Arbetets ena syfte är att identifiera gatukonstnären Banksys stil och se vilka faktorer som kan lyftas fram som "Banksyska". Det andra syftet är att undersöka hur Banksy förhåller sig till begreppet "konstvärld" som teoretikerna Arthur Danto, George Dickie och Howard Becker talar om. Efter att ha observerat och granskat ett stort kvantitativt urval av Banksys gatukonstverk valdes ett antal verk ut, som sedan analyserades genom en semiotisk analysmetod. Genom de semiotiska analyserna och uttalanden från Banksy gick det att konstatera ett tydligt mönster av färgstarka, schablonmåleriska, ironiska, paradoxala och främmandegjorda bilder utifrån den auktoritära kontext som karaktärerna i bilderna brukar ses i. Det gick även att konstatera att Banksys relation till konstvärlden är paradoxal utifrån uttalanden och de semiotiska analyserna, då han påstår sig vara ointresserad av konstvärlden samtidigt som han deltar i den.

[pt] Esta tese realiza um estudo da história e do desenvolvimento das agências de propaganda do Brasil, a fim de compreender os principais movimentos do campo da publicidade no país ao longo de cem anos. Parte-se da premissa de que a agência é a organização responsável por traçar as condições de existência do setor da publicidade e do aparecimento social do anúncio, como resultado e expressão de tipos de interação social e ação coletiva. O marco cronológico é fixado a partir da fundação da Eclética, em 1914, a primeira empresa que elabora uma disposição profissionalizante e coopera para a formação de um segmento profissional, até então inexistente. A pesquisa procura mapear o curso das agências, suas conexões com as transformações histórico-culturais, realçando o desenvolvimento empresarial para discutir o peso do discurso publicitário na constituição dos códigos culturais. O foco recai no exame dos agentes sociais e suas ações, como partes determinantes da produção do conhecimento e da elaboração das identidades culturais em um determinado sistema social. Através da pesquisa bibliográfica e aproximação da rotina produtiva da publicidade, é possível perceber a importância da atuação conjunta de identidades para a viabilidade do trabalho. Neste sentido, a teoria da ação coletiva de Howard Becker ancora a reflexão sobre as identidades culturais dos sujeitos que produzem os anúncios dentro de uma agência de propaganda e suas formas de operação, elaboradas, historicamente, para a produção deste dispositivo de comunicação. O quadro teórico adotado também enfatiza a perspectiva cultural da publicidade e trabalhos que destacam a preponderância do simbólico na construção dos seus significados públicos. Além da conjuntura interna das empresas de propaganda, o estudo também pondera, de forma mais ampla, a publicidade como uma narrativa central na sociedade moderno-contemporânea, uma vez que ela produz e faz circular temas que impactam subjetividades e oferecem componentes para o estabelecimento de signos e práticas que nos definem como uma sociedade de consumo. / [en] This dissertation provides an interpretative analysis on advertising agencies in Brazil in order to broadly examine the main movements in the field of advertising during the past one hundred years. We have relied on the assumption that the agency is the ownership that establishes conditions for the advertising sector s recognition as well as the social emergence of the ad, as an outcome and expression of social interaction and collective action types. The chronological framework is set as of the establishment of Eclética, in 1914, the first organization that devises a professional approach and sets the capacity building of a yet unknown professional segment. The survey pursues a constant on-going mapping of the agencies, the paths, and linkages with historical-cultural transformations, enhancing the entrepreneurial development in order to discuss the burden of the advertising speech vis-a-vis the cultural code heritage. The core focus is on the consideration of the social players and their actions as inherent part of the production of knowledge and issuance of cultural identities in a specific social system. By means of a bibliographic intersection with the productive routine of advertising, have endeavored to reach the final result of a joint performance of identities which crossing is of the utmost importance for its feasibility. Furthermore, Howard Becker s collective action theory anchors a profound reflection of the cultural identities of the subjects that convey the ads in an advertising agency, inasmuch as its ways of performance, historically produced for this communication device. The theoretical framework that has been considered, highlights as well, the cultural perspective of advertising and papers that enhance the prominence of symbolism when establishing cultural meanings. Besides the internal environment of the advertising organization, this survey contemplates, in a broader sense, advertising as a central narrative of modern contemporary culture inasmuch as it produces and circles issues that impact subjectivities and convey components to establish signs and practices that define us as a Consumption Society.

Ce projet de recherche a pour but d’étudier le processus créatif, l’apprentissage social, la rationalité, les conflits, les règles et les normes de trois groupes d’auteurs contemporains à New York et à Paris. Les méthodes de recherche incluent des entretiens avec des auteurs, la narration d’anecdotes sur le comportement des acteurs sociaux, la construction d’un tableau sociométrique des règles et des normes propres à chaque groupe d’après la théorie de Howard BECKER, et une analyse de texte qui mobilise la méthode d’étude structurale du sociologue de la littérature Lucien GOLDMANN. Ce projet de recherche a permis l’identification des niches sociales d’auteurs contemporains, dans lesquelles des échanges d’informations permettent un apprentissage social qui a de la valeur professionnelle et personnelle pour les acteurs sociaux en question. Enfin, ce projet de recherche permettra le placement des auteurs contemporains dans l’organigramme de la production culturelle de Pierre BOURDIEU, qui distingue « le sous-champ de l’avant-garde », « le sous-champ de la grande production » et « le champ du pouvoir » dans le monde littéraire. / The purpose of this research project is to explore the creative process, social learning, motivation, conflicts, rules and norms of three groups of contemporary writers in New York and Paris. Research methods include interviews with authors, the narration of anecdotes about the behavior of the social actors, and the construction of a sociometric table of rules and norms specific to each group according to the theory of Howard BECKER. This project also offers contains a literary analysis using Lucien GOLDMANN’s method of structural study. This research led to the identification of social networks of contemporary authors, in which the exchange of information allows social learning that has both professional and personal value for the social actors in question. Finally, this research will allow the placement of contemporary authors into Pierre BOURDIEU’s map of cultural production, which distinguishes “the sub-field of the avant-garde,” “the sub-field of large-scale production,” and “the field of power” in the literary world.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop and test the Advanced Integrated Model, a typological model in the tradition of Weber’s interpretive sociology, as an asset in explaining recent transformations in American Episcopal-Anglican organizations. The study includes an assessment of the church-sect tradition in the sociology of religion and a summary overview of Weber’s interpretive sociology with special emphasis on the nature and construction of idealtypes and their use in analysis. To illustrate the effectiveness of the model a number of institutional rivalries confronting contemporary Episcopal-Anglican organizations are identified and shown to be explainable only from a sociological perspective and not simply as “in house” institutional problems. The present work sheds light on parent-child conflicts in religious organizations and reopens discussion about the theoretical value of ideal-types in general, and church-sect typologies in particular, when utilized from a comparative-historical perspective