Call number: LD2668 .T4 1949 K31 / Master of Science

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Wisconsin, 1917. / "A thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

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Thesis (M. Sc. (Botany))--Rhodes University, 2003. / Title in graduation programme: The ecology of honey plants in the Eastern Cape.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rhodes University, 2003. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 9, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-122).

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 441528 bytes, checksum: 9be9f11077f57539e6290192246fd059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Several species of plants in the Cerrado have extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), which produce secretions consumed by diverse species of ants. Ants foraging in plants and feeding on EFNs may act as important anti herbivore agents, decreasing phytophagous insects in the plants and the herbivory in the leaves. The aim of this study was to test if ants foraging on EFNs s plants decrease the number of herbivores in these plants. For this, was tested the hypothesis that the increase on the species richness and abundance of ants, cause a decrease in the herbivory, species richness and abundance of herbivores and proportion of guilds of herbivores. Sampling was performed in Panga Ecological Station, which lies between the cities of Uberlândia and Campo Florido, and possesses vegetation of several phytophysiognomies found in Cerrado biome. Plants of Qualea grandiflora were studied in three phytophysiognomies, Cerradão, Cerrado Strictu Senso and Campo Cerrado. According to the results, richness of ants did not influence in the decreasing of the herbivores and herbivory, however, it influenced the decrease of the proportion of chewing insects. In the other hand the abundance of ants promoted significant decrease of herbivores in Cerradão and Campo Cerrado, although in Cerrado Strictu Senso the relation has been opposite. The results also indicate that the abundance of sucking herbivores was higher in the Cerrado Strictu Senso regarding Cerradão and Campo Cerrado, indicating the possibility of interaction between the ants and the hemíptera that release honeydew. Futhermore the spatial and temporal differenciation between ants and herbivores in Cerrado Strictu Senso may also explain the result in this phytophysiognomy. The rate of herbivory in leaves did not suffer influence of the presence of ants possibly because the effect of foliar herbivory occurs only in long term and the sampling were made only in January, so that herbivory was underestimated compared to herbivores. The maturity of the leaves may also have influenced the response, because the younger leaves are more vulnerable to the action of herbivores than the more mature leaves. / Muitas plantas no Cerrado possuem nectários extraflorais (NEFs), os quais produzem um néctar que é consumido por muitas espécies de formigas. As formigas que forrageiam nas plantas e se alimentam dos nectários podem atuar como importantes agentes anti-herbívoros, diminuindo a presença dos insetos fitófagos e, consequentemente, a herbivoria nas folhas. O objetivo desse estudo foi testar se as formigas que forrageiam nas plantas que contém NEFs, causam diminuição dos herbívoros e sua atividade nelas. Para isso foram testadas as hipóteses de que o aumento da riqueza e abundância de formigas causa um decréscimo na herbivoria, bem como na riqueza e abundância de herbívoros, e também na proporção de guildas de herbívoros. A coleta foi realizada na Estação Ecológica do Panga, que se situa entre as cidades de Uberlândia e Campo Florido, e possui vegetações dentro de várias fitofisionomias encontradas nos Cerrados. Foram utilizadas plantas da espécie Qualea grandiflora nesse estudo, marcadas em três fitofisionomias: Cerradão, Cerrado Strictu Senso e Campo Cerrado para a realização das coletas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a riqueza de formigas não influenciou na diminuição dos herbívoros e da herbivoria, entretanto, influenciou na diminuição da proporção de insetos mastigadores nas plantas. Por outro lado, a abundância de formigas acarretou um decréscimo na abundância de herbívoros no Cerradão e Campo Cerrado, embora no Cerrado Strictu Senso, a relação tenha sido inversa. Os resultados indicam também que a abundância de herbívoros sugadores foi maior no Cerrado Strictu Senso em relação ao Cerradão e Campo Cerrado, indicando a possibilidade de interação entre as formigas e homópteras que liberam honeydew nessa fitofisionomia. Além disso, a diferenciação temporal e espacial das formigas e herbívoros no Cerrado Strictu Senso também pode explicar o resultado observado nessa fitofisionomia. A taxa de herbivoria nas folhas das plantas não sofreu influências da presença de formigas nas três fitofisionomias, possivelmente porque o efeito da herbivoria foliar ocorre somente em longo prazo e as coletas foram realizadas apenas durante o mês de janeiro, de forma que a herbivoria foi subestimada em relação aos herbívoros. A maturidade das folhas também pode ter influenciado na resposta, visto que folhas mais jovens são mais vulneráveis à ação dos herbívoros do que as folhas mais maduras.

This study has investigated the interaction between honeybees and their forage plants and the impact of selected climatic variables on honey production in South Africa. Twenty-seven scale-hive records from 25 localities have been used as a measure of colony honey reserves. At least 944 plant species are visited by honeybees in South Africa for their nectar and/or pollen, with more than half providing both rewards. The entire honeybee flora encompasses 532 genera and 137 families. The flowering phenologies of the different reward categories of the indigenous forage plants are all significantly and positively correlated at the 0.05 level. Similarly, species offering both rewards are significantly and positively correlated with the flowering phenology of the null flora. The same results were obtained for correlations between the different reward categories of the exotic forage plants in South Africa. Of the 30 species pairs which fulfilled the criteria for selection, 23 occurred in sympatry, 5 in allopatry and 2 in possible parapatry. There is evidence for both competition and facilitation within different indigenous species pairs. The lack of geographical correlation in the intra-annual variation in honey stores and the near absence of any statistically significant (p < 0.05) honey related intra-annual intracolonial correlations may indicate that the former is more important than the latter for the determination of the level of honey reserves within a colony. Only one statistically significant correlation was found between either scale-hive record from the University of Pretoria Experimental Farm and any of the selected climatic variables. A one month lag period and/or possible seasonal effects were detected for each variable, with the exception of the duration of sunshine, in the autocorrelation analyses. A possible 12 month seasonal period was also identified in the single series fourier analyses for a number of variables. Similarly, 12 months was also the most frequently recurring period in the crossspectral results for the one scale-hive record (H42). Any activities which have an impact on the landscape have the potential to affect honeybees and/or their forage plants. Honeybee crop or plant pollination may also enhance yields for commercial farmers and facilitate rural food security.

Após a conferência das nações unidas de 1972, a poluição ambiental começou a se tornar de fato um assunto preocupante. A explosão do crescimento populacional, junto com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, promoveu aumento dos níveis de contaminantes existentes no meio ambiente. Em consequência disso, metodologias são sempre investigadas e testadas, para propor uma forma de monitoramento com resposta relativamente rápidas e seguras, tornando de fato a atividade de monitoramento eficiente, podendo assim, identificar possíveis fontes de contaminação. Organismos vivos atualmente estão compondo essas estratégias de monitoramento, pois garante uma reposta segura e eficaz, e ao mesmo tempo com uma área de cobertura de monitoramento bastante ampla. Nesse grupo encontramse os insetos, mais especificamente as abelhas Apis mellifera (L.), que realizam viagens exploratórias em busca de recurso alimentar e acabam por estarem em contato com diversos setores do ambiente. Com isso o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do mel de abelhas A. mellifera como bioindicador de poluição por metais pesados no ambiente, identificando sua origem botânica, bem como, seus aspectos físico-químicos como a presença de elementos traço (Zn, Cu, Pb e Cd), utilizando-se da técnica de voltametria de redissolução anódica de pulso diferencial. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - ESALQ/USP, no Laboratório de Insetos Úteis, com uma contribuição do Laboratório de Tecidos Vegetais. Foram encontrados 34 tipos polínicos nas amostras de mel ao longo do período de coleta, pertencentes a 20 famílias botânicas, sendo Arecaceae, Fabaceae/Mimosoideae e Myrtaceae as famílias mais representadas. Todas as amostras apresentaram HMF e teores de cinzas dentro do padrão estabelecido pela legislação, apresentando flutuações durante o período de estudo. Em relação aos metais detectados, o chumbo (Pb) foi o elemento que apresentou, em média, a maior concentração no mel de A. mellifera, cerca de 2,11 mg.kg-1. Seguido do Zinco, com média de 1,56 mg.kg-1, e logo após o Cobre com valores médios de 0,35 mg.kg-1. Cádmio não esteve presente em nenhuma amostra analisada. Conclui-se que o mel pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de bioindicação associado a outros produtos apícolas. / After the United Nations Conference in 1972, the environmental pollution became a really concern issue. The population growth explosion, along the technological development, has promoted increasing environmental level contaminants. Hence, methodologies are always investigated and tested to propose a monitoring way with relatively fast and safe response, making the monitoring activity efficient indeed. Thus, it can identify possible contamination sources. Organisms are lately compounding these monitoring strategies since they ensure an effective and safe response, at the same time embracing a quite wide monitoring coverage area. The insects are included in this group of organisms, specifically the bees Apis mellifera (L.), that display exploratory flights in search of food resources, reaching a variety of environmental section therefore. Therewith, the aims of this investigation were to evaluate the Apis mellifera honey potential as heavy metal pollution bio-indicator in the environment; to identify its botanical origin, as well as its physico-chemical aspects, whereby the presence of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) using the technique of anodic stripping voltammetry differential pulse. The investigations were conducted at Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - ESALQ/USP, in the Economically Important Insects laboratory, with a contribution of Tissue Plants laboratory. It was found 34 pollen types in the honey samples throughout the collection season. The pollen belong to 20 botanical families, and Arecaceae, Fabaceae/Mimosoideae and Myrtaceae being the most represented ones. All the samples showed HMF levels and ashes within the standard established by law, with fluctuations during the study period. Regarding to detected metals, lead (Pb) was the element which showed the highest average concentration in Apis mellifera honey, about 2,11 mg.kg-1 throughout the study season. Zinc followed, with average of 1.56 mg.kg-1, and right after the copper with average values of 0.35 mg.kg-1. Cadmium was not present in any analyzed sample. It concludes that honey can be used as a bio-indication tool associated with other bee products.