Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Svårläkta bensår drabbar en procent av Sveriges befolkning och påverkar den enskildes livskvalité negativt. När ett sår inte har läkt på 6 veckor klassificeras det som ett kroniskt sår. För att få ett sår att läkas ska det utredas vad det är för sår så rätt behandling sätts in som evidensbaserad omläggning, nutrition och avlastning som sjuksköterskan har ansvar för. Honung är ett alternativ till såromläggning av kroniska sår. Syfte: Syftet är att studera honungens effekt på sårläkning av kroniska sår. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt av 11 artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Resultat:Fyra av sju artiklar redovisar en snabbare sårläkning och sju av elva artiklar redovisar fler antal läkta sår med honung än vad kontrollgrupper har. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar på att honung inte är helt effektivt men inte heller sämre än vad de olika kontrollgrupperna är. Mer forskning behövs i ämnet medicinsk honung. Nyckelord: sårläkning, sår, kroniska sår, honung / Summary Background: Leg ulcer affect one percent of the Sweden's population and effects patients’ quality of life. When time to heal a wound is more than 6 weeks, it is classified as a chronic wound. To get a wound to be healed, it is necessary to investigate the best treatment for each wound. The evidence shows that the nurse is in charge of wound dressing, nutrition and relief. Honey is an alternative to wound healing in chronic wounds. Aim: The aim was to study the honeys effect on wound healing of chronic wounds. Method: The work is a literature review on eleven quantitative articles. Result: Four out of seven articles has a faster healing rate and seven out of eleven articles has more healed wounds with honey compared to different control groups. Conclusion:The result of the study shows that honey is not completely effective but also not worse than the control groups. The study shows that more research is needed about medical honey. Keywords: wound healing, ulcer, wound, chronic, honey

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites related to fungi, possessing greatly reduced genomic and cellular components. The microsporidian Nosema ceranae threatens honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations. Nosemosis has a complex epidemiology affected by host, pathogen and environmental factors. Although a draft of the N. ceranae genome has been published, the molecular basis underpinning pathogenicity is not known. The lack of established culturing techniques and a tractable genetic system necessitates use of model systems for both host and parasite such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I hypothesise effectors essential to disease progression exist amongst N. ceranae secretome genes. In this study I have started characterising these genes using a combination of established and novel techniques for studying microsporidia proteins including bioinformatics, heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae, and the genome-wide analysis platform of Synthetic Genetic Arrays. This effort has yielded new insights into N. ceranae secreted proteins which lack similarity to known sequences. I identified N. ceranae protein NcS77 as a candidate effector implicated in targeting host nuclear pores. NcS50 and NcS85 co-localise with ERG6 a marker for lipid droplets (an organelle known to be targeted by another obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis) when expressed in S. cerevisiae. N. ceranae polar tube proteins (PTP) induce filament formation when expressed in S. cerevisiae and PTP2 co-localises with the cell wall. Interestingly this phenotype is replicated by another secreted protein which may infer a common function. Together these data contribute to knowledge on N. ceranae pathology bringing us closer to understanding the disease and ultimately lead the way to mitigation.

While the production of mead, a fermented honey beverage, has declined in popularity around the world in recent centuries, a substantial mead industry continues to exist in Africa with an estimated annual production of 1 to 1.7 billion litres. This is largely an ‘invisible industry’, and has functioned outside the formal economy due to proscription of indigenous beverages during colonial times. The traditional African mead industry is, however, also now under pressure due to the environmental degradation of scarce natural ingredients, urbanisation and loss of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and, with time, the beverage will likely follow the declining trend of mead consumption observed elsewhere. An analysis of early reports of African mead production suggested that the Khoi-San, among the earliest inhabitants of the continent, are the originators of the mead making techniques which use fibrous plant materials derived from specific plant species, to facilitate mead fermentation in some way. The Eastern Cape represents a region with a large body of Khoi-San IKS preserved in their descendants among the Afrikaans and Xhosa populations. A survey to establish a baseline of mead-making technology in the Eastern Cape was undertaken, and involved interviewing traditional mead makers across an area of roughly 100 000 km2, showing that the mead, iQhilika(Xhosa) Kari (Khoi-San/Afrikaans), is produced using a very similar process throughout the region. This involves the roots of a Trichodiadema sp. plant (imoela – Xhosa, karimoer – Afrikaans/Khoi-San), honey, extract of brood and/or pollen and water. Various other fruit sugar sources were also found to be added at times producing seasonal beverages with unique organoleptic properties. A model traditional iQhilika production operation was investigated in order to describe the main features of the process. Biomass immobilised on Trichodiadema root segments was found to be distributed evenly through the profile of the bioreactor resulting in a well mixed fermentation and a productivity of 0.74 g EtOH/l/h. In the initial stages of fermentation, the ethanol yield was highest in the mid-regions of the bioreactor, but with time the regions closer to the surface, which had atmospheric contact had a higher yield. This phenomenon was attributed to aerobic fatty acid synthesis which allowed the yeast close to the surface to function more efficiently despite rising ethanol concentrations. The mead contained 44.25 g/l (7 % volume) ethanol produced in a fermentation time of 43.5 h. Yeast biomass in the traditional process was either immobilised in the form of flocs or attached to the Trichodiadema intonsum support. Electron microscopy revealed that the cells were covered in a layer of extra-cellular polymeric substance apparently assisting the immobilization, and which was populated by a consortium of yeasts and bacteria. Yeasts isolated from iQhilika brewed in two regions separated by 350 km were found to be very closely related Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as determined by molecular genetic analysis. The traditional beverage was found to contain populations of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are known spoilage organisms in other beverages. Spoilage characteristics of these organisms matched descriptions of spoilage provided by the IKS survey. Other possibly beneficial LAB, which may contribute useful flavour compounds, were also found to be present in the system. The basic functional aspects of the traditional process were used to design a continuous bench-scale tower bioreactor and process development was based on the IKS survey. This consisted of a packed bed bioreactor, consisting of 2 mm3 T. intonsum root segments, immobilising a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from a traditional batch of iQhilika. The bioreactor performed well with a yield of close to the theoretical maximum and an ethanol productivity of 3.45 g EtOH/l/h. The parameters of the 5.6 l/d bench-scale bioreactor were used to design a full-scale production bioreactor with a planned maximum output of 330 l/d. This bioreactor had a productivity of 0.19 g EtOH/l/h. The organoleptic properties of the product produced were considered by a taste panel to be better than those of the product of the bench-scale tower bioreactor. This research was based on the development of IKS which imposed a number of constraints and obligations on the project to ensure environmental, and social, in addition to financial viability of the scale-up operation. Makana Meadery was established in partnership with Rhodes University as an empowerment company which, in addition to undertaking the commercialisation of the iQhilika process, would also develop methods for the production of scarce ingredients traditionally unsustainably sourced from fragile ecosystems, provide beekeeping training and the manufacture of beehives.

O presente estudo teve, como objetivo principal, a determinação da composição físico-química e nutricional de onze amostras de méis com própolis comercializados no Estado de São Paulo, de acordo com as metodologias analíticas da legislação brasileira vigente (Instrução Normativa nº11 de 20 de outubro de 2000), que segue os métodos preconizados pelos Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 1990 e Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1990). Amostras de mel puro e de própolis foram usadas como referência. Os resultados mostraram que os mesmos métodos usados para o controle de qualidade do mel puro (umidade, HMF, açúcares redutores, sacarose aparente, cinzas, acidez livre, sólidos insolúveis em água) foram adequados para o controle de qualidade do mel com própolis, exceto pela analise de atividade diastásica, que precisou de uma adaptação metodológica. A análise de minerais demonstrou que essas amostras não são fontes de ferro, magnésio, zinco e cálcio. A própolis adicionada ao mel aumentou o seu valor energético comparado com o mel puro. Cinco das onze amostras analisadas não apresentaram, na sua rotulagem, os valores nutricionais como recomenda a legislação. É indicada a necessidade de uma fiscalização mais rigorosa, assim como uma legislação específica para o controle de qualidade destes produtos. / The present work has, as its main objective, to determine the physico-chemical and nutritional composition of commercial samples of propolis added to honey from São Paulo State. Eleven honey-propolis samples were analyzed, according to the methods established by the Brazilian Law (Instrução Normativa n.11 de 20 de outubro de 2000) which recommends the same methods established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990). The results showed that the same methods used for pure honey quality control (moisture, HMF, reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, ash, free acidity, insoluble solids in water) except for the diastase activity which had to be adapted, can also be used for the honey-propolis quality control. The mineral analyses results showed that the samples were not a good source for iron, magnesium, zinc and calcium. Honey has its energy value enhanced by the addition of propolis if compared with pure honey. As five of the eleven samples analyzed did not have the nutritional values information on the labels as it is mandatory by the Brazilian Legislation, a more rigorous inspection and even a specific law should be established for the quality control of those products.

<p>Medonosna pčela (Apis mellifera&nbsp; Linnaeus, 1758) je &scaron;iroko rasprostranjena vrsta iz grupe socijalnih insekata, glavni opra&scaron;ivač mnogih divljih biljaka i poljoprivrednih kultura. Pored njene primarne uloge u opra&scaron;ivanju, koristi se i za dobijanje pčelinjih proizvoda, pre svega meda, voska&nbsp; i propolisa,&nbsp; čime se dodatno nagla&scaron;ava njen privredni značaj. Uzimajući u obzir značaj medonosne pčele, a sa druge strane aktuelan problem pada broja kolonija, postoji potreba za razumevanje uzroka&nbsp; i&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; rizika koji leže u osnovi ovog kompleksnog problema. Stoga, istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji obuhvataju praćenje biohemijskih i fiziolo&scaron;kih parametara kod medonosne pčele kao pokazatelja stanja pčelinjih zajednica tokom letnjeg i zimskog perioda&nbsp; na stani&scaron;tima sa različitim antropogenim uticajem.&nbsp; U prvoj fazi istraživanja su izvedeni akutni laboratorijski testovi izlaganja&nbsp; medonosne pčele&nbsp; subletalnim dozama pesticida, tiakloprida i klotianidina, a dobijeni rezultati su&nbsp; ukazali&nbsp; na naru&scaron;enu neurotransmisiju, na izmene u aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima i redoks statusa u ćeliji, kao i na imunosupresiju.&nbsp; U drugoj fazi istraživanja su analizirane kolonije&nbsp; medonosne pčele sa različitih lokaliteta&nbsp; na području AP Vojvodine, sa primenom stacionarnog i migratornog tipa pčelarenja, tokom letnjeg i zimskog perioda, a dobijeni rezultati su ukazali&nbsp; na značajne razlike&nbsp; u biohemijskom odgovoru medonosne pčele u zavisnosti od starosti pčela, sezone godine i tipa pčelinjaka. Na osnovu rezultata prethodne dve faze istraživanja, izvr&scaron;en&nbsp; je&nbsp; odabir uzoraka, kao i izbor parametara za&nbsp; treću fazu&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; gde&nbsp; je praćeno stanje medonosne pčele&nbsp; iz stacionalnih pčelinjih zajednica, tokom letnjeg&nbsp; aktivnog perioda, kao i početkom&nbsp; i&nbsp; krajem&nbsp; zimskog perioda&nbsp; mirovanja pčela, sa tri lokaliteta u Republici Srbiji sa različitim stepenom urbanizacije i industrijalizacije: Beograd kao urbano, Susek kao ruralno i Zajača kao industrijsko područje. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali na&nbsp; značajne razlike u zavisnosti od sezone&nbsp; godine, kao i&nbsp; lokaliteta sa različitim antropogenim uticajem.&nbsp; Zimske pčele, krajem perioda mirovanja&nbsp; u odnosu na početak mirovanja,&nbsp; karakteri&scaron;e vi&scaron;i&nbsp; nivo antioksidativne za&scaron;tite, udružen sa&nbsp; visokim&nbsp; stepenom&nbsp; oksidativnih o&scaron;tećenja, zatim&nbsp; bolja imunokompetencija, kao i niske energetske rezerve u masnom telu.&nbsp; Sezonskim povećanjem temperatura tokom godine povećava se sadržaj zasićenih, dok se smanjuje udeo nezasićenih masnih kiselina, gde se oleinska 18:1(9) kiselina izdvaja kao dominantna komponenta u ukupnom sadržaju masnih kiselina masnog tela&nbsp; pčela&nbsp; sa sve tri lokacije, tokom sva tri perioda.&nbsp; Niži nivo ukupnih ugljovodonika je jo&scaron; jedna fiziolo&scaron;ka karakteristika zimskih pčela. Takođe, zapažene su promene&nbsp; i&nbsp; u neurotransmisiji holinergičkog tipa tokom sezone, sa vi&scaron;im aktivnostima acetilholinesteraze kod pčela krajem zime i tokom leta.&nbsp; Metabolomičkom analizom hemolimfe pčela je&nbsp; identifikovano&nbsp; 125 metabolita, uključenih u 36 metaboličkih puteva, gde se kao biomarkeri od značaja za razlikovanje letnjih i zimskih pčela izdvajaju&nbsp; metaboliti u metabolizmu glicerolipida i aminokiseline glicin, cistein, glutamin, fenilalanin, prolin i lizin.&nbsp; Poređenjem dobijenih rezultata između različitih lokaliteta,&nbsp; pčele iz Beograda se izdvajaju sa nižim nivoom oksidativnog stresa,&nbsp; nižim aktivnostimaacetilholinesteraze, kao i fenol oksidaze i glukoza oksidaze, ključnih enzima u imunom odgovoru pčela. Pčele iz Suseka su se izdvojile sa najvećom masom masnog tela, &scaron;to ukazuje na dobre nutritivne i energetske rezerve u pčelama tokom zime i leta, dok se Beograd izdvaja sa značajno vi&scaron;im udelom nezasićenih masnih kiselina&nbsp; u masnom telu pčela.&nbsp; Takođe su zabeležene razlike u relativnoj zastupljenosti&nbsp; n-alkana u pčelama sa različitih lokaliteta, te je u Beogradu najzastupljeniji nonakozan&nbsp; (C29), dok je heptakozan (C27) najzastupljeniji u uzorcima pčela iz Suseka i Zajače.&nbsp; Analizom sadržaja metala u pčelama, pergi i medu, zapažamo da svaku sredinu karakteri&scaron;e specifičan profil zagađenja,&nbsp; kao i da je u medu znatno niža koncentracija svih analiziranih metala.&nbsp; Dobijeni rezultati pružaju dobru osnovu za dalja ispitivanja biolo&scaron;kog odgovora medonosne pčele, u pogledu uticaja faktora okruženja, a time i dalje definisanje odgovarajućih mera za&scaron;tite pčelinjih zajednica.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; (Apis&nbsp; mellifera&nbsp; Linnaeus,&nbsp; 1758)&nbsp; is&nbsp; a&sbquo;widespread&nbsp; social&nbsp; insect&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; main pollinator of various wild plants and agricultural crops.In addition to its primary role in pollination, the honey bee&nbsp; is&nbsp; also&nbsp; used&nbsp; for&nbsp; obtaining&nbsp; honeybee&nbsp; products, mostly honey, wax, and propolis, with a significant role in&nbsp; the&nbsp; economy.&nbsp; Number&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; colonies&nbsp; is declining,&nbsp; thus&nbsp; necessitating&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of underlying&nbsp; reasons&nbsp; and&nbsp; risks.&nbsp; Therefore,&nbsp; in&nbsp; this doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; biochemical&nbsp; and&nbsp; physiological parameters&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; were&nbsp; monitored&nbsp; as indicators&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; colonies&rsquo;&nbsp; condition&nbsp; during&nbsp; the summer&nbsp; and&nbsp; winter&nbsp; period&nbsp; in&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; with&nbsp; different anthropogenic&nbsp; impacts.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; first&nbsp; phase&nbsp; of&nbsp; the research,&nbsp; acute laboratory tests of honey bee exposure to&nbsp; sublethal&nbsp; doses&nbsp; of&nbsp; pesticides&nbsp; (thiacloprid&nbsp; and clothianidin)&nbsp; were performed and the obtained results indicated&nbsp; impaired&nbsp; neurotransmission,&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and redox status in the cell,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; immunosuppression.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; second phase&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; research,&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; colonies&nbsp; from different&nbsp; localities&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; area&nbsp; of&nbsp; AP&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; were analyzed,&nbsp; using&nbsp; the&nbsp; stationary&nbsp; and&nbsp; migratory&nbsp; types&nbsp; of beekeeping, during the summer and winter period, and the obtained results indicated significant differences in the&nbsp; biochemical response of the honey bee depending on the age of the bees, the season of the year, and the type of apiary. Based on the results of the previous two phases&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; research,&nbsp; the&nbsp; selection&nbsp; of&nbsp; samples&nbsp; was performed,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; selection&nbsp; of&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; for analysis within the third phase of the research, where the&nbsp; condition&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; stationary&nbsp; bee communities was monitored during the summer active period,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; beginning&nbsp; and&nbsp; end&nbsp; of&nbsp; winter dormancy of bees, from three localities in the Republic of&nbsp; Serbia&nbsp; with&nbsp; different&nbsp; degrees&nbsp; of&nbsp; urbanization&nbsp; and industrialization: Belgrade as urban, Susek as rural and<br />Zajaca&nbsp; as&nbsp; industrial&nbsp; area.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results indicated&nbsp; significant&nbsp; differences&nbsp; depending&nbsp; on&nbsp; the season&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; year,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; location&nbsp; with different&nbsp; anthropogenic&nbsp; influence.&nbsp; Older&nbsp; winter&nbsp; bees are&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; by&nbsp; a&nbsp; higher&nbsp; level&nbsp; of&nbsp; antioxidant protection,&nbsp; associated&nbsp; with&nbsp; a&nbsp; high&nbsp; degree&nbsp; of&nbsp; oxidative damage,&nbsp; better&nbsp; immunocompetence,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; lowenergy reserves in the fat body. The seasonal increase in&nbsp; the&nbsp; temperature&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; year&nbsp; increases&nbsp; the content&nbsp; of&nbsp; saturated&nbsp; while&nbsp; decreasing&nbsp; the&nbsp; ratio&nbsp; of unsaturated&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids,&nbsp; where&nbsp; oleic&nbsp; 18:1(9)&nbsp; acid stands&nbsp; out&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; dominant&nbsp; component&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; total fatty&nbsp; acid&nbsp; content&nbsp; of&nbsp; bee&nbsp; body&nbsp; fat&nbsp; from&nbsp; all&nbsp; three locations,&nbsp; during&nbsp; all&nbsp; three&nbsp; periods.&nbsp; The&nbsp; lower&nbsp; level&nbsp; of total&nbsp; hydrocarbons&nbsp; is&nbsp; another&nbsp; physiological characteristic&nbsp; of&nbsp; winter&nbsp; bees.&nbsp; Also,&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in cholinergic&nbsp; neurotransmission&nbsp; were&nbsp; observed&nbsp; during the&nbsp; season,&nbsp; with&nbsp; higher&nbsp; acetylcholinesterase&nbsp; activities in&nbsp; bees&nbsp; in&nbsp; late&nbsp; winter&nbsp; and&nbsp; summer.&nbsp; Metabolomic analysis of bee hemolymph identified 125 metabolites,included in 36 metabolic pathways, where metabolites in&nbsp; the&nbsp; metabolism&nbsp; of&nbsp; glycerolipids&nbsp; and&nbsp; amino&nbsp; acids glycine,&nbsp; cysteine,&nbsp; glutamine,&nbsp; phenylalanine,&nbsp; proline, and&nbsp; lysine&nbsp; stand&nbsp; out&nbsp; as&nbsp; biomarkers&nbsp; of&nbsp; importance&nbsp; for distinguishing summer and winter bees. By&nbsp; comparing the obtained results between different localities, honey bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; Belgrade&nbsp; stand&nbsp; out&nbsp; with&nbsp; lower&nbsp; levels&nbsp; of oxidative&nbsp; stress,&nbsp; lower&nbsp; activities&nbsp; of acetylcholinesterase&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; phenoloxidase&nbsp; and glucose oxidase, key enzymes in the immune response of&nbsp; bees.&nbsp; The&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; Susek&nbsp; had&nbsp; the&nbsp; largest mass of the fat body, which indicates good nutritional and&nbsp; energy&nbsp; reserves&nbsp; in&nbsp; bees&nbsp;&nbsp; during&nbsp; winter&nbsp; and summer,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; Belgrade&nbsp; were shown&nbsp; to&nbsp; have&nbsp; a&nbsp; significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; ratio&nbsp; of unsaturated&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; fat&nbsp; body&nbsp; of&nbsp; bees&nbsp; during the&nbsp; year.&nbsp; There&nbsp; were&nbsp; also&nbsp; differences&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; relative prevalence&nbsp; of&nbsp; n-alkanes&nbsp; in&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; different localities, nonacosane (C29) being the most common in Belgrade, while heptacosane (C27) is most prevalent in honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; samples&nbsp; from&nbsp; Susek&nbsp; and&nbsp; Zajaca.&nbsp; By analyzing the metal content in honey bees, perga, and honey,&nbsp; it&nbsp; was&nbsp; noted&nbsp; that&nbsp; each&nbsp; environment&nbsp; is characterized by a specific pollution profile, as well as that the concentration of all analyzed metals in honey is significantly lower compared to samples of bees and perga.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; provide&nbsp; a&nbsp; good&nbsp; basis&nbsp; for further studies of the biological response of&nbsp; the honey bee,&nbsp; in&nbsp; terms&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; environmental factors,&nbsp; enabling&nbsp; further&nbsp; defining&nbsp; of&nbsp; appropriate measures for the protection of honey bee colonies.</p>

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a otimização de metodologias analíticas para avaliação da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) por DSC e determinação do teor de umidade e cinzas por TG/DTG de amostras de mel. Além disso, foi realizado também um estudo da variabilidade nestes parâmetros físico-químicos e na temperatura de transição vítrea de amostras de méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja de algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Para a avaliação termogravimétrica das amostras de mel, inicialmente foi realizado um estudo do comportamento térmico de padrões de carboidratos por TG/DTG, DSC e DTA Os resultados obtidos permitiram diferenciar as etapas de decomposição térmica correspondentes aos açúcares dos demais componentes presentes no mel. A variabilidade nos conteúdos de umidade e cinzas de méis de eucalipto e laranja foram investigadas por planejamento hierárquico e pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e verificou-se que estes parâmetros físico-químicos são significativamente diferentes no nível de 95% de confiança. Para o desenvolvimento e otimização de metodologias analíticas para a determinação do teor de umidade e de cinzas em mel por TG/DTG foram utilizados os métodos oficiais e aplicados planejamentos experimentais e um teste-F para a comparação entre variâncias. Os resultados sugeriram que para a obtenção de conteúdos médios de umidade e cinzas em mel por TG/DTG, similares aos encontrados pelos métodos oficiais, é necessário utilizar cadinho de alumina (150 &#181;L), taxas de aquecimento de 5ºC/min e papel de microfibra de vidro. Além disso, a comparação entre a variabilidade do método termogravimétrico com os métodos oficiais para estas determinações sugeriu que não existem diferenças significativas entre os métodos investigados. Para as amostras de méis monoflorais de laranja e eucalipto foram determinadas temperaturas de transição vítrea médias de -47 e -55ºC, respectivamente sugerindo uma diferença significativa nesta propriedade física para estes tipos de méis. Além disso, entre o conteúdo de umidade e a temperatura de transição vítrea destes tipos de méis foi verificada uma correlação linear negativa significativa no nível de 95% de confiança (r = - 0,916). Assim pode-se dizer, que os parâmetros fisico-químicos umidade e cinzas obtidos pelos métodos oficiais ou pelo método termogravimétrico e a temperatura de transição vítrea determinada por DSC podem ser utilizados para a caracterização da origem floral destes tipos de méis. / This work presents the optimization and development of analytical methodologies for evaluation of glass transition temperature (Tg) by DSC and for moisture and ash content determinations by TG/DTG of honey samples. Beyond this, a study of variability in these physicochemical parameters determined by conventional methods was realized for eucalyptus and citrus monofloral honeys of some regions of São Paulo State. For the thermogravimetric evaluation of honey samples, initially a study of thermal behavior of standard of carbohydrates was carried out by TG/DTG, DSC and DTA The results obtained allowed to distinguish the decomposition steps corresponding to the sugars in relation to other components present in honey. The variabilities in average moisture and ash contents of eucalyptus and citrus monofloral honeys were investigated by a hierarchical design and by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). These physicochemical parameters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. For the development and optimization of analytical methodologies for moisture and ash contents in honey by TG/DTG conventional methods, experimental designs and a F-test for the comparison between variances were utilized. The results suggest that to get average moisture and ash contents in honey by TG/DTG similar to those found by conventional methods an alumine crucible (150 &#181;L ), heating rates of 5ºC/min and microfiber glass paper should be used. Besides this, the comparison between the thermogravimetric method and the conventional ones for these determinations suggest that there are no significant differences between the methods investigated. For eucalyptus and citrus monofloral honeys average glass transition temperatures of -47 and -55ºC, respectively, were determined suggesting a significant difference in this physical property for these honey types. Besides this, a significant negative linear correlation at 95% confidence level (r = - 0.916) was verified between the moisture contents and glass transition temperatures of these honey types. So, it may be said that the physicochemical parameters, moisture and ash, obtained by conventional and thermogravimetric methods and the glass transition temperature determined by DSC can be utilized for the characterization of the floral origin of these types of honey.

Cette thèse de Doctorat, intitulée « Le miel en Égypte ancienne. Économie et fonction d’un produit précieux », a pour principal objectif d’identifier les différents domaines dans lesquels le miel intervenait dans la société égyptienne antique. Elle évalue notamment l’état des connaissances des Anciens Égyptiens en matière d’apiculture : les techniques employées depuis la récolte jusqu’à la mise en pot, le choix des zones géographiques de production, la typologie des miels.Elle vise également à révéler l’existence d’une économie spécifique à cette denrée enconsidérant notamment sa distribution, sa valeur marchande au cours de l’histoirepharaonique ainsi que la portée des échanges avec les cultures voisines.Enfin, elle interroge les textes afin de définir les divers usages du miel : alimentaire, au moyen des scènes de « pâtisserie » et des nombreuses listes d’offrandes ; médical, grâce aux papyri médico-magiques ; rituel, à travers l’étude des inscriptions de tombes et de temples. / Entitled "Honey in Ancient Egypt. Economy and Functions according to a valuable product", this PhD thesis main objective is to identify the various areas where the honey had a role in ancient Egyptian society. This study assesses specifically the state of knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in terms of beekeeping techniques from harvest to potting, as well as the selection of adapted geographical areas of production and the existing classification of each type of honey.My PhD thesis aims at showing the existence of a specific economy for this commodity and especially its distribution, its market value during the Pharaonic history and the scope of exchanges with neighbouring cultures.Finally, this research examines texts to define the various daily uses of honey : food, consisting in scenes of "pastry", many lists of offerings, etc. ; medical, thanks to medical-magical papyri ; ritual, through the study of inscriptions of tombs and temples.

My study focuses on how the pollination frequence for wild insect pollinators was influenced by the presence of honey bees. Man made beehives, with their thousands of honey bees, can potentially affect wild insect pollinators within 3 km radius. Several studies indicate that this competition will be disadvantageous for wild insect pollinators. The study at hand was conducted in boreal areas of North Swedens southern coastal region. In each area studied, the frequency of pollinators, wild as well as domesticated, was counted in close proximity to beehives and at reference areas, distanced more than 3 kilometres from nearest hive. The reults are somewhat startling, but not statistically significant. In five of the six sites, the wild pollinators were more numerous with honey bees present.

This diploma thesis was focused on biologically active compounds determination. 26 samples of honey, one sample of propolis and one sample of royal jelly were analyzed. Honey were harvested in year 2006 and 2007 and bought in retail chain, special shops and directly from bee-keeper. Samples were analyzed by titration, spectrofotometry, LC/MS and RP-HPLC methods. The study was focused on analysis of antioxidants. Followed groups of antioxidants were determined: flavonoids, catechins, carotenoids, vitamins E, C, A. Authenticity of quality was determined by hydroxymethylfurfural analysis. Average values of total antioxidant capacity ranged (12.75-137.49) mmol .100 g-1. Average values of total phenolic ranged (8.51-61.34) mg .100 g-1 and average values of total flavonoids ranged (0.75-6.04) mg .100 g-1. Honey samples contained (41.83-585.10) g .100 g-1 of rutin, (9.30-313.40) g .100 g-1 of myricetin, (6.5-171.90) g .100 g-1 of luteolin, (3.19-436.37) g .100 g-1 of quercetin, (2.10-242.66) g .100 g-1 of apigenin, (0.15-105.12) g .100 g-1 of caempferol and (0.07-17.52) mg .100 g-1 of naringenin. From group of catechins there were measured (5.98-310) g .100 g-1 of catechin, (17.77-486.29) g .100 g-1 of epicatechin, (0.18-64.90) g .100 g-1 of catechin gallate and (0.59-140.56) g .100 g-1 of epicatechin gallate. From lipophilic compounds the most abundant in honey samples was tocopherol, its value ranged (29.20-8531.17) g .100 g-1. Content of ascorbic acid ranged (0.65-4.65) mg .100 g-1. Content of hydroxymethyl.furfural. ranged (0.26-4.06) mg .100 g-1. By LC/MS method luteolin, naringenin, protocatechin acid, coffee acid and p-cumaric acid in honeydew were detected and, furthermore, kyanidin and pinocembrin in floral honey were found. Mono-floral honey contained biologically active compounds the most, imperceptibly less contained multi-floral honey and honeydew honey. Acacia honey contained the lowest amount of biologically active compounds.

L’acarien Varroa destructor est l’un des principaux responsables de l’effondrement des colonies d’abeilles domestique Apis mellifera. L’arsenal thérapeutique disponible pour lutter contre ce parasite ubiquiste apparait insuffisant à ce jour. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, la démarche de drug design, généralement utilisée en santé humaine, a été appliquée pour le développement de nouveaux médicaments vétérinaire à usage varroacide. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont focalisés sur deux cibles du système nerveux : l’acétylcholinestérase et les récepteurs à l’octopamine. Ces deux cibles ont déjà montré leur intérêt varroacide, notamment au travers des médicaments contenant du coumaphos ou de l’amitraze. Concernant l’acétylcholinestérase, un criblage fait avec le modèle 3D de l’enzyme, construit par homologie de séquences, a permis d’identifier deux composés de la chimiothèque du CERMN. Nous avons également exploré le potentiel varroacide d’acaricides de la famille des carbamates, démontrant l’intérêt du pirimicarbe comme varroacide. Concernant l’octopamine, l’étude de quatre dérivés de l’amitraze a montré l’intérêt de l’un d’entre eux. Un criblage par similarité de structure avec ce dérivé a mis en exergue une molécule issue de la chimiothèque du CERMN. Toutes les molécules pointées par ces travaux de thèse montrent de bons résultats lors de tests in vitro ou in vivo. Toutefois, afin de minimiser le risque pour l’abeille et maximiser l’efficacité anti-varroa, ces leads doivent être optimisés avant d’être ajouté à l’arsenal des médicaments varroacides. / The mite Varroa destructor is one of the main contributors to the collapse of honey bee colonies Apis mellifera. The therapeutic arsenal available against this ubiquitous parasite appears insufficient to date. In this thesis, the drug design approach, generally used in human health, was applied to the development of new varroacide veterinary drugs.The works of this thesis focused on two nervous system targets: acetylcholinesterase and octopamine receptors. These two targets have already shown their varroacide interest, especially through drugs containing coumaphos or amitraz. Regarding acetylcholinesterase, a screening made on the 3D model of the enzyme, built by sequence homology, allowed to identify two compounds from the CERMN compound library. We also explored the varroacide potential of carbamate acaricides, demonstrating the interest of pirimicarb as a varroacide. Regarding octopamine, the study of four derivatives of amitraz has shown the interest of one of them. Structural similarity screening with this derivative highlighted one hit from the CERMN compound library. All molecules pointed out by these thesis works show good results during in vitro or in vivo tests. However, to minimize the risk to honey bees and maximize their anti-varroa efficiency, these leads need to be optimized before being added to the arsenal of varroacide drugs.