Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 176004.pdf: 708106 bytes, checksum: 03ab8afa34375fc736af312de122628e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19T00:00:00Z / The main purpose of this work is to investigate the perceived quality by the customers in banking services, as well as to identify gaps between clientsí expectations and perceived service. In order to do so, a group of high income customers was selected, since the banks strategy of allocation resources is focused on this market segment. The analysis were based on a questionnaire which was specially developed to cover the multiple dimensions of theoretical models of Grˆnroos (1984), Parasuraman (1988) and Brogowicz (1990) so that we could identify which were the main necessities to be fulfilled under these customers point of view. / O objetivo central deste trabalho é investigar a qualidade percebida pelos clientes em relação a serviços bancários, bem como identificar as lacunas em relação às expectativas dos clientes. Para tanto, foi selecionado o público de alta renda já que, de acordo com a estratégia de alocação de recursos dos bancos atuantes hoje no território brasileiro, este é o segmento para quem são dirigidos os maiores esforços e melhores recursos destas instituições. As análises foram baseadas em um questionário desenvolvido com o objetivo de abranger as diferentes e diversas dimensões dos modelos teóricos de Grönroos (1984), Parasuraman (1988) e Brogowicz (1990) a fim de identificar quais seriam as principais necessidades de aporte de qualidade sob a ótica destes consumidores de serviços financeiros.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 koga_fa_dr_botu.pdf: 1966237 bytes, checksum: 7170273f830c678c8ddafb8c2f2301eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PROPe UNESP) / Introdução: A incidência de parada cardíaca (PC) pode ser utilizada como um indicador de qualidade para promover melhorias quanto à segurança do paciente no período perioperatório. Até o momento, não há na literatura mundial nenhuma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de PC relacionada à anestesia. Este estudo buscou analisar dados globais de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia de acordo com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e com a variável tempo. Além disso, comparou-se as incidências de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia dos países com baixo e elevado IDH em 2 períodos de tempo. Método: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada por meio de plataformas eletrônicas de busca para identificar estudos em que pacientes submetidos à anestesia tenham apresentado PC perioperatória e/ou relacionada à anestesia. A meta-análise proporcional e análise de metarregressão foram realizadas utilizando um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para avaliar os dados globais de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia de acordo com o IDH e tempo, e para comparar suas incidências de acordo com o IDH (baixo versus elevado IDH) dos países e de acordo com período (pré 1990 versus período de 1990 - 2014), respectivamente. Resultados: Cinquenta e três estudos provenientes de 21 países, abrangendo 11,9 milhões de anestesias foram incluídos. A meta-análise proporcional demonstrada na proporção de n eventos para 10.000 anestesias apresentaram declínio na incidência de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia em países com elevado IDH (de 8,1 [IC 95%: 5,1-11,9] pré 1990 para 6,2 [IC 95%: 5,1-7,4] no período de 1990-2014, p<0,001, e 2,3 [IC 95%: 1,2-3,7] pré 1990 para 0,7 [IC 95%: 0,5-1,0] no período de 1990-2014, p<0,001; respectivamente). Os países com baixo IDH apresentaram aumento significativo na incidência de PC perioperatória (de 16,4 [IC 95%: 1,5-47,1] pré 1990 para 19,9 [IC 95%: 10,9-31,7] no período de 1990-2014, p=0,03) diferentemente da incidência de PC relacionada à anestesia, que não apresentou alteração significativa (9,2 [IC 95%: 2,0-21,7] pré 1990, para 4,5 [IC 95%: 2,4-7,2] no período de 1990-2014, p=0,14). A metarregressão demonstrou que as incidências de PC perioperatória (slope: -2,4071; IC 95%: -4,0482 a -0,7659; p=0,005) e relacionada à anestesia (slope: -3,5729; IC 95%: -6,6306 a -0,5152; p=0,024) decresceram com o aumento do IDH, mas não com o tempo. Conclusão: Existe uma redução clara e consistente na incidência de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia nos países com elevado IDH, mas um aumento na incidência de PC perioperatória sem alteração significativa na incidência de PC relacionada à anestesia nos países com baixo IDH comparando esses dois períodos de tempo. As incidências de PC perioperatória e relacionada à anestesia reduziram com o aumento do IDH dos países, mas não ao longo do tempo. / Background: The anesthesia-related cardiac arrest (CA) rate is a quality indicator to improve patient safety in the perioperative period. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the worldwide literature related to anesthesiarelated CA rate has not yet been performed. This study aimed to analyze global data on perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates according to country’s Human Development Index (HDI) and by time. Additionally, we compared the perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates in low- and high-income countries in two time periods. Methods: A systematic review was performed using electronic databases to identify studies in which patients underwent anesthesia with perioperative and/or anesthesia-related CA rates. Proportional meta-analysis and metaregression were performed with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare the perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates by country’s HDI status (low-HDI versus high-HDI) and by time period (pre-1990s versus 1990s-2010s), and to evaluate global data on perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates according to country’s HDI and by time, respectively. Results: Fifty-three studies from 21 countries assessing 11.9 million anesthetic administrations were included. Meta-analysis showed per 10,000 anesthetics that perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates declined in high-HDI (8.1 [95% CI: 5.1-11.9] before the 1990s to 6.2 [95% CI: 5.1-7.4] in the 1990s-2010s, P<0.001, and 2.3 [95% CI: 1.2-3.7] before the 1990s to 0.7 [95% CI: 0.5- 1.0] in the 1990s-2010s, P<0.001; respectively). In low-HDI countries, perioperative CA rates increased significantly (16.4 [95% CI: 1.5-47.1] before the 1990s to 19.9 [95% CI: 10.9-31.7] in the 1990s-2010s, P=0.03) while anesthesia-related CA rates did not alter significantly (9.2 [95% CI: 2.0-21.7] before the 1990s to 4.5 [95% CI: 2.4-7.2] in the 1990s-2010s, P=0.14). Metaregression showed that perioperative (slope: -2.4071; 95% CI: -4.0482 to -0.7659; P=0.005) and anesthesia-related (slope: -3.5729; 95% CI: -6.6306 to -0.5152; P=0.024) CA rates decreased with increasing HDI, but not with time. Conclusions: There is a clear and consistent reduction in perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates in high-HDI countries, but an increase in perioperative CA rates without significant alteration in the anesthesia-related CA rates in low-HDI countries comparing the two time periods. Both perioperative and anesthesia-related CA rates decrease with increasing HDI but not with time by meta-regression. / FAPESP: 2013/11006-7 / PROPe: 0143/004/13

Background: There is a strong association between exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and the development of negative mental health (MH) outcomes among women and their children. Given the high prevalence of IPV in low and lower-middle income countries (LLMICs) and its relationship with varying MH issues, it is essential to identify evidence-based interventions that reduce MH challenges, including interventions that remain effective under LLMIC resource, implementation, and scalability constraints. Objective: The proposed study involves a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psychosocial interventions compared to a) no intervention, b) alternatively specified interventions, or c) waitlisted services to reduce MH impairment among women and children with IPV exposure and who live in LLMICs relative to those living in high income countries (HICs). Methods: Our methods and reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We systematically searched eight electronic databases for RCTs reporting the effects of psychosocial interventions on the well-being of women, and/or their children, who were exposed to IPV and who were living in LLMICs or HICs. Searches were completed on April 10, 2022. We implemented forward citation searching on February 19th, 2023, of the included studies to capture any missed or recently published papers. Title, abstract, full-text screening, and data extraction were completed independently, using Covidence. Primary and secondary outcome data extracted and analyzed from the included studies were: (a) MH disorder (depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)), (b) clinical symptoms of mental illness (stress, emotion dysregulation, self-efficacy, self-esteem, externalizing symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and ideation) and (c) parent and child relationship and quality of life. Pooled effect estimates of the outcomes were synthesized on Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) and were reported using Hedge’s g. Risk of bias was also assessed, in duplicate, using the Clarity Risk of Bias Tool and the certainty of the available evidence was classified according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Tool (GRADE). Where at least five studies were available for an outcome, three a priori subgroup analyses were completed for women and children on the basis of : 1) psychosocial intervention type (empowerment and advocacy, trauma-focused therapy, non-trauma focused therapy, counselling, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and parenting), income setting (LLMIC and HIC), and 3) length of follow-up (post-intervention, < 12-months follow-up, and ≥ 12-months follow-up). Lastly, sensitivity analyses explored the impact of the following on the outcomes (1) high-risk of bias ratings; (2) missing data, and (3) reporting on feasibility and pilot data. Results: A total of 33,257 articles were identified via database searches; 12,057 were removed using deduplication, resulting in 21, 200 articles for title and abstract screening. A total of 581 articles underwent full-text screening, of which 55 unique studies were included in the review. Across the included studies, enough data was available to analyze seven outcomes within the meta-analysis; this included the primary outcomes of depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, PTSD, and the secondary outcomes, stress, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Thirteen studies were completed in LLMIC settings, with 42 studies focused on HICs. Ten studies focused on women and children exposed to IPV, 43 studies focused strictly on women, and two studies focused strictly on children. With respect to the outcomes, the majority of studies examined intervention impacts on depression (k = 33, 60%), anxiety (k = 11, 20%), and PTSD (k = 26, 47%). After performing the meta-analyses, very uncertain evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions may lead to reductions in maternal depression (g = -0.222; 95% CI -0.353 to -0.090) maternal anxiety (g = -0.541; 95% CI -0.953 to -0.129), and child PTSD (g = -0.314; 95% CI -0.602 to -0.026). Additionally, very uncertain evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions may have little to no effect on child depression (g = 0.085; 95% CI -0.519 to 0.690), maternal PTSD (g = -0.193; 95% CI -0.339 to -0.047), maternal stress (g = -0.188; 95% CI -0.454 to 0.078), and maternal self-efficacy (g = 0.187; 95% CI -0.096, 0.469). As well, moderate certainty of evidence indicates that psychosocial interventions are likely to result in little to no difference in self-esteem (g = 0.196; 95% CI -0.009 to 0.401), and a low certainty of evidence indicates that psychosocial interventions may result in little to no difference in maternal quality of life (g = 0.121; 95% CI -0.090, 0.332), relative to controls. However, when considering these outcomes, trauma-focused therapy showed significant improvements in maternal depression in HICs and LLMICs, while maternal anxiety and PTSD showed significant improvements in LLMICs. Non-trauma focused therapy resulted in significant improvements in maternal stress specifically in LLMICs. Parenting psychosocial interventions were also effective in significantly improving child PTSD in LLMICs. Conclusion: The systematic review and meta-analysis found that psychosocial interventions may not be more beneficial compared to control groups for addressing MH outcomes amongst women and children exposed to IPV within LLMICs and HICs. While trauma-focused therapy, non-trauma focused therapy, and parenting interventions demonstrated significant positive impacts for maternal depression, anxiety, PTSD, stress and child PTSD, the evidence available was deemed to be uncertain. This review underscores the importance of equal resource distribution, fair research practices, investing in longer follow-up studies, comprehensive data analysis, and clear reporting. Future research should prioritize well-designed trials to understand the effects of specific psychosocial interventions. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Women's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem that often occurs in the presence of children and is linked to poor mental health; this is especially true among women and children living in low and lower-middle income countries (LLMIC) (Barada et al., 2021; García-Moreno et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2019). Given that intervening early can help reduce the mental health (MH) impacts of IPV exposure, there is an urgency to identify and disseminate evidence-based interventions in LLMIC settings. Here, we systematically review the literature evaluating psychosocial interventions that aim to reduce MH impairment among women and children exposed to IPV in LLMIC settings and examine how these findings compare to psychosocial interventions that reduce MH impairment among those living in high-income country (HIC) settings. In total, 55 unique studies were included in the systematic review. Findings are varied; however, overall, trauma-focused therapy, non-trauma focused therapy, and parenting psychosocial interventions significantly improved specific mental health outcomes within specific settings. In HICs, trauma-focused therapy demonstrated improvements in maternal depression. In LLMICs, trauma-focused therapy was effective in reducing maternal depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, in LLMICs, only, non-trauma focused therapy improved maternal stress and parenting interventions improved child PTSD. We also narratively and statistically discuss factors specific to the psychosocial interventions that may improve MH following IPV exposure. Intervention factors include mechanism, type, delivery, setting, and modality, which should be targets for future evaluation. In sum, our review emphasizes the importance of tailoring interventions to address the unique needs of survivors in particular settings and calls for balanced, larger, and well-designed trials to better understand the effects of psychosocial interventions within and across contexts.

La croissance de la migration dans le monde, intensifiée par des crises politiques et économiques, ainsi que par des catastrophes naturelles dans plusieurs pays, amène des défis dans la prestation des soins de santé dans les pays à revenu élevé, qui doivent s’assurer d’offrir des soins de santé adéquats aux populations migrantes. Il est reconnu que des personnes migrantes présentent un taux élevé de diabète de type 2 (DT2) par rapport aux personnes natives des pays d’accueil, notamment à cause des facteurs génétiques et des facteurs liés à la migration. De plus, il a été prouvé que les personnes migrantes conservent des liens transnationaux avec leurs proches et leurs pays d’origine. Ces liens peuvent constituer des leviers ou s’ériger en obstacle pour la gestion et la prise en charge du DT2 dans le pays d’accueil. Nous avons mené une métasynthèse qualitative dans le but de déterminer comment le transnationalisme se manifeste et influence l’expérience de santé des personnes migrantes vivant avec le DT2 dans les pays à revenu élevé. Un total de 21 études qualitatives pertinentes menées dans des pays à revenu élevé, dont la Norvège (n=1), la Suède (n=1), l’Australie (n=6), le Canada (n=2), le Pays-Bas (n=1), les États-Unis (n=7), le Royaume-Uni (n=2) et la Belgique (n=1), a été repéré dans cinq différentes bases de données. Le transnationalisme a servi de cadre de référence ayant guidé l’analyse des données de l’étude. Plusieurs liens transnationaux (sociaux, culturels, linguistiques, religieux, affectifs, économiques, recherche des soins de santé, etc.) ont été identifiés et l’analyse thématique a permis de formuler des thèmes et des sous-thèmes. Il en est ressorti que les personnes migrantes maintiennent des liens avec leurs cultures, ainsi qu’avec leurs proches (familles, amis) et membres de leur communauté culturelle. Ces liens peuvent exercer une influence importante sur leur vie et sur leur expérience de vivre avec le DT2. En effet, le diagnostic de la maladie (DT2), les changements à apporter aux habitudes de vie (alimentation saine, pratique d’activité physique), la prise des médicaments, ainsi que la gestion quotidienne du DT2 sont influencés par les liens transnationaux. En conclusion, les liens transnationaux ont un impact positif et négatif sur la gestion et la prise en charge du DT2 dans les pays à revenu élevé. Des recommandations pour la pratique, la formation et la recherche ont été émises. / The growth of migration around the world, intensified by political and economic crises and natural disasters in many countries, is creating challenges in the delivery of health care in high-income countries, which must ensure that adequate health care is provided to migrant populations. It is recognized that migrant individuals have a higher rate of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) than native-born individuals in host countries, due in part to genetic and migration-related factors. In addition, it has been shown that migrants maintain transnational ties to their relatives and countries of origin. These links can be levers or barriers for the management and care of T2DM in the host country. We conducted a qualitative metasynthesis to determine how transnationalism manifests itself and influences the health experience of migrants living with T2D in high-income countries. A total of 21 relevant qualitative studies conducted in high-income countries, including Norway (n=1), Sweden (n=1), Australia (n=6), Canada (n=2), the Netherlands (n=1), the United States (n=7), the United Kingdom (n=2), and Belgium (n=1), were identified in five different databases. Transnationalism was used as a framework to guide the analysis of the study data. Several transnational ties (social, cultural, linguistic, religious, emotional, economic, health care seeking, etc.) were identified and thematic analysis was used to formulate themes and sub-themes. It was found that migrants maintain ties with their cultures, as well as with their relatives (family, friends) and members of their cultural community. These ties can have an important influence on their lives and on their experience of living with T2DM. Indeed, the diagnosis of the disease (T2DM), the changes to be made to lifestyle habits (healthy eating, physical activity), the taking of medication, as well as the daily management of T2DM are influenced by transnational ties. In conclusion, transnational ties have a positive and negative impact on the management and care of T2DM in high-income countries. Recommendations for practice, education, and research were made.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Eduardo Noronha 1.pdf: 254579 bytes, checksum: ba977483f32ea3ce2037b4c587e298ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-21 / This research is about how four of the biggest bank in Brazil - Bradesco, Itaú, Citibank e BankBoston they use the communication to seduce the public of high income. The objective is to define which are the appeals and the values used in the commercial ones of television and to understand why the films are many similarities in the persuasion arguments. The importance of this research it defines in consequence of the strong presence of the banks in the TV ways and for the fact of the main banks in Brazil to have launched in a short space of time sub marks, a resource very used by the industry with the extensions of marks, to take care of to a market of high income esteem in 2 million people. This is a new subject and still little explored in the academy. The used methods had been the content analysis, that verified the arguments of TV commercials and the bibliographical research, that the necessary ballast for the definition of the problem gave and based the resulted structuralized of the study the main ones of the research had presented the conversion of two trends; the first one comes of the new values that blow of the society, especially of the people of high income in Brazil. They have presented new forms of consumption, that are much more on to the emotions. The ostentation and the consumption of sophisticated products as synonymous of status and power continue and possibly they will have to continue to exist, but it notices now that the least has broken of the Brazilian elite search if to differentiate for subjective values. They are in return the basic values of the society as familiar relationship, valuation of the simple things and better exploitation of the time. On the other hand, the second trend is marketing. With the commoditization of the products and services, the companies search if to differentiate for the mark and, to make the connection of this with the consumers, emotional arguments are used. Even because, to be manipulated the consumers, the way most efficient is through the emotion. It can also be said that, to pierce the mental blockade that the consumers raise in virtue of the bombing of messages that receive daily, the way are to entertain, to move. Ally to everything this, the banks prays of negative image in the society and comes working to minimize this perception: they want for intermediary of its messages advertising executives if to become more likeable, human. When congregated these movements - of the society valuing more the being of what having and the banks wanting to humanize itself and using emotional appeals in its communication - it is easy to understand the similarity of arguments. But it will be that the differentiation lack will not continue bringing the commoditization of the products and services for the commoditization of the communication and making with that it leaves to fulfill one of its basic papers that are to make an advertiser if to differentiate of the competition? / Esta pesquisa investiga como quatro dos maiores bancos que atuam no Brasil - Bradesco, Itaú, Citibank e BankBoston - utilizam a comunicação para seduzir o público de alta renda. O objetivo é definir quais são os apelos e os valores utilizados nos comerciais de televisão e entender por que os filmes são muitos similares nos argumentos de persuasão. A importância desta pesquisa se define em conseqüência da forte presença dos bancos no meio TV e pelo fato de os principais bancos no Brasil terem lançado num curto espaço de tempo submarcas, um recurso muito utilizado pela indústria com as extensões de marcas, para atender a um mercado de alta renda estimado em 2 milhões de pessoas. Este é um tema novo e ainda pouco explorado na academia. Os métodos utilizados foram a análise de conteúdo, que verificou os argumentos dos comerciais de TV e a pesquisa bibliográfica, que deu o lastro necessário para a definição do problema e embasou a estruturação do estudo Os principais resultados da pesquisa apresentaram a conversão de duas tendências; a primeira vem dos novos valores que sopram da sociedade, destacadamente das pessoas de alta renda no Brasil. Elas têm apresentado novas formas de consumo, que estão muito mais ligadas às emoções. A ostentação e o consumo de produtos sofisticados como sinônimo de status e poder continuam e possivelmente deverão continuar a existir, mas nota-se agora que ao menos parte da elite brasileira busca se diferenciar por valores subjetivos. Estão de volta os valores básicos da sociedade como relacionamento familiar, valorização das coisas simples e melhor aproveitamento do tempo. Por outro lado, a segunda tendência é mercadológica. Com a comoditização dos produtos e serviços, as empresas buscam se diferenciar pela marca e, para fazer a conexão desta com os consumidores, são utilizados argumentos emocionais. Até porque, para se manipular os consumidores, o modo mais eficaz é através da emoção. Pode-se dizer também que, para furar o bloqueio mental que os consumidores erguem em virtude do bombardeio de mensagens que recebem diariamente, o caminho é o de entreter, emocionar. Aliado a tudo isto, os bancos rezam de imagem negativa na sociedade e vêm trabalhando para minimizar esta percepção: querem por intermédio de suas mensagens publicitárias se tornar mais simpáticos, humanos. Quando reunidos esses movimentos - o da sociedade valorizando mais o ser do que o ter e os bancos querendo se humanizar e utilizando abordagens emocionais em sua comunicação - é fácil entender a similaridade de argumentos. Mas será que a falta de diferenciação não continuará trazendo a comoditização dos produtos e serviços para a comoditização da comunicação e fazendo com que ela deixe de cumprir um dos seus papéis fundamentais que é o de fazer um anunciante se diferenciar da concorrência?

Introduktion: Fysisk inaktivitet beskrivs idag som ett växande globalt folkhälsoproblem där en tredjedel av världens alla vuxna inte når upp till de internationella rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet. Fysisk inaktivitet fastställs även som en av de ledande riskfaktor för förtida död och förknippas ofta med sjukdomar som hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, diabetes och cancer. Kvinnor i åldrarna 18–64 år boende i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden beskrivs vara i särskild risk för fysisk inaktivitet, framförallt då bristande möjligheter till att utöva fysisk aktivitet är ledande för denna befolkningsgrupp. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva vilka riskfaktorer som kan bidra till fysisk inaktivitet samt vilka skyddsfaktorer som kan bidra till fysisk aktivitet bland kvinnor i åldrarna 18–64 år i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden i höginkomstländer. Metod: Den metod som tillämpades var en systematisk litteraturöversikt där 20 vetenskapliga artiklar stod till grund för resultatet. De databaser som användes i studien var PubMed och Medline och de vetenskapliga artiklarna var publicerade mellan år 2005–2020. Vidare granskades och bearbetats dessa artiklar utifrån en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet redovisades med utgångspunkt från tre huvudteman; socioekonomiska faktorer, psykosociala faktorer samt fysisk miljö. I resultatet framkom det att faktorer som låg utbildningsnivå, låg nivå av self-efficacy, avsaknad av socialt stöd samt bristande ekonomiska förutsättningar och fysisk miljö var påverkande orsaker till fysisk inaktivitet bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden. Slutsats: Utifrån resultatet går det att dra slutsatsen att fysisk inaktivitet bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden är ett synnerligen viktigt ämne som berör många perspektiv, både på individnivå och på samhällsnivå. Den fysiska inaktiviteten bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt missgynnade stadsdelar handlar i stora delar om brist på de skyddsfaktorer som kan bidra till en ökad fysisk aktivitet. / Introduction: Physical inactivity is described as a growing global public health problem where one third of all the world’s adults do not achieve the international recommendations for physical activity. Physical inactivity is also identified as one of the leading risk factors for premature death and is often associated with diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Women aged 18-64 living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods are described as being at particular risk of physical inactivity, especially as lack of opportunitiesis common among this group of population when it comes to physical activity. Aim: The aim of this literature study is to describe the risk factors that can contribute to physical inactivity and the protective factors that can contribute to physical activity among women aged 18-64 living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods in high-income countries. Methods: The method used was a systematic literature review based on 20 scientific articles.The databases that were used in the study were PubMed and Medline and the scientific articles were published between 2005–2020. Furthermore, these articles were reviewed and processed on the basis of a thematic content analysis. Results: The results were presented on the basis of three main themes; socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors and physical environment. The results showed that factors such as low level of education, low level of self efficacy, lack of social support and lack of financial prerequisites and physical environment were influential causes of physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is a particularly important topic that affects many perspectives, both at the individual level and at the societal level. The physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is largely due to a lack of the protective factors that can contribute to increased physical activity.

Covid-19-pandemin utgör ett globalt hot mot hälsa, ekonomiskt välbefinnande och politisk stabilitet. Enligt forskare är vacciner mot covid-19 en nyckel till att få ett slut på pandemin och återgå till en viss typ av normalitet. Problemet är att vaccinerna mot covid-19 har fördelats ojämnt mellan hög- och låginkomstländer. Denna studie är baserad på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer som undersöker hur experter ser på distributionen av vacciner mot covid-19 mellan hög- och låginkomstländer. Mer specifikt, vilka faktorer som de anser påverka fördelningen samt vilka åtgärder som behövs för att göra fördelningen mer rättvis. Studien är kopplad till ett teoretiskt ramverk om global rättvisa som används för att förklara varför vi människor har skyldigheter att hjälpa varandra. Denna studies resultat indikerar att majoriteten av experterna anser att fördelningen av vaccinerna har i hög grad varit ojämn eftersom höginkomstländer har anskaffat mer vacciner än låginkomstländerna. Enligt experterna kan en global ojämn fördelning av vacciner leda till konsekvenser som att det utvecklas mutationer av viruset som inte vaccinerna fungerar emot, och att pandemin således fortsätter. Den viktigaste faktorn som experterna belyste är att länder har agerat nationalistiskt och att det har varit ett högt tryck på politiska ledare att skaffa vacciner för deras befolkningar. Experterna var överens om att Covax initiativet var en bra åtgärd för att vaccinerna skulle fördelas mer rättvist även om de också påpekade utmaningar med Covax. Denna studie bidrar därför till förståelsen att det finns många faktorer som påverkar den globala fördelningen av vacciner mot covid-19, men också att det finns flera åtgärder för att göra fördelningen mer rättvis. / The COVID-19 pandemic poses a global threat to health, economic well-being and political sta- bility. According to researchers, COVID-19 vaccines are a key to ending the pandemic and return- ing to a certain type of normality. The issue is that the COVID-19 vaccines have been unevenly distributed between high- and low-income countries. This study is based on qualitative semi-struc- tured interviews exploring how experts view the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines between high- and low-income countries. More specifically, what factors that they consider to affect the distribution and what measures are needed to make the distribution more equitable. The study connects to the theoretical framework of global justice which is used to clarify why humans have obligations to help each other. The result of the study indicates that the majority of experts con- clude that the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines has been very uneven because high-income countries have obtained more vaccines than low-income countries. According to experts, an une- ven distribution of the vaccines can lead to several consequences such as the development of mu- tants which the vaccine does not work against, and thus to the pandemic continuing. The main factor pointed out by the experts is that countries have acted nationalistic and that there has been a lot of pressure on political leaders to procure vaccines for their populations. The experts agree that the Covax initiative was a good measure for the vaccines to be distributed more fairly, alt- hough they also highlighted challenges with Covax. This study therefore contributes to the under- standing that there are many factors that affect the global distribution of vaccines against COVID- 19, but also that there are several measures to make the distribution more equitable.

This thesis examined diverse students' experiences completing Ontario's community involvement requirement. An analysis of quantitative surveys and qualitative focus groups among 50 current and recently graduated secondary school students from widely contrasting socio-economic settings showed ways in which diverse participants perceived their community involvement activities, the support for community involvement in their schools, and their associated opportunities to develop capacity to make changes toward a more socially just world. Results indicated that low-income participants reported dissimilar experiences from high-income participants, in relation to the support for community involvement provided by school staffs, participants' direct or distant relationships with service recipients, and their sense of individual and collective agency to effect change. Thus, this study challenges the assumption that all students in Ontario have equal access to the citizenship education learning opportunities embedded in meaningful community involvement activities.

This thesis examined diverse students' experiences completing Ontario's community involvement requirement. An analysis of quantitative surveys and qualitative focus groups among 50 current and recently graduated secondary school students from widely contrasting socio-economic settings showed ways in which diverse participants perceived their community involvement activities, the support for community involvement in their schools, and their associated opportunities to develop capacity to make changes toward a more socially just world. Results indicated that low-income participants reported dissimilar experiences from high-income participants, in relation to the support for community involvement provided by school staffs, participants' direct or distant relationships with service recipients, and their sense of individual and collective agency to effect change. Thus, this study challenges the assumption that all students in Ontario have equal access to the citizenship education learning opportunities embedded in meaningful community involvement activities.

In the literature, some studies argue that affluence and the financial sector encourages low-carbon investments which result in lower emissions while others find that they enhance emissions. Contemporary studies barely consider agriculture, employment generation and the degree of financial development as determinants of emissions. In view of these, the thesis investigates the impact of economic and financial development on CO2 emissions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Applying the EKC and STIRPAT framework, the study modelled three functional forms which were estimated using an unbalanced panel data of 45 SSA countries by employing static and dynamic analytical methods. The models were re-estimated for 24 low (LIC), 13 lower-middle (LMIC), six upper-middle (UMIC) and two high-income countries (HIC). The study found evidence that empirical results differ in terms of the (sub-) sample of countries, estimation methods and functional forms. In detail, the study found different CO2 emissions-economic development relationships for the income groups. However, there is evidence of a linkage between later developments of the economies with lower emissions in LIC and UMIC while this linkage does not exist in LMIC and HIC. The study also found that financial development lowers CO2 in UMIC while it enhances emissions in LIC, LMIC and HIC. Despite this, there is evidence of a linkage between later developments of financial sectors with higher emissions in LIC and HIC and a linkage between later developments of financial sectors with lower CO2 in UMIC in SSA meanwhile no linkage was found for LMIC. The study concludes that not all economic development increases the level of CO2 emissions and not all financial development limits CO2 emissions in SSA during the study period. Generally, the main contributory variables to CO2 emissions are income, trade openness, energy consumption, population density and domestic credit to private sector to GDP. The main reducing factors of CO2 emissions are agriculture and official exchange rate. The thesis recommends that SSA needs to be more responsive to a cleaner CO2 environment by moving away from the conduct of unclean development strategy to intensified green investments. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)