<p>This study examines the advent of state public health and medical services in Trinidad in the post-emancipation colonial period, to 1916. Britain's sugar-producing plantation societies were structured to allow the small white Creole plantocracy to exploit the labour of the African and East Indian lower orders and keep the people in a perpetual state of poverty. Trinidad established the Government Medical Service (GMS) in 1870 in response to an edict from the Colonial Office. The civilising mission had clearly gone awry and state-provided western medical services would henceforth be mandatory to mitigate the excessive mortality and morbidities amongst the subject peoples.</p><p>The GMS rapidly evolved into a major provider of medical care services. However, the form and function of the GMS remained contested terrain, due to the enduring disagreements about the causes of the widespread impoverishment and illhealth amongst the people. The Creole plantocracy used the poverty and poor health of the Africans as proof of their regression into barbarism after emancipation. Conversely, some British officials believed that plantation society colonialism created adverse conditions of life, thus obligating the state to alleviate its effects. The Afro-and IndoTrinidadian people emerged as a powerful force in the process of creolising the colonial state's social policies, as tens of thousands of sufferers sought assistance from the government doctors each year. The GMS thus developed as a distinctly creolised West Indian entity providing western public health and medical services to the African and East Indian residents.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

As the first analytic history of Ethiopian medicine, this thesis explores the interchange between the institutional development of a national medical network and the lived experiences of women as patients and practitioners of medicine from the years 1940-1975. Using birth and gender as mechanisms to explore the nation's public health history allows me to pursue alternative threads of enquiry: I ask questions not only about state activities and policy pursuits, but also about the relevance and acceptance of those actions in the lives of the citizenry. This thesis is also the first medical history of a non-colonial African country, opening up new questions about the role of non-Western actors in the expansion of Western medicine in the twentieth century. I explore the ways in which the exceptional history of Ethiopia can be couched in existing narratives of African modernity, medicine, and birth history. Issues of local agency and the creation of new social elites in the pursuit of modernity are all pertinent to the case of Ethiopia. Through both extensive archival research and oral interviews of nearly 200 participants in Haile Selassie's medical campaigns, I argue that the extent to which the imperial medical project in Ethiopia 'succeeded' was highly predicated on pre-existing conditions of gender, class, and geography.

Esta pesquisa mostra o caminho percorrido pelo Instituto de Higiene de São Paulo para a sua consolidação no campo científico e político, entre 1916 e 1951. O personagem principal é o seu 3º diretor: o farmacêutico e médico Geraldo Horácio de Paula Souza, que teve destacada atuação nas negociações com a Fundação Rockefeller para a concretização do Instituto e, no gerenciamento daquele que se transformaria na Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo em 1945. A periodização é delimitada pelos primeiros acordos entre a Fundação Rockefeller e a Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo (1916) para a instalação do laboratório de higiene e a morte precoce de Paula Souza (1951), encerrando seus quase trinta anos à frente do antigo Instituto de Higiene. Esta consolidação se deu em três frentes de atuação: o ensino da higiene, a pesquisa científica na área e o atendimento à população, campos que deixaram legados para a saúde pública brasileira. / This research depicts the path taken by Instituto de Higiene de São Paulo, between 1916 and 1951, to consolidate itself in the scientific and political field. Our main character is the Institute\'s third director: Geraldo Horácio de Paula Souza. Being a pharmacist and a doctor, he played a major role negotiating with the Rockefeller Foundation for the consolidation of the Institute in Brazil, and also in the management of what would become the Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública of the Universidade de São Paulo, in 1945. The timeline of our research is defined by the first agreements between the Rockefeller Foundation and the Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo (1916), for the creation of the laboratory of hygiene, and Paula Souzas\'s early death (1951) after leading the former Instituto de Higiene for almost thirty years. Such consolidation had three main areas of action: the teaching of hygiene, the scientific research on this field and providing healthcare for the population. Those three main areas left important legacies for the Brazilian public health.

Esta pesquisa mostra o caminho percorrido pelo Instituto de Higiene de São Paulo para a sua consolidação no campo científico e político, entre 1916 e 1951. O personagem principal é o seu 3º diretor: o farmacêutico e médico Geraldo Horácio de Paula Souza, que teve destacada atuação nas negociações com a Fundação Rockefeller para a concretização do Instituto e, no gerenciamento daquele que se transformaria na Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo em 1945. A periodização é delimitada pelos primeiros acordos entre a Fundação Rockefeller e a Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo (1916) para a instalação do laboratório de higiene e a morte precoce de Paula Souza (1951), encerrando seus quase trinta anos à frente do antigo Instituto de Higiene. Esta consolidação se deu em três frentes de atuação: o ensino da higiene, a pesquisa científica na área e o atendimento à população, campos que deixaram legados para a saúde pública brasileira. / This research depicts the path taken by Instituto de Higiene de São Paulo, between 1916 and 1951, to consolidate itself in the scientific and political field. Our main character is the Institute\'s third director: Geraldo Horácio de Paula Souza. Being a pharmacist and a doctor, he played a major role negotiating with the Rockefeller Foundation for the consolidation of the Institute in Brazil, and also in the management of what would become the Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública of the Universidade de São Paulo, in 1945. The timeline of our research is defined by the first agreements between the Rockefeller Foundation and the Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo (1916), for the creation of the laboratory of hygiene, and Paula Souzas\'s early death (1951) after leading the former Instituto de Higiene for almost thirty years. Such consolidation had three main areas of action: the teaching of hygiene, the scientific research on this field and providing healthcare for the population. Those three main areas left important legacies for the Brazilian public health.

This thesis examines the history of diphtheria in Ontario between 1880 and 1940. The purpose of this thesis is to look past the bacteriological excitement of the nineteenth century, and the discoveries that have often been reported by historians and popular media and explore why diphtheria remained an enigmatic disease despite the discovery of a single bacterial cause. Drawing on a variety of primary and secondary sources, this thesis also uncovers the social, personal and often fatal consequences that arose following the appearance of diphtheria within communities. The unresolved enigmatic nature of diphtheria allowed for the creation of a conceptual space in which both medical and non-medical members of Ontario’s society often found themselves competing to promote their own conceptualizations of diphtheria. These conceptualizations, combined with the threat diphtheria posed to the health of a community, resulted in further confusion regarding the nature of the disease. Many historical concerns regarding diphtheria and its enigmatic nature have never been resolved.

Estre trabalho estuda as primeiras políticas públicas e privadas para o combate à tuberculose no estado de São Paulo, entre 1892 e 1917. Influenciados pelo movimento europeu do final do século XIX, membros da comunidade médica paulista iniciaram uma campanha antituberculose no estado de São Paulo através de ações promovidas pelo Serviço Sanitário, órgão de saúde pública paulista organizado em 1892, e pela Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, entidade filantrópica criada em 1899. O estudo procura mostrar como a campanha foi organizada e exercida por cada órgão, na capital paulista e em outras cidades do estado, ao longo das décadas. Também mostra como ocorreu a relação entre os órgãos, compara suas propostas de combate à tuberculose e as respectivas ações promovidas por eles, observando como estas se complementaram ou provocaram atritos. / The present study focuses on the first public and private policies towards the combat against tuberculosis in the State of São Paulo between 1892 and 1917. Influenced by the European movement at the end of the XIX century, members of São Paulos medical community launched an antituberculosis campaign in the state. Actions were implemented by the Serviço Sanitário, public health agency of the State of São Paulo created in 1892, and by the Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, a philanthropic entity created in 1899. This study intends to demonstrate how the campaign was organized and executed during several decades by these agencies in the São Paulo capital city and in other towns of the state. The relations between Serviço Sanitário and Liga Paulista were also documented, comparing their proposals and actions against Tuberculosis, and observing whether those were complementary or conflicting.

Estre trabalho estuda as primeiras políticas públicas e privadas para o combate à tuberculose no estado de São Paulo, entre 1892 e 1917. Influenciados pelo movimento europeu do final do século XIX, membros da comunidade médica paulista iniciaram uma campanha antituberculose no estado de São Paulo através de ações promovidas pelo Serviço Sanitário, órgão de saúde pública paulista organizado em 1892, e pela Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, entidade filantrópica criada em 1899. O estudo procura mostrar como a campanha foi organizada e exercida por cada órgão, na capital paulista e em outras cidades do estado, ao longo das décadas. Também mostra como ocorreu a relação entre os órgãos, compara suas propostas de combate à tuberculose e as respectivas ações promovidas por eles, observando como estas se complementaram ou provocaram atritos. / The present study focuses on the first public and private policies towards the combat against tuberculosis in the State of São Paulo between 1892 and 1917. Influenced by the European movement at the end of the XIX century, members of São Paulos medical community launched an antituberculosis campaign in the state. Actions were implemented by the Serviço Sanitário, public health agency of the State of São Paulo created in 1892, and by the Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, a philanthropic entity created in 1899. This study intends to demonstrate how the campaign was organized and executed during several decades by these agencies in the São Paulo capital city and in other towns of the state. The relations between Serviço Sanitário and Liga Paulista were also documented, comparing their proposals and actions against Tuberculosis, and observing whether those were complementary or conflicting.

The global incidence of dengue has increase 30-fold over the past 50 years in the western or Asian Pacific, this region is also a contemporary epicenter for resource extraction and ecological destabilization. Dengue is addition to yellow fever, chikungunya and most recently zika virus, are transmitted by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti- a domesticated mosquito adept at breeding in artificial household containers and within homes. The history of the domestication and global distribution of Aedes aegypti is intrinsically linked to European expansion into and among tropical worlds. Contemporary population genetics research suggest the westward expansion of the mosquito vector beginning with trans-Atlantic Slave Trade moving to the Americas and then making a jump across the Pacific, which I argue occurred first within the Philippines and then spread eastward through the greater Indian Ocean. I argue that Spanish and American colonization facilitated the biological invasion of Ae. aegypti and dengue in the Philippines and created the conditions for contemporary epidemics. The discourse within the dominant voices of public health, CDC and WHO, omit this history as well as down play the significance of land use and deforestation while focusing predominantly upon dengue’s prevention and control. This omission is an act of erasure and a means of furthering western imperialism through paternalistic interventions. Mosquito-borne disease epidemics are unintended consequences of past human action and if public health discourse continues to frame epidemics as random and unfortunate events, we risk missing key patterns and continuing to perpetuate the circumstances of disease and adaptation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Grindler.pdf: 642098 bytes, checksum: 0f51757b20703cb88e66dc30445fb92f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / The present study analyzes topics of public health interest at a time when new ideas in this field were developed in São Paulo, using the children s playgrounds, in the period from 1935 to 1938, as study case. The hypothesis underpinning this study is that within the Brazilian public health setting in the 1930s, public spaces, like the children s playgrounds, provided the scenario for actions aiming at the prevention of disease and promotion of health. Three different agendas could be identified as underlying the establishment of children s playgrounds in São Paulo: the one by the group around Paulo Duarte and Mário de Andrade pursued cultural and national identity interests. The second was prominently concerned with hygienic matters and corresponded to the ideals of the so-called Paula Souza Reform . Finally, the third agenda was the one of Nicanor Miranda, the director of the Division of Education and Recreation, which was based on a new and broad-scoped concept of physical education / O presente estudo analisa questões de interesse sanitário, num período em que novas concepções no campo da saúde pública eram desenvolvidas em São Paulo, tomando os parques infantis, entre 1935 e 1938, como estudo de caso. A hipótese norteadora desse estudo é que, dentro do contexto da saúde pública no Brasil, emergente na década de 1930, espaços públicos, tais como os parques infantis, tornaram-se um cenário para ações de prevenção de doenças e de promoção da saúde. Nesse sentido, três projetos diferentes puderam ser identificados à base do estabelecimento dos parques infantis de São Paulo: um como foco cultural e identitário, formulado pelo grupo ligado a Paulo Duarte e Mário de Andrade, um segundo com interesse eminente sanitário, correspondente aos ideias da chamada Reforma Paula Souza , e um terceiro, formulado pelo diretor da Divisão de Educação e Recreios, Nicanor Miranda, baseado num novo conceito, ampliado, da educação física.

Análisis de distintos aspectos de la salud pública y áreas afines en el municipio de Murcia entre 1700 y 1759 utilizándose como fuente los libros capitulares del ayuntamiento además de otros documentos depositados en el archivo municipal. Los primeros capítulos trazan el marco general demográfico, económico, cultural, institucional, científico y medico. En estos capítulos se adelantan algunos resultados de la investigación especialmente en competencias municipales en sanidad e instituciones científico-medicas. El grueso de los datos obtenidos se expone en capítulos sobre alimentación, higiene ambiental, lucha contra las epidemias, asistencia social y sanitaria y ejercicio de los profesionales. Como conclusión se muestra que la primera mitad del siglo XVIII es para Murcia un periodo realmente dinámico, aunque de realizaciones tímidas, en el que se observa una concienciación progresiva de que la salud es un asunto publico en el que la administración debe intervenir. / Analysis of several aspects of public health and related areas in the municipality of Murcia, between 1700 and 1759. Municipal records and other documents included in the archives of the city are used as a source. The first chapters outline the demographic, economic, cultural, institutional, scientific and medical general framework. These chapters advance some research results, especially in municipal responsibilities in fields of health and scientific and medical institutions. Most of the data obtained are discussed in chapters on nutrition, environmental health, epidemic control, health and social care and the work of health professionals. We can conclude that the first half of the eighteenth century is a really dynamic period for Murcia, with modest gains, in which there is a gradual awareness that health is a public matter where the administration must participate.