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This dissertation examines the history of the creation and development of the concept of anticipation, a pattern of heredity found in several diseases (e.g. Huntington’s disease and myotonic dystrophy), in which an illness manifests itself earlier and often more severely in successive generations. It reconstructs major arguments in twentieth-century debates about anticipation and analyzes the relations between different research communities and schools of thought. Developments in cutting-edge medicine, biology, and genetics are analyzed; many of these developments were centered in Britain, but saw significant contributions by people working in France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and North America. Chapter one traces precursor notions in psychiatric and hereditarian thought from 1840 to the coining of the term ‘anticipation’ by the ophthalmologist Edward Nettleship in 1905. Key roles in the following chapters are played by several figures. Prior to World War II, these include: the neuropathologist F.W. Mott, whose advocacy during 1911- 1927 led to anticipation being called “Mott’s law”; the biometrician and eugenicist Karl Pearson, who opposed Mott on methodological and political grounds; and two politically and theoretically opposed Germans – Ernst Rüdin, a leading psychiatrist and eugenicist who came to reject anticipation, and Richard Goldschmidt, a geneticist who offered a peculiar Mendelian explanation. The British psychiatrist and human geneticist, Lionel Penrose, makes a first interwar appearance, but becomes crucial to the story after World War II due to his systematic dismissal of anticipation, which discredited the notion on orthodox Mendelian grounds. The final chapters highlight the contributions of Dutch neurologist Christiaan Höweler, whose 1980s work demonstrated a major hole in Penrose’s reasoning, and British geneticist Peter Harper, whose research helped demonstrate that expanding trinucleotide repeats accounted for the transgenerational worsening without contradicting Mendel and resurrected anticipation as scientifically legitimate. Reception of the concept of anticipation is traced across the century through the examination of textbooks used in different fields. This dissertation argues against established positions regarding the history of the concept, including claims that anticipation’s association with eugenics adequately explains the rejection of the notion after 1945. Rejected, in fact, by many eugenicists from 1912, anticipation was used by physicians until the 1960s.

Au cours de sa vie de 1767 à 1842, Henri de Ste Gême un émigré de la Révolution française immigrera à Saint-Domingue où il combattra pour les armées britanniques et républicaines tour à tour. Immigrant à Cuba et à La Nouvelle-Orléans par la suite, il participera à la bataille de La Nouvelle-Orléans où il recevra les éloges du général Jackson. Ste Gême retournera en France en 1818 où il laisse le soin de ses affaires louisianaises à ses amis, dont Jean Boze qui écrira de véritables chroniques sur tout ce qui se passe à La Nouvelle-Orléans. Les correspondances de Boze témoignent de l’évolution de La Nouvelle-Orléans au cours des années 1830 à une période où les francophones passent d’une population majoritaire à minoritaire. Cette américanisation et cette diversification de la population sont décrites par Boze, un réfugié de Saint-Domingue, qui porte une attention particulière à cette catégorie de la population ainsi qu’aux liens qu’ils entretiennent avec les autres francophones. De plus, les correspondances de Boze sont révélatrices de l’importance qu’occupe la France dans la Louisiane américaine au cours de la décennie 1830 spécialement, où La Nouvelle-Orléans représente une enclave du monde atlantique français et où les habitants francophones développent une identité hybride. / During his lifetime from 1767 to 1842, Henri de Ste-Gême, an émigré of the French Revolution migrated to the French colony of Saint-Domingue where he fought for both the British and the Republican armies. Afterwards he migrated to Cuba and to New Orleans where he fought under the command of General Andrew Jackson during the Battle of New Orleans and was praised for his service. Henri de Ste-Gême returned to France in 1818 and imparted the Louisiana business to his friends. Notably, it was Jean Boze who would later write chronicles about what was going on in New Orleans. This correspondence serves as a witness to the evolution of New Orleans during the 1830s at a moment where the Francophones went from being a majority to a minority. Further, this Americanization and diversification of the population is described by Boze, a Saint-Domingue refugee, who devotes special attention to this part of the population and to their relationship with other francophones during that time period. Furthermore, Boze’s correspondence reveals France’s importance in American Louisiana particularly in the 1830s, when New Orleans formed an enclave in the French Atlantic world and when the French-speaking population developed a hybrid identity.

Aux lendemains de la Guerre de Sécession, le petit centre manufacturier de Warren, dans l’État du Rhode Island, attira plusieurs immigrants canadiens-français en quête de travail. Ces derniers s’organiseront rapidement en établissant un réseau paroissial, en fondant plusieurs sociétés mutuelles et en multipliant les commerces prêts à desservir une clientèle francophone de plus en plus nombreuse. Les premiers stades de développement de la communauté (1888-1895) avaient déjà été observés par Jean Lamarre dans le cadre de son mémoire de maîtrise (1985). D’une part, le chercheur avait remarqué un phénomène graduel d’enracinement des paroissiens et, d’autre part, l’analyse de leur profil socio-économique indiquait qu’ils travaillaient majoritairement à la filature. Par cette étude, nous avons voulu revisiter cette communauté au moment où sa présence dans le paysage industriel et urbain de Warren apparaît consolidée. Grâce aux listes nominatives du recensement fédéral de 1910 et aux publications gouvernementales parues à la même époque, nous évaluons l’ampleur des changements socio-économiques transformant la communauté en l’espace d’une quinzaine d’années. L’observation du processus d’intégration des Canadiens français à l’environnement industriel est complétée par une analyse de l’apport des femmes et des enfants au ménage ouvrier. Les conclusions principales de cette étude démontrent que malgré l’attrait indéniable que représente encore et toujours le secteur manufacturier auprès de nombreux travailleurs, les Canadiens français jouissent en 1910 d’une qualité de vie généralement supérieure à celle qui caractérisait leurs débuts au sein de la localité. Leur situation socio-économique s’apparentera d’ailleurs davantage à celle des anglophones de Warren, Yankees et Irlandais, que de celle des représentants de la « nouvelle vague d’immigration » (Polonais, Italiens et Portugais). / In the aftermath of the Civil War, the small manufacturing center of Warren, Rhode Island, attracted many French Canadians immigrants in search of work and economic betterment. They rapidly organized themselves by establishing a parish network, by founding several mutual aid societies and by multiplying shops that were ready to welcome more and more customers. The early stages of development of the community (1888-1895) have already been observed by Jean Lamarre in his Master’s thesis (1895). On one hand, the researcher noticed a gradual process of settlement occurring among the parishioners and, on the other hand, the analysis of their socio-economic profile indicated that most of them worked in the cotton mills. By this study, we wanted to revisit this community when its presence in Warren’s industrial and urban area seemed consolidated. Through a systematic use of the unpublished nominative lists from the 1910 Federal Census of the United States as well as published government documents, this thesis assesses the extent of socio-economic changes that have transformed the community over the course of fifteen years. The observation of the integration process of French Canadian into the industrial environment is supplemented by an analysis of women and children’s contribution into the household economy. The main conclusions of this study show that despite the fact that a significant proportion of workers are still employed in the manufacturing sector, the French Canadian population of Warren mainly enjoys a better quality of life in 1910 than in the earlier era. Their socio-economic situation places them closer to their Yankees and Irish neighbours than to their “new immigration” counterparts (Poles, Italians, Portuguese).

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Aux lendemains de la Guerre de Sécession, le petit centre manufacturier de Warren, dans l’État du Rhode Island, attira plusieurs immigrants canadiens-français en quête de travail. Ces derniers s’organiseront rapidement en établissant un réseau paroissial, en fondant plusieurs sociétés mutuelles et en multipliant les commerces prêts à desservir une clientèle francophone de plus en plus nombreuse. Les premiers stades de développement de la communauté (1888-1895) avaient déjà été observés par Jean Lamarre dans le cadre de son mémoire de maîtrise (1985). D’une part, le chercheur avait remarqué un phénomène graduel d’enracinement des paroissiens et, d’autre part, l’analyse de leur profil socio-économique indiquait qu’ils travaillaient majoritairement à la filature. Par cette étude, nous avons voulu revisiter cette communauté au moment où sa présence dans le paysage industriel et urbain de Warren apparaît consolidée. Grâce aux listes nominatives du recensement fédéral de 1910 et aux publications gouvernementales parues à la même époque, nous évaluons l’ampleur des changements socio-économiques transformant la communauté en l’espace d’une quinzaine d’années. L’observation du processus d’intégration des Canadiens français à l’environnement industriel est complétée par une analyse de l’apport des femmes et des enfants au ménage ouvrier. Les conclusions principales de cette étude démontrent que malgré l’attrait indéniable que représente encore et toujours le secteur manufacturier auprès de nombreux travailleurs, les Canadiens français jouissent en 1910 d’une qualité de vie généralement supérieure à celle qui caractérisait leurs débuts au sein de la localité. Leur situation socio-économique s’apparentera d’ailleurs davantage à celle des anglophones de Warren, Yankees et Irlandais, que de celle des représentants de la « nouvelle vague d’immigration » (Polonais, Italiens et Portugais). / In the aftermath of the Civil War, the small manufacturing center of Warren, Rhode Island, attracted many French Canadians immigrants in search of work and economic betterment. They rapidly organized themselves by establishing a parish network, by founding several mutual aid societies and by multiplying shops that were ready to welcome more and more customers. The early stages of development of the community (1888-1895) have already been observed by Jean Lamarre in his Master’s thesis (1895). On one hand, the researcher noticed a gradual process of settlement occurring among the parishioners and, on the other hand, the analysis of their socio-economic profile indicated that most of them worked in the cotton mills. By this study, we wanted to revisit this community when its presence in Warren’s industrial and urban area seemed consolidated. Through a systematic use of the unpublished nominative lists from the 1910 Federal Census of the United States as well as published government documents, this thesis assesses the extent of socio-economic changes that have transformed the community over the course of fifteen years. The observation of the integration process of French Canadian into the industrial environment is supplemented by an analysis of women and children’s contribution into the household economy. The main conclusions of this study show that despite the fact that a significant proportion of workers are still employed in the manufacturing sector, the French Canadian population of Warren mainly enjoys a better quality of life in 1910 than in the earlier era. Their socio-economic situation places them closer to their Yankees and Irish neighbours than to their “new immigration” counterparts (Poles, Italians, Portuguese).

This dissertation investigates the relationship between genre and the representation of war-time violence in five texts written during and shortly after the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The texts are The Narrative of Edmund Wright (1864), John William De Forests Miss Ravenels Conversion from Secession to Loyalty (1867), and three short stories by Henry JamesThe Story of a Year (1865), Poor Richard (1867), and A Most Extraordinary Case (1868). These texts deal with the theme of war violence through generic mechanisms associated with the spectrum of writings often dichotomized as romance and realism. The main theoretical approach to genre depends on a distinction between criterial theories of genre and contingency theories of genre. Criterial theories emphasize the shared characteristics of literary texts: that is, criterial theories of genre are classificatory in orientation. Contingency theories emphasize the ways in which social forces influence the act of classification: contingency theories of genre, in other words, concentrate on the notion that genres are social constructs. This dissertation maintains, in line with contingency theory, that genre is affected by the social, political and cultural circumstances of the period in which the genre operates; as a result, this dissertation uses documents from and about the American Civil War to substantiate its claims. The work of Alice Fahs, David Reynolds, and John Frow has influenced the approach to genre theory and to nineteenth-century American literary history. / English

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