Nachweis des MS- und MG-Antigens in Tracheal- und Kloakentupfern 55 4.5.2 Nachweis des MS-Antigens in Abhängigkeit von der Lokalisation der Hühner 55 4.5.3 Nachweis des MS-Antigens in Eiern 56 4.6 Gütemerkmale der poldefekten Eier 56 4.6.1 Äußere Qualität 56 4.6.1.1 Helligkeit und Farbe 56 4.6.1.2 Schalenstabilität und Deformation 60 4.6.1.3 Eigewicht, Eiklarhöhe und Haugh-Unit 60 4.6.1.4 Fleischflecken 63 4.6.2 Innere Qualität 63 4.6.2.1 Eigewicht und Eischalengewicht 63 4.6.2.2 Eiklarhöhe, Haugh-Unit und Luftkammerhöhe 65 4.6.2.3 Korrelationen der Ergebnisse aus der Untersuchung der inneren Qualität 67 4.6.2.4 pH-Wert des Eiklars 68 4.6.2.5 Dotterfarbe, Dotterbreite, Dotterhöhe und Dotterindex 68 4.6.3 Spezielle Untersuchungen 71 4.6.3.1 Rohfettgehalt im Dotter und Rohproteingehalt im Eiklar der untersuchten Eier 71 4.6.3.2 Fettsäuremuster des Eidotters 72 4.6.3.3 Eischalenmatrixproteine 73 4.6.3.4 Ultrastrukturelle Analyse der Eischalen mittels Rasterelektronemikroskopie 75 5 DISKUSSION 81 5.1 Auftreten poldefekter Eier in dem untersuchten Bestand 81 5.2 Nachweis von MS und MG in Legehennen und poldefekten Eiern 83 5.2.1 Weitere prädisponierende Faktoren für das Legen von poldefekten Eiern 85 5.2.2 Bedeutung der poldefekten Eier für den Produzenten 86 5.3 Gütemerkmale der poldefekten Eier 88 5.3.1 Äußere Qualität 88 5.3.2 Innere Qualität 90 5.3.3 Spezielle Untersuchungen 91 5.3.4 Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung der Eischalen mittels REM 92 5.3.5 Bedeutung der poldefekten Eier für den Verbraucher 92 5.4 These zur formalen Pathogenese des Poldefektes 94 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG / SUMMARY 96 6.1 Zusammenfassung 96 6.2 Summary 98 7 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS C / Hens laying eggs with egg-pole shell defects (EPS) were examined in a clinical prospective study. 86 hens with EPS and 72 hens without EPS from 3 flocks were selected for this study. All examined flocks showed a good laying performance, although laying many eggs off quality class B. The rate was over 5 percent of all laid eggs, most of them were dirty eggs. There was a significant correlation between EPS-eggs and dirty eggs, although between EPS-eggs and broken- and thin shelled eggs. This phenomenon could be explained by the decreased eggshell strength of the EPS-eggs. The selected hens with EPS showed a rate between 46 and 64 percent EPS-eggs of all laid eggs, the rate of broken- and thin shelled eggs was between 27 and 38 percent. Those broken- and thin shelled eggs increased absolute laying performance, because of their instability many of them were lost on the way from the cage to the packing station. The selected hens with EPS produced almost no normal eggs. It could be shown that if a hen starts laying EPS-eggs, she is almost unable to lay normal eggs any more. It could be proven serologically that hens with EPS had significant (p<0.05) higher titers against Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) then hens without EPS. MS-DNA was detectable from the tracheal swab in all tested hens. PCR tested cloacal swabs for MS were more frequently positive from hens with EPS (n=72; 87%) then from hens without EPS (n=13; 18%). Furthermore MS could be cultivated from the oviduct of 5 hens with EPS. Additionally 49 Eggs with EPS and 43 Eggs without EPS were examined microbiologically. MS-DNA was detectable in the albumen of nearly all eggs with EPS (n = 48; 98 %), contrary to the eggs without EPS (n = 11; 26%). Due to the findings it is very likely that an infection of the oviduct with MS results in eggs with EPS, whereas different factors may play an important role for the infection of the oviduct. In the qualitative investigation EPS-eggs had a significant (p<0.05) decreased pole eggshell strength than the eggs without EPS. The pole eggshell strength of the EPS-eggs of flock A (group “Pol A”) was with 11,4N just about a quarter of the pole eggshell strength of the reference flock. Nearly all eggs without EPS had a pole eggshell strength over 40N. It could be shown that hens without EPS had no decreased eggshell strength. The color of the brown EPS-eggs was often significant brighter than color of brown eggs without EPS. Furthermore the color pigments of the EPS-eggs were significant (p<0.05) changed. Dry eggshell weight was in EPS-eggs up until 1 gram difference significant (p<0.05) lower compared to eggs without EPS. Scanning electron microscopy was performed in 2 eggs with EPS and 2 eggs without EPS. This investigation revealed that eggs with EPS showed considerable differences of the eggshell structure as well as the cross section dimension according to eggs without EPS. It is doubtful whether the changed eggshell of EPS-eggs is impaired in its microbiological barrier function. The relevant variables for the freshness of the egg varied in the EPS-eggs in some cases significantly (p<0.05) compared to the control eggs. In Brown EPS-eggs increased Meat-spots occurred. However, MS could not be cultivated from EPS-eggs. Therewith fulfilled the investigated EPS-eggs - if their shell was intact - the formal requirements for fresh eggs of grade A eggs under regulation VO (EG) No. 1234/2007 and 598/2008. A gel electrophoretic analysis of the organic matrix of the eggshells of EPS-eggs and normal eggs was made. Intensity of the lysozyme-associated band was in the EPS eggs respectively higher than in the control eggs. However, this could not be proven statistically. Etiologically is conceivable that subclinical bacterial colonization of the hens oviduct with MS and the resulting immune response increases the lysozyme level in the uterine secretions. The shift of the lysozyme level affects both quantitatively and qualitatively negative on the eggshell formation. The result is a decrease in shell strength. The morphological correlate is the visible eggshell pole defect.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 4 2.1 Eibildung und Eischalenbildung 4 2.1.1 Am Anfang war das Ei 4 2.1.2 Aufbau des Hühnereies 4 2.1.3 Eibildung 5 2.1.4 Das Grundmuster der Mineralisation der Eischale 7 2.1.5 Rolle der organischen Anteile der Eischalenmatrix, Lysozym 12 2.2 Qualitätsanforderungen an Eier 13 2.2.1 Bedeutung der Schalenstabilität 13 2.2.2 Anforderungen an die Lagerung von Eiern 13 2.2.3 Gütemerkmale 14 2.2.3.1 Äußere Merkmale 14 2.2.3.2 Innere Merkmale 15 2.2.4 Zusammensetzung des Eies 17 2.3 Legeleistung von LSL-Hybriden 18 2.4 Ursachen für Qualitätsmängel der Eischale 18 2.4.1 Infektiöse Ursachen für eine verminderte Eischalenqualität 18 2.4.1.1 Mykoplasmosen 19 2.4.1.2 Egg-Drop-Syndrom (Aviäre Adenovirus-Salpingitis), andere Adenoviren 25 2.4.1.3 Infektiöse Bronchitis des Huhnes 27 2.4.1.4 Newcastle Disease 28 2.4.1.5 Eileiter-Bauchfell-Entzündung 29 2.4.2 Nicht infektiöse Ursachen für eine verminderte Eischalenqualität 30 2.4.2.1 Nutritive und metabolische Faktoren 30 2.4.2.2 Mykotoxikosen 31 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODEN 33 3.1 Anamnese 33 3.2 Grunddaten zu den Legehennen 33 3.2.1 Aufzucht und Impfschema 33 3.2.2 Legephase und Impfschema 34 3.2.3 Farmgesundheit 34 3.3 Definition der Selektionskriterien „poldefektes Ei“ und „Polhenne/Polhühner“ 35 3.4 Eiabnahme, Untersuchung der Herden und Selektionstiere 35 3.4.1 Eiabnahme und Legeleistung der Herden 35 3.4.2 Eiabnahme und Legeleistung der Selektionstiere 36 3.4.3 Einzeltierauswahl, klinische Untersuchung und Probenentnahme 36 3.4.3.1 Serologische Untersuchung der Selektionstiere 37 3.4.3.2 PCR-Untersuchung auf Mycoplasma synoviae und Mycoplasma gallisepticum 37 3.4.3.3 Sektion von Selektionstieren 38 3.4.3.4 Probenlagerung und Probenversand 38 3.5 Gütemerkmale der Eier 39 3.5.1 Äußere Qualität 39 3.5.1.1 Gruppenauswahl und Analysekriterien 39 3.5.1.2 Schalenfarbe 39 3.5.1.3 Beschreibung der Messgeräte zur Bestimmung der äußeren Qualität der Eier 39 3.5.2 Innere Qualität 40 3.5.2.1 Gruppenauswahl und Analysekriterien 40 3.5.2.2 Beschreibung der Messgeräte zur Bestimmung der inneren Qualität der Eier 40 3.5.3 Spezielle Untersuchungen 41 3.5.3.1 Rohnährstoffanalysen 41 3.5.3.2 Differenzierung von Fettsäuren im Eidotter 41 3.5.3.3 Gelelektrophorese der Eischalenmatrixproteine 43 3.6 Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung der Eischalen mittels REM 44 3.6.1 Gruppenauswahl und Analysekriterien 44 3.6.2 Präparation der Proben 44 3.7 Statistische Auswertung 45 4 ERGEBNISSE 46 4.1.1 Allgemeine Sektionsergebnisse 46 4.1.2 Spezielle Sektionsergebnisse 46 4.2 Legeleistung 47 4.2.1 Legeleistung, Sekunda und poldefekte Eier der untersuchten Herden 47 4.2.2 Korrelationen der Legeleistungsfraktionen 51 4.3 Legeleistung der selektierten Polhennen 52 4.4 Serologische Untersuchungen 53 4.4.1 Serologische Untersuchung der Selektionstiere 53 4.4.2 Korrelationen zwischen den signifikant verschiedenen Antikörpertitern 54 4.4.3 MS-Antikörpertiter in Abhängigkeit zur Lokalisation der Hühner in der Halle 54 4.5 Nachweis des MS- und MG-Antigens mittels PCR 55 4.5.1 Nachweis des MS- und MG-Antigens in Tracheal- und Kloakentupfern 55 4.5.2 Nachweis des MS-Antigens in Abhängigkeit von der Lokalisation der Hühner 55 4.5.3 Nachweis des MS-Antigens in Eiern 56 4.6 Gütemerkmale der poldefekten Eier 56 4.6.1 Äußere Qualität 56 4.6.1.1 Helligkeit und Farbe 56 4.6.1.2 Schalenstabilität und Deformation 60 4.6.1.3 Eigewicht, Eiklarhöhe und Haugh-Unit 60 4.6.1.4 Fleischflecken 63 4.6.2 Innere Qualität 63 4.6.2.1 Eigewicht und Eischalengewicht 63 4.6.2.2 Eiklarhöhe, Haugh-Unit und Luftkammerhöhe 65 4.6.2.3 Korrelationen der Ergebnisse aus der Untersuchung der inneren Qualität 67 4.6.2.4 pH-Wert des Eiklars 68 4.6.2.5 Dotterfarbe, Dotterbreite, Dotterhöhe und Dotterindex 68 4.6.3 Spezielle Untersuchungen 71 4.6.3.1 Rohfettgehalt im Dotter und Rohproteingehalt im Eiklar der untersuchten Eier 71 4.6.3.2 Fettsäuremuster des Eidotters 72 4.6.3.3 Eischalenmatrixproteine 73 4.6.3.4 Ultrastrukturelle Analyse der Eischalen mittels Rasterelektronemikroskopie 75 5 DISKUSSION 81 5.1 Auftreten poldefekter Eier in dem untersuchten Bestand 81 5.2 Nachweis von MS und MG in Legehennen und poldefekten Eiern 83 5.2.1 Weitere prädisponierende Faktoren für das Legen von poldefekten Eiern 85 5.2.2 Bedeutung der poldefekten Eier für den Produzenten 86 5.3 Gütemerkmale der poldefekten Eier 88 5.3.1 Äußere Qualität 88 5.3.2 Innere Qualität 90 5.3.3 Spezielle Untersuchungen 91 5.3.4 Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung der Eischalen mittels REM 92 5.3.5 Bedeutung der poldefekten Eier für den Verbraucher 92 5.4 These zur formalen Pathogenese des Poldefektes 94 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG / SUMMARY 96 6.1 Zusammenfassung 96 6.2 Summary 98 7 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS C