The goals of this research project were to identify the various insects observed to visit inflorescences of Echinacea angustifolia DC, and to rank these visitors according to their importance as pollinators of E. angustifolia in Saskatchewan. Studying nectar and the nectary is essential to understanding the interaction of disc florets with pollinators. Nectar-sugar production by disc florets of E. angustifolia and E. purpurea (L. Moench) was quantified from anthesis to cessation with production per disc floret peaking in the afternoon of the staminate phase (191.7 µg) and at midday of the first day of the pistillate phase (156.6 µg), respectively. Morphology of the disc-like floral nectaries of both Echinacea species was studied, as well as the ultrastructure of the nectary of E. purpurea. Modified stomata on the nectary rim are the most likely exits for nectar, but creases in the epidermis may also participate. The nectary of E. purpurea is vascularized by phloem alone, which occurred adjacent to the epidermis. Companion cells possessed wall ingrowths, and these cells may unload arriving sugar destined for either an apoplastic or symplastic pathway. Lobed nuclei were a key feature of secretory parenchyma cells, as was a predominance of mitochondria, suggesting that energy-requiring eccrine secretion predominates in E. purpurea. E. angustifolia exhibited a generalist pollination system, with pollinating insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. The pollination efficiency of visitors was determined by single insect visits to bagged, virgin inflorescences followed by quantifying pollen tubes at the bases of receptive styles and/or calculating the percentage of shrivelled styles. It was determined that bumble bees (Bombus spp.) were efficient pollinators, indicating that they would likely contribute much to the pollination of E. angustifolia. Grasshopper bee flies (Systoechus vulgaris Loew) were plentiful but individually were not efficient pollinators, but taken together, they provided much pollination. Golden blister beetles (Epicauta ferruginea Say) were efficient pollinators but where yellow-petalled flowers occurred, their numbers on E. angustifolia decreased. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were efficient pollinators and were present in low numbers without managed introduction. Pierid (2003) butterflies were regular visitors and efficient pollinators, and likely contributed significantly to E. angustifolia pollination. When introduced, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata Fabr.) preferred not to forage on E. angustifolia and as such, these solitary bees were not suitable as managed pollinators. In large agricultural plantings of E. angustifolia, however, native insects may not be capable of providing sufficient pollination for seed production when floral competition occurs.

The goals of this research project were to identify the various insects observed to visit inflorescences of Echinacea angustifolia DC, and to rank these visitors according to their importance as pollinators of E. angustifolia in Saskatchewan. Studying nectar and the nectary is essential to understanding the interaction of disc florets with pollinators. Nectar-sugar production by disc florets of E. angustifolia and E. purpurea (L. Moench) was quantified from anthesis to cessation with production per disc floret peaking in the afternoon of the staminate phase (191.7 µg) and at midday of the first day of the pistillate phase (156.6 µg), respectively. Morphology of the disc-like floral nectaries of both Echinacea species was studied, as well as the ultrastructure of the nectary of E. purpurea. Modified stomata on the nectary rim are the most likely exits for nectar, but creases in the epidermis may also participate. The nectary of E. purpurea is vascularized by phloem alone, which occurred adjacent to the epidermis. Companion cells possessed wall ingrowths, and these cells may unload arriving sugar destined for either an apoplastic or symplastic pathway. Lobed nuclei were a key feature of secretory parenchyma cells, as was a predominance of mitochondria, suggesting that energy-requiring eccrine secretion predominates in E. purpurea. E. angustifolia exhibited a generalist pollination system, with pollinating insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. The pollination efficiency of visitors was determined by single insect visits to bagged, virgin inflorescences followed by quantifying pollen tubes at the bases of receptive styles and/or calculating the percentage of shrivelled styles. It was determined that bumble bees (Bombus spp.) were efficient pollinators, indicating that they would likely contribute much to the pollination of E. angustifolia. Grasshopper bee flies (Systoechus vulgaris Loew) were plentiful but individually were not efficient pollinators, but taken together, they provided much pollination. Golden blister beetles (Epicauta ferruginea Say) were efficient pollinators but where yellow-petalled flowers occurred, their numbers on E. angustifolia decreased. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were efficient pollinators and were present in low numbers without managed introduction. Pierid (2003) butterflies were regular visitors and efficient pollinators, and likely contributed significantly to E. angustifolia pollination. When introduced, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata Fabr.) preferred not to forage on E. angustifolia and as such, these solitary bees were not suitable as managed pollinators. In large agricultural plantings of E. angustifolia, however, native insects may not be capable of providing sufficient pollination for seed production when floral competition occurs.

L'effondrement des populations d'abeilles domestiques, observé à l'échelle mondiale depuis une vingtaine d'années, est particulièrement alarmant, provoquant le déclin de la filière apicole mais également celui d'un pollinisateur essentiel en milieu agricole. La conservation de l'abeille domestique et de l'apiculture en paysage agricole est donc actuellement un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux acteurs. L'intensification de l'agriculture, insufflée par la politique agricole européenne, est désignée comme une cause majeure dans le déclin de la biodiversité, dont les abeilles sauvages. De nombreuses études ont révélé que le manque de ressources florales est une cause majeure de ce déclin généralisé, mais de façon surprenante, cette cause n'est que très peu investiguée à l'heure actuelle pour l'abeille domestique. Plus généralement, l'écologie de l'abeille domestique en paysage agricole est mal connue. A l'interface entre écologie comportementale, évolutive et paysagère, l'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence conjuguée de l'intensification de l'agriculture et de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des ressources florales en paysage agricole sur (i) leur utilisation et (ii) l'histoire de vie des abeilles. L'originalité de cette étude provient de l'envergure spatiale et temporelle des données empiriques collectées à l'aide de vastes dispositifs de suivis tant au niveau individuel qu'au niveau des colonies. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'influence négative de l'intensification de l'agriculture sur l'écologie de l'abeille domestique. En effet, la dynamique des ressources dominées par trois cultures majeures que sont le colza, le tournesol et le maïs, provoque l'apparition d'une déplétion d'approvisionnement en pollen et nectar. Des ressources aujourd'hui marginalement présentes en paysage agricole intensif telles que les zones boisées et les adventices jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le régime alimentaire des abeilles, pouvant contrer l'intensité de cette déplétion d'approvisionnement. Par des mécanismes a priori adaptatifs, les colonies et les individus adaptent leurs comportements et histoire de vie en réponse à la déplétion d'approvisionnement. Cependant, ces mécanismes de compromis d'allocation des ressources ont un coût important et aboutissent à un affaiblissement des colonies, qui se traduit par la mortalité hivernale des colonies d'abeilles domestiques. Cette étude révèle empiriquement l'importance de la dynamique des ressources dans les causes du déclin de l'abeille domestique, et évoque la présence d'une disette alimentaire en céréaliculture intensive. Ces résultats sont discutés dans l'optique de concevoir des mesures de conservation de l'abeille domestique, de l'apiculture et du service de pollinisation en paysage agricole intensif, afin de limiter les stress environnementaux pour les abeilles tels que le manque de ressources florales et l'exposition aux pesticides. / The collapse of honey bee populations, described around the world for twenty years, is particularly alarming because it causes the decline of beekeeping and of an essential pollinator in agricultural habitats. The conservation of honey bees and beekeeping in agricultural landscape is currently a major challenge for many operators. The agricultural intensification, instilled by the (European) Common Agricultural Policy, is considered as a major cause in the decline of biodiversity, including wild bees. Many studies have shown that lack of floral resources is a major cause of this widespread, but surprisingly, this cause of decline is very few investigated actually to honey bees. More generally, the honey bee ecology in agricultural landscapes is poorly understood. At the interface between behavioral, evolutionary and landscape ecology, the overall objective of this PhD thesis was to study the combined influences of agricultural intensification and the spatio-temporal dynamics of floral resources on (i) the use of this resource and (ii) the life history of honey bees. The originality of this study comes from its large spatial and temporal scale as well as its joint approach at individual and colony levels. The results confirm a negative impact of agricultural intensification on the honey bee. Indeed, three major crops i.e. rapeseed, sunflower and maize have created a temporal resource dynamic which causes a strong food supply depletion in pollen and nectar. Some resources more marginally represented in intensive agricultural landscapes such as wood and weeds play an important role in the honey bee diet, being able to restrict the intensity of food supply depletion. By adaptive mechanisms, colonies and individuals adapt their behavior and life history in response to the food supply depletion. However, these trade-off mechanisms in resource allocation have a significant cost and generate a weakening of colonies that increases overwintering mortality of honey bee colonies. This study shows empirically the importance of the resource dynamic in the causes of honey bee decline, and highlights the presence of a food-shortage period in cereal farming systems. These results are discussed so as to build conservation measures on the honey bee, beekeeping and pollination service in intensive agricultural landscapes, in order to limit environmental stress for honey bees such as lack of floral resources and pesticide exposure.

No description available.

Little is understood about off-host behavior and ecology of immature Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Gulf Coast tick). A more complete understanding of this tick is essential to protect human and animal health. My research focused on seasonality and distribution of immatures in Mississippi, potential suitability of some insect and human hosts to larvae, and aspects of nymphal questing behavior. A single larva was collected (third off-host collection reported) when sampling A. maculatum habitat using a novel device. Collection of this larva in November expands the stage’s known seasonality and confirmed a prediction concerning seasonality of larval A. maculatum. Low frequency of immatures (8.3%) confirmed that they’re incredibly difficult to collect off-host. Nymphal collections peaked in March, and known seasonality was extended for both nymphs and adults. I examined known records, elucidating seasonality and distribution of A. maculatum in Mississippi. Either multiple generations per year or diapause are responsible for observed bi-modal distribution of immature collections. Additionally, I compiled the most extensive host record of immature A. maculatum in Mississippi and investigated seasonality patterns using USDA plant hardiness zones. I compiled the most complete record of ticks found on arthropods. Amblyomma americanum and A. maculatum were both confirmed to crawl onto arthropods, giving support to occasional, unintentional dispersal by phoresy. There was no conclusive evidence that larval A. maculatum feed on arthropods, however data supported feeding by larval A. americanum. These results have interesting implications regarding evolution of pathogens/endosymbionts. I provided the first evidence that larval A. maculatum can attach to humans. Rickettsia parkeri, a human pathogen transmitted by this species has recently been shown to be capable of transovarial transmission. Therefore, larval A. maculatum may provide another avenue of transmission. I have demonstrated that A. maculatum are difficult to collect off-host in part because they prefer to quest low to the ground. In choice studies, 5-cm-tall stems were most likely to be occupied by nymphs released into an array of stems. Low vapor pressure deficit encouraged questing, while higher VPD and warmer temperature increased questing height. These results may have implications in understanding host-seeking behavior in other tick species as well.