Studien syftar till att undersöka hur den svenska polismyndigheten använder sig av Geografiska informationssystem (GIS). Den digitala förändringen är intensiv vilket leder till möjligheter och utmaningar gällande den brottsbekämpning som råder i Sverige. För att vara följsam i den förändring som sker behövs det nya och fler effektiva metoder. GIS inom polisen är förekommande i länder som bland annat USA, England och Nederländerna, medan Sveriges arbete med GIS inom polismyndigheten är allt mer diffust. De slutsatser som har kunnat dras är att GIS kan innebära stora möjligheter för polisen, de står dock inför utmaningar för att på ett effektivt sätt utnyttja GIS. För att GIS ska användas på ett effektivt sätt inom polisen krävs det att det finns kunskap, samverkan och datakvalité. Datainsamlingen som studien bygger på är semistrukturerade intervjuer, surveyundersökningar och vetenskapliga texter. Intervjuerna innefattar personer inom polismyndigheten som ansvarar över IT-stöd samt personer som tekniskt behandlar GIS. Forskningen är utformad som en case studie där intervjuer, surveyundersökningar och vetenskapliga texter ska ge stöd för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. / This study is based on how the Swedish police use the geographical information system (GIS). The digital transformation is intense which leads to a lot of opportunities and challenges regarding the law enforcement for the Swedish police. To follow the big change it needs new and more effective methods. For the police in other countries, for example, USA, Canada, and the Netherlands it is common to use GIS as a tool, and to see how the Swedish police are working it all comes unclear. The conclusion that can be made from the study is that GIS can be great opportunities for the police, but they face challenges to use GIS effectively. In order for GIS to be used effectively in the police, there is a need for knowledge, collaboration and data quality. The data collection on which the study is based is semi-structured interviews, survey studies and scientific texts. The interviews include people in the police department who are in charge of IT and people who are technically working with GIS. The research is designed as a case study in which interviews, survey studies and scientific texts will provide support to answer the study's research questions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20677号 / 工博第4374号 / 新制||工||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 中北 英一, 准教授 森 信人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The need for a safe and sustainable chemical industry has called for the development of emerging technologies with improved environmental performance. In this study, an emerging electrochemical hydrogenation process over Ni foam is being developed at the laboratory scale with an expectation of less environmental impacts than a conventional palladium on carbon hydrogenation process. To understand better the potential environmental performance of the process at the matured scale, a prospective life cycle assessment was conducted to identify environmental hotspots for early process improvement. There is no standardised method for prospective life cycle assessment, hence a methodological recommendation in conducting a prospective LCA was proposed through a literature review.  The proposed methodology consists of three steps which are a pre-inventory stage, an inventory stage, and a post-inventory stage. These steps have been connected to the ISO 14044 standard methodology for conducting an LCA where the pre-inventory stage relates to the goal and scope definition, the inventory stage to inventory analysis, and the post-inventory connected to both the inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation stages of the ISO methodology. The proposed methodology was applied to the electrochemical hydrogenation process over nickel foam cathode where a three-case scenario (lab, worst- and best-case scenarios) was investigated to identify hotspots for early process improvement. The theoretical upscaled process had a better environmental performance compared to the lab process. The identified hotspots in the upscaled process (worst-case) include electricity process, evaporation process, and solvent recycling process for ecotoxicity (freshwater), human toxicity (cancer), human toxicity (non-cancer), climate change and resource use (minerals and metals) impact categories. The best-case scenario had its identified hotspots in the electricity process, solvent recycling process, and distillation process. This shows the importance of circularity, recycling, and lean manufacturing to the pillars of sustainability. Reducing resource consumption per unit product while increasing the recycling efficiency of process waste will be imperative towards ensuring a green chemical industry. Based on the results, a reduction of electricity demand for the process, utilisation of an alternative less energy-consuming processes, or cleaner energy sourcing could further improve the potential environmental performance of the process. Based on the quality of the data used, it is recommended that the outcome of the study be cautiously interpreted.

Urbanisation and a growing global population have caused our road networks to expand rapidly in the past decades. The consequences of transport infrastructure for wildlife include traffic mortality, habitat loss and habitat degradation and the negative impact of a road extends far beyond the road itself. In Ireland, there are mitigation measures for wildlife mortality in place on all major roads. Mitigation measures can help reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions and increase habitat connectivity but need to be properly monitored and maintained following implementation. This study was carried out in collaboration with the Environmental Policy & Compliance department at Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII), a state agency in Ireland responsible for national road and public transport infrastructure. It applied various spatial and temporal analyses methods in order to ascertain how best to prioritise critical road sections and times for maintenance. The significance of the study is that recent site visits carried out in Ireland found that 66% of mitigation measures were of inadequate standard. The methods were applied to roadkill data taken over an eight year period on the M3 motorway in county Meath, Ireland. This case study was chosen as mitigation measures, such as underpasses and mammal underpasses, have been in operation since its’ opening in 2010. It was found that temporal analysis could provide an insight into whether roadkill was increasing or decreasing annually as well as what months were most recommendable to carry out maintenance. The spatial analysis began with using Ripley’s K-statistics to first determine whether or not clustering of roadkill was occurring along the study area. Four different methods of locating hotspots along a road network were then applied and compared; Malo’s method, 2D Hotspot Analysis using Siriema Road Mortality software, kernel density estimation using SANET and finally KDE+. The findings showed that, despite mitigation measures being in place, hotspots were still occurring indicating road sections experiencing higher numbers of roadkill than expected in a random situation. These sections could then be prioritised for maintenance. It was found that the KDE+ software in conjunction with the use of a roadkill data app was the most recommendable approach. It was also noted that that the app should be expanded to other road classes and rail. It is recommended that this be made a standard protocol, comparable on a national level, for the prioritisation of mitigation measures for maintenance. Finally, it was recommended that more public awareness about wildlife-vehicle collisions and mitigation measures be raised. In the future, the app could also be connected to GPS systems to warn drivers of critical road sections. If these methods and recommendations are applied to the Irish road network, a reduction in roadkill should be observed.

Pointers in 64-bit architectures are unlikely to exhaust their vast address range, and are as such needlessly big. Reducing the amount of memory a pointer occupies leads to reduced memory demands, better usage of memory, and better locality. Pointer compression is a term that encompasses techniques that aim to make pointers occupy less memory, often to 32-bit for the sake of word alignment. Pointers that are 32-bit embody the opposite problem of having too restricted of an address range, being able to address only 4 GB. Z is a garbage collector in the HotSpot JVM which does not support pointer compression. Partly because the aforementioned address range restriction, and partly because the implementation of compressed pointers which exist in HotSpot would clash with the goals of the garbage collector. This project explores ways of implementing pointer compression for Z that isn't detrimental to the goals of the garbage collector, and aims to find where problems may occur. The outset was to explore compressing speculatively during runtime. The result is a design that relies on a custom bit layout for compressed pointers, inspecting bit layouts of the pointers on each read and write to detect the compression status. This seems to be the most promising in terms of code maintainability and ease of implementation.

Mineral chemistry and petrography of basalts from the Kimama drill core recovered by Hotspot: Snake River Scientific Drilling Project, Idaho establish crystallization conditions of these lavas. Twenty-three basalt samples, from 20 individual lava flows were sampled from the upper 1000 m (of the 1912 m drilled) core drilled on the axis of the Snake River Plain, and represent approximately 3 m.y. of volcanism (rocks at the bottom of the hole are ~6 Ma). Rock from the upper 1000 m are typically fresh, while those lower in the core are more altered and are less likely to preserve fresh phenocrysts to analyze. Intratelluric phenocrysts (pre-eruption) are: olivine, plagioclase and Cr-spinel inclusions in olivine and plagioclase; groundmass phases (post-eruption) are: olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite. Olivine core compositions range from Fo84-68, plagioclase cores range from An80-62, clinopyroxene ranges in composition from Wo47-34, En47-28, Fs30-15, spinel inclusions are Cr (up to 20 wt % Cr2O3) and Al-rich (up to 35 wt % Al2O3) and evolve to lower concentrations of Cr and Al and higher Fe and Ti, chromian titanomagnetite to magnetite, and ilmenite are groundmass oxide phases. Thermobarometry of Kimama core basalts indicates that the phenocryst phases crystallized at temperatures of 1155 to 1255°C at depths of 7 to 17 km, which is within or near the seismically imaged mid-crustal sill. Plagioclase hygrometry suggests that these lavas are relatively anhydrous with less than 0.4 wt % H2O. Groundmass phases crystallized at lower temperatures (<1140°C) after eruption. Oxygen fugacity inferred from Fe-Ti oxide equilibria is at or just below the QFM buffer. The origin of the basaltic rocks of the Snake River Plain has been attributed to a mantle plume or to other, shallow mantle processes. Mineral and whole rock major and trace element geochemistry of the olivine tholeiites from the Kimama core are used to distinguish between these two sources (deep or shallow mantle). Whole rock compositions were corrected for plagioclase and olivine fractionation to calculate primary liquids to estimate mantle potential temperatures. Olivine phenocrysts have the pyroxenite source characteristics of low Mn and Ca, but a peridotite source characteristic of low Ni. Thus, trace element models were used to test whether there is pyroxenite in the source of the Snake River Plain basalts, as hypothesized for Hawaii and other plume-related hotspots (e.g., Sobolev et al., 2005; Herzberg, 2011). Olivine chemistry and trace element models establish that the basalt source is a spinel peridotite, not a pyroxenite. The average mantle potential temperature obtained for these samples is 1577°C, 177°C hotter than ambient mantle, suggesting that the basaltic liquids were derived from a thermal plume. Silica activity barometry shows that melt segregation occurs between 80 and 110 km depth, which is within or very near the spinel stability field, and suggests that the lithosphere has been eroded by the plume to a maximum depth of 80 km, and recent mantle tomography suggests that it may be even thinner.

Myers first identified the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots and pioneered innovative ideas about the usefulness of biodiversity models for establishing long-term resource conservation strategies at global scales. Since Myers, most of the subsequent studies using hotspot science for biodiversity modeling have used large spatial scales like countries, provinces or states, and other biogeoraphic regions. The California Floristic Province continues to be one of the recognized global biodiversity hotspots. Our study site, San Luis Obispo County is within this hotspot and we created a map of plant biodiversity hotspots at the county scale using GIS technology. We wanted to determine the effectiveness and applicability of biodiversity hotspot mapping at this scale with anticipation that the map will serve as a new tool for establishing long-term resource conservation strategies in the County. Our plant biodiversity hotspot map is based on distribution data collected from herbarium specimens of San Luis Obispo County’s rare flora. These data were extracted from the Hoover Herbarium at Cal Poly and manually digitized into GIS. We built a model with GIS to identify, locate, and quantify the resultant hotspots from the data. The overall approach was successful at identifying and quantifying the attributes and geographic extents of plant biodiversity hotspots at the county scale. Our results are highly applicable for establishing local and regional plant conservation priorities at lower resolutions, which is frequently where land acquisition and reserve establishment occurs. We conclude that biodiversity hotspot modeling with GIS is an effective tool that can be applied to many other finer-scale biological inventories for conservation purposes.

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<p> Wireless communication has been thriving in recent years. Developments in the hardware and software industries enable more and more devices to be embedded in wireless communication modules. All kinds of interesting applications based on wireless connections are emerging, demanding simple and efficient ways to inter-connect different devices. Bluetooth is an industry standard initially proposed by Ericsson, IBM, Microsoft and some other leading IT companies to meet this growing demand. Initially, it intended to provide universal low cost, low power, and low complexity wireless interface to various devices. Furthermore, it also proposed to provide the possibility of interconnecting a number of mobile devices to form a network. However, the details of network formation and operation have not yet been regulated. In this work, we will investigate Bluetooth enabled network formation issues (especially when the traffic patterns on the network are well known).</p> <p> In this thesis, we use a small indoor area network model with a wired infrastructure network installed in the wall. A number of mobiles are distributed in the area and require inter-connectivity with each other and/or the outside world through multiple gateways. Unbalanced traffic in the network may result in hotspots leading to poor network throughput. Therefore, a centralized network formation algorithm is needed for Bluetooth networks to solve this problem.</p> <p> This thesis proposes novel Network Formation based on a Traffic Distribution (NFTD) mechanism. This centralized mechanism co-ordinates the behavior of mobiles and is implemented on gateways (also called access points). It forms the network topology according to the traffic distribution so that the path length of hotspot flows can be limited in order to maximize the network capacity. Last but not least, infrastructure networks provide free high-speed links for mobiles to further increase network capacity. The proposed mechanism is a promising mechanism as supported by simulation results.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)