O crescente interesse por sistemas de transmissão do tipo VSC-based HVDC (VSCHVDC) como alternativa aos atuais tem levado à necessidade de estudos sobre o principal desafio associado à sua implantação, que é o desenvolvimento de um esquema de proteção que seja rápido e que identifique a zona de proteção na qual uma eventual falta tenha ocorrido, respeitando-se assim o princípio de seletividade. Para estudo de um sistema de proteção que atenda a estes requisitos, foi utilizada neste trabalho uma rede com quatro terminais e transmissão High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), implementada com conversores modulares multiníveis (Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)) e simulada em situações de contingência. Grandezas medidas nos elos de Corrente Contínua (CC) ligados a um dos terminais foram utilizadas para identificar a ocorrência de uma contingência na rede e então para decidir se trata-se de uma falta interna à zona de proteção considerada na análise. Para classificar as faltas em interna ou externa, observaram-se os espectros dos sinais de tensão CC em um terminal, calculados sobre uma janela do sinal através de Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), para várias situações de falta. Destes espectros, notou-se que uma característica varia de acordo com a distância da falta até o terminal, com o fato de a falta ser interna ou externa e com a resistência de falta. Através desta característica, denominada aqui \"frequência de centro de massa\", foi possível distinguir as faltas internas com resistências de falta baixas do restante dos eventos testados. Considerando-se apenas este parâmetro, não foi possível classificar corretamente faltas internas com resistência de falta muito alta. / The growing interest in VSC-based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems as an alternative to the current ones has required studies about the the main challenge associated with its application, which is the development of a protection scheme that is able to both fast and efficiently determine the protection zone where a fault may have happened so as to achieve selectivity. In order to study a protection system that complies with those requirements, a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system with four terminals implemented with Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) converters was simulated under contingency condition. Electrical quantities measured in one of the terminal\'s Direct Current (DC) links were used to determine the occurrence of a fault event in the system, as well as to decide whether that event belonged to the protection zone considered in the analysis. Spectra obtained via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) over a window of the DC voltage measured in one of the terminals were observed in order to discriminate between internal and external fault events. From these observations, it was noticed that a certain characteristic, named here \"center of mass frequency\", varies according to the distance between the fault location and the terminal, fault resistance, as well as whether that the fault is either internal or external to the analysed protection zone. By using this characteristic, it was possible to tell internal faults with low resistance fault from other events. Considering this parameter only, it was not possible to correctly classify internal faults with high fault resistance.

Esta dissertação aborda o cálculo da taxa de crescimento da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TCTRT), considerando o caso de falha na barra, durante a abertura do primeiro polo e o cálculo da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TRT) nos primeiros instantes de tempo, incluindo o efeito da capacitância. Os principais casos possíveis de falha na barra foram analisados e os resultados demonstraram a precisão das expressões obtidas. Normalmente, o cálculo da TCTRT e da TRT é feito por meio de simulações em programas de transitórios eletromagnéticos em que há rotinas específicas para a extração dos valores destas, porém, em determinadas condições, podem ocorrer oscilações ou imprecisões numéricas. Por ser um assunto de grande interesse convém desenvolver expressões que possam esclarecer resultados duvidosos sem a necessidade de artifícios de redução do passo de integração a valores muitas vezes não factíveis. As expressões obtidas neste trabalho podem ser utilizadas não só para se obter de forma precisa e simplificada os valores da taxa de crescimento da tensão de restabelecimento transitória de um circuito real, assim como os valores da TRT nos primeiros instantes de tempo. / This study is focused on the rate of rise of transient recovery voltage (RRTRV) calculation considering the case of bus fault, during the first pole to open, and also includes the transient recovery voltage (TRV) calculation, in the first instants of time, including the capacitance effect. The main cases of bus fault have been evaluated and demonstrate that the expressions developed in this study are relevant and with good precision. Usually, the RRTRV and the TRV are calculated with the use of simulation programs, using specific routines, nevertheless, in certain conditions, there might be oscillations and numeric imprecisions which requires a mathematic expression. This topic is of great interest and it is important to have mathematical expressions that could clarify doubtful results. The expressions obtained in this study can be use in a very simples and effective mode to calculate RRTRV and the TRV in the first instants of time, considering a real life circuit.

Ce travail de thèse a pour finalité de présenter différentes méthodologies pour l’analyse de réseaux à courant continue haut tension (HVDC). La théorie fondamentale de l‘analyse de sensitivité s’applique sur l’analyse des systèmes électriques de puissance dans les différentes étapes de la production et la transmission de l’énergie. Des outils de bases concernant cette théorie sont devenus populaires et très utilisés.En pratique, les facteurs de participation représentent un exemple de ces outils, utilisés depuis longtemps. Ils ont été proposés par (Perez-Arriaga et al., 1982). Le but des facteurs de participation est la réduction des modèles des systèmes ayant une dynamique particulière comme celle des systèmes électromécaniques. Aussi, les facteurs de participation sont utilisés pour comprendre les relations entre les variables d’état et les valeurs propres des systèmes. Nous présentons la théorie fondamentale de la sensitivité analytique dans laquelle les facteurs de participation sont basses. Pour une bonne compréhension de ces éléments de base de cette théorie, quelques exemples sont présentés. Nous présentons une formulation différente pour l’analyse par sensitivité paramétrique (Barrera Gallegos et al., 2016).Enfin, les deux méthodologies sur des exemples des réseaux HVDC. Notre comparaison permet d’exposer les limites de l’utilisation des facteurs de participation sur des réseaux HVDC.En conclusion, la nouvelle méthodologie est plus générale comparée aux facteurs de participation. Egalement, la nouvelle méthodologie, par sensitivité paramétrique, nous donne plus d’informations sur les caractéristiques dynamiques des réseaux HVDC. / The work presented in this thesis presents different methodology for parametric sensitivity of high voltage dc networks(HVDC).The fundamental theory of modal analysis has been applied for analysis of the power electrical systems in its different stages of production and transmission of energy. Tools derived from these fundamentals have become popular with its use. Among the tools used in dynamic analysis, participation factors have been used for a long time. Proposed by (Perez-Arriaga et al., 1982), they give a metric for relating states and eigenvalues of a system. The objective of the participation factors is to analyze systems with particular dynamics such as electromechanical systems. The participation factors is a tool that helps in the reduction of systems. Firstly, we present the fundaments of the sensitivity analysis upon which the participation factors are based on. The principle is illustrated with several examples.We propose a new formulation for sensitivity analysis using parametric sensitivity (Barrera Gallegos et al., 2016).In the latter, the application of participation factors and parametric sensitivity analysis is performed using HVDC networks. This comparison exposes the limitation of the participation factors for the general analysis of HVDC grids.In conclusion, the new methodology is a better and general alternative compared to traditional participation factors employed for analysis of HVDC grids. In addition, the new technique of parametric sensitivity produces several novel information related to the dynamic characteristics of the HVDC grid.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um sistema de ensaios elétricos de dispositivos de emissão de campo para que, a partir desses ensaios, possam ser extraídas as características elétricas desses dispositivos. O sistema é composto por hardware e software dedicados e pode ser controlado local ou remotamente. O hardware inclui uma fonte de alta tensão gerenciada por um sistema microcontrolado. Para programação do microcontrolador, foi utilizado um ambiente de programação disponibilizado pelo próprio fabricante do microcontrolador. Nesse desenvolvimento foram empregados periféricos de entrada e saída do microcontrolador, tais como: leitura de teclado, manipulação de USART, ajuste do nível de saída da fonte e conversores analógicos digitais. No microcontrolador foram implantadas rotinas de configuração, personalização e varredura do display, além de envio e recebimento de informações com um computador. Para o computador foi elaborado um programa dedicado para a manipulação do sistema de ensaio utilizando o conceito de instrumentação virtual, que permite escolher o tipo de ensaio elétrico, armazenar as leituras dos ensaios e a visualização \"on-line\" do andamento do ensaio através de diversos gráficos disponíveis no programa, inclusive o gráfico de Fowler-Nordheim, adequado para o estudo de dispositivos de emissão de campo. / At this work is presented the development of a field emission devices trial system to render possible to obtain the electrical characteristics of the field emission devices. Here are shown some results taken from some trials. During the development of the trial system, it was used at the programming microcontroller stage, the environment of programming supplied by the manufacturer of the microcontroller. At this development, peripheral of input and output from the microcontroller, like, keyboard reading, USART manipulation, SPI manipulation and analogic to digital converters were used. At the microcontroller were implanted routines of configuration, customing and display sweeping, besides the transmission and the receiving of instructions came from the computer. For computer, a program was elaborated dedicated for manipulation of the trials system applying the virtual instrumentation concept, storing readings of the trials as well as the visualization \"on-line\" of the course of the trial through available graphs in the program. As an important result of this work has the establishment of a system for trial of field emission devices controlled on place or remotely, system that is composed by hardware and software in which were made several trials with acquisition and data manipulation and the presentation of received information.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um sistema de ensaios elétricos de dispositivos de emissão de campo para que, a partir desses ensaios, possam ser extraídas as características elétricas desses dispositivos. O sistema é composto por hardware e software dedicados e pode ser controlado local ou remotamente. O hardware inclui uma fonte de alta tensão gerenciada por um sistema microcontrolado. Para programação do microcontrolador, foi utilizado um ambiente de programação disponibilizado pelo próprio fabricante do microcontrolador. Nesse desenvolvimento foram empregados periféricos de entrada e saída do microcontrolador, tais como: leitura de teclado, manipulação de USART, ajuste do nível de saída da fonte e conversores analógicos digitais. No microcontrolador foram implantadas rotinas de configuração, personalização e varredura do display, além de envio e recebimento de informações com um computador. Para o computador foi elaborado um programa dedicado para a manipulação do sistema de ensaio utilizando o conceito de instrumentação virtual, que permite escolher o tipo de ensaio elétrico, armazenar as leituras dos ensaios e a visualização \"on-line\" do andamento do ensaio através de diversos gráficos disponíveis no programa, inclusive o gráfico de Fowler-Nordheim, adequado para o estudo de dispositivos de emissão de campo. / At this work is presented the development of a field emission devices trial system to render possible to obtain the electrical characteristics of the field emission devices. Here are shown some results taken from some trials. During the development of the trial system, it was used at the programming microcontroller stage, the environment of programming supplied by the manufacturer of the microcontroller. At this development, peripheral of input and output from the microcontroller, like, keyboard reading, USART manipulation, SPI manipulation and analogic to digital converters were used. At the microcontroller were implanted routines of configuration, customing and display sweeping, besides the transmission and the receiving of instructions came from the computer. For computer, a program was elaborated dedicated for manipulation of the trials system applying the virtual instrumentation concept, storing readings of the trials as well as the visualization \"on-line\" of the course of the trial through available graphs in the program. As an important result of this work has the establishment of a system for trial of field emission devices controlled on place or remotely, system that is composed by hardware and software in which were made several trials with acquisition and data manipulation and the presentation of received information.

<p>As the interest in intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) increases, so does the need of a suitable antenna which endures those demanding conditions. The ultrawideband (UWB) technology provides an elegant way of generating high-voltage UWB pulses which can be used for IEMI. One UWB antenna, invented solely for the purpose of radiating pulses, is the impulse radiating antenna (IRA). In the course of this master thesis work, a suitable geometry of the IRA is suggested, and modelled, for the high-voltage application of 90 kV.</p>

Electric breakdown in power transformers is preceded by pre-breakdown events such as streamers. The understanding of these phenomena is important in order to optimize liquid insulation systems. Earlier works have derived a model that describes streamers in transformer oil and utilized a finite element method to produce numerical solutions. This research investigates the consequences of changing the numerical method to a finite volume-based solver implemented in OpenFOAM. Using a standardized needle-sphere geometry, a number of oil and voltage combinations were simulated, and the results are for the most part similar to those produced by the previous method. In cases with differing results the change is attributed to the more stable numerical performance of the OpenFOAM solver. A proof of concept for the extension of the simulation from a two-dimensional axial symmetry to three dimensions is also presented. / Elektriska genomslag i högspänningstransformatorer föregås av bildandet av elektriskt ledande kanaler som kallas streamers. En god förståelse av detta fenomen är viktigt vid konstruktionen av oljebaserad elektrisk isolation. Tidigare forskning i ämnet har tagit fram en modell för fortplantningen av streamers. Denna modell har sedan lösts numeriskt av ett beräkningsverktyg baserat på finita elementmetoden. I denna uppsats undersöks konsekvenserna av att byta metod till finita volymsmetoden genom att implementera en lösare i OpenFOAM. En standardiserad nål-sfär-geometri har ställts upp och ett flertal kombinationer av oljor och spänningar har simulerats. De flesta resultaten visar god överensstämmande med tidigare forskning medan resultat som avviker har tillskrivits de goda numeriska egenskaperna hos OpenFOAM-lösaren. En ny typ av simulering har även genomförts där simulationen utökas från en tvådimensionell axisymmetrisk geometri til tre dimensioner.

As the interest in intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) increases, so does the need of a suitable antenna which endures those demanding conditions. The ultrawideband (UWB) technology provides an elegant way of generating high-voltage UWB pulses which can be used for IEMI. One UWB antenna, invented solely for the purpose of radiating pulses, is the impulse radiating antenna (IRA). In the course of this master thesis work, a suitable geometry of the IRA is suggested, and modelled, for the high-voltage application of 90 kV.

Σκοπόςτης παρούσας εργασίαςείναι αρχικά η δημιουργία ενός μοντέλου με τα χαρακτηριστικά ενός μονωτήρα υψηλής τάσης.Το μοντέλο αυτό θα ενσωματωθεί στο μοντέλο μιας γραμμής υψηλής τάσης διπλού κυκλώματος των 400kV, για να υπολογιστούν οι επαγόμενες υπερτάσεις σε παρακείμενο υπέργειο αγωγό μεταφοράς υδρογονανθράκων. Τα παραπάνω επιτυγχάνονταιμε τη μοντελοποίηση πραγματικών πυλώνων και γραμμών του Ελληνικού συστήματος μεταφοράς καθώς και υπέργειου αγωγού υδρογονανθράκων.Η εξομοίωση υλοποιείται μέσω του προγράμματος ATP-EMTP. Για τον σχεδιασμό του μοντέλου του μονωτήρα χρησιμοποιήθηκε το μοντέλοVolt-TimeCurve. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο τύποι κεραυνού για τις προσομοιώσεις, για γρήγορο και αργό σήμα, με τιμές ρεύματος 100kA. Για το γρήγορο, οι τιμές χρόνων μετώπου και ουράς 1.2/50μs και για το αργό σήμα 10/350μs. Σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία υπάρχουν 8 κεφάλαια. Στα πρώτα 5 κεφάλαια έγινε μια παράθεση πληροφοριών και θεωρητική προσέγγιση όλων των επιμέρους τμημάτων που συνθέτουν τη συνολική διάταξη της μελέτης. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται λεπτομερής αναφοράστο πρόγραμμα ATP-EMTP στο οποίο πραγματοποιήθηκε η προσομοίωση.Στο 6o κεφάλαιο γίνεται η μοντελοποίηση όλων των στοιχείων της διάταξης και η ενσωμάτωσή τους στοATP-EMTP. Στο 7ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση του μοντέλου του μονωτήρα που αναπτύχθηκε και στο 8ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση των αποτελεσμάτων της προσομοίωσης και εξάγονται κάποια συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη διάταξη. / The purpose of this paper is , at first, to create a model with the features of a high voltage insulator. This model will be incorporated into the model of a high-voltage line double circuit 400kV, to calculate the induced transients in adjacent aboveground pipeline hydrocarbons. These goals are achieved by modeling real pillars and lines of Greek transport system and overground pipeline hydrocarbons. The simulation is implemented through the ATP-EMTP. The model Volt-Time Curve is used for the modeling of the insulator. Also, two types of lightning are used for the simulations, for fast and slow signal, with current values 100kA. For fast signal, the prices of front and tail time are 1.2 / 50ms and for slow signal 10 / 350ms. In this thesis there are 8 chapters. In the first five chapters was a quote and information theoretical approach to all individual parts that make up the overall layout of the study. The 5 chapter is a detailed reference to the ATP-EMTP program which performed the simulation. The 6 chapter is the modeling of all elements of the layout and the incorporation into the ATP-EMTP. In chapter 7 we present the model of the insulator developed and in chapter 8 we present the simulation results and draw inferences about the layout.

Volcanic eruptions are powerful natural events which impact strongly on society. As human populations grow and expand into volcanically active areas, their exposure and vulnerability to volcanic hazards is also increasing. Of all volcanic hazards, ashfall is the most likely to impact lifelines because of the large areas affected. The widespread dispersal of ash can cause large-scale disruption of vital infrastructure services, aviation, and primary production. Electric power supply is arguably the most crucial of modern infrastructure systems, especially considering the dependence of other sectors on electricity to maintain functionality. During and immediately after ashfalls, electric power systems are vulnerable to a number of impacts, but disruption from volcanic ash-induced insulator flashover (unintended, disruptive electrical discharge) is most common. This thesis investigates the vulnerability of electric power systems to volcanic ashfall by examining impacts to the different sectors of the modern power system and exploring appropriate mitigation strategies. Analogue laboratory trials using a pseudo (synthetic) ash are undertaken to verify the environmental, volcanological and electrical parameters that most affect electrical conductivity and therefore the flashover mechanism in these experiments. While dry ash is highly resistant to the flow of electric current, increasing moisture content, soluble salt load, and compaction (bulk density) will reduce this resistance and, in turn, increase the potential for flashover. Volcanic ash is an acute form of airborne pollution for areas downwind of active volcanoes. Results from laboratory experiments in this thesis suggest that insulator pollution (volcanic ash) performance (dielectric strength) is primarily dictated by (1) the conductivity of the ash, and (2) insulator material, profile (shape) and dimensioning. Composite polymer insulators tested herein effectively minimise sinusoidal leakage current and partial discharge activity and also exhibit higher pollution performance when compared to ceramic equivalents. Irrespective of insulator material, however, the likelihood of flashover increases significantly once the bottom surface of suspension insulator watersheds become contaminated in wet ash. The thesis investigates the vulnerability (hazard intensity/damage ratio) of electric power systems to volcanic ashfall hazards. Identification, analysis, and reduction of the risk of ashfall impacts to power networks is explored as a part of holistic volcanic risk assessment. The findings of the thesis contribute to the readiness, response and recovery protocols for large electric power systems in volcanic disasters; which directly affects the functional operation and economics of industrial and commercial society.