The intention of this thesis is to assess the World Bank's SAPs as the principal economic impediment to implementing an RBA to NEPAD. This assessment is sought to contribute to calculating the feasibility for implementation. It is assumed that the RBA is the best approach currently available to further the significant cause of sustainable human, social and economic development in developing countries generally, and in Africa in particular. Sustainable development in Africa is recognised as an extremely significant step in promoting peace and security on the continent and internationally. Various NGOs, development institutes and scholars have argued that NEPAD lacks an RBA to development. However, while the critics are many, the question has not been voiced as to the obstacles Africa and international society face in applying an RBA to NEPAD. In an attempt to narrow this gap, the World Bank's SAPs are analysed. It has been shown many times that adjustment programmes do not adhere to the human rights standards spelled out, in particular, in the articles of the ICESCR. In addition, SAPs fail to incorporate human rights principles such as participation and accountability. Consequently, because SAPs are not based on international human rights standards and principles, they do not fulfil the requirements of an RBA to development. It follows that the approach cannot be applied to NEPAD as long as the World Bank's SAPs fail to adhere to these standards and principles and, thus, lead to the violation of people's human rights in developing countries. To reach a reasonable conclusion on the Bank's current human rights practices, its employment of SAPs in developing countries is analysed. Moreover, David Held's regime of liberal international sovereignty is examined and applied to this case. Both investigations discover independently of each other that the implementation of an RBA to NEPAD is unrealistic under the current circumstances.

Yes / Human rights to water and sanitation have been widely recognised in legal instruments at the international, regional, and national levels of governance. More awareness of states’ obligations has provided additional impetus to promote human rights in policy advocacy. The international non-governmental organisation WaterAid, as a non-state actor specialising in the water, sanitation, and hygiene services (WASH) sector, adopts a human rights-based approach (HRBA) to WASH programming. This paper draws on the experiences from WaterAid WASH projects in four countries – Nepal, Ghana, Mali, and Burkina Faso, to evaluate the practical impacts of the HRBA to ensure that governments fulfil their responsibility to realise universal access to water and sanitation services in different contexts. The outcomes highlight that three important contributions of the HRBA: (1) generates greater awareness among rightsholders and duty bearers about responsibilities and entitlements over safe drinking water and sanitation; (2) promotes constructive engagement between the government and rightsholders; and (3) equips people with the motivation, skills, and agency which are critical dimensions to work on sustainable WASH. The WASH sector should, therefore, embrace the power of human rights and invest in the specific activities and frameworks to integrate human rights into systems strengthening the WASH sector, while continuing to analyse and learn how to adapt and improve the approach in different contexts.

The purpose of this study is to look in to how microfinance through the VSLAmodel has affected life circumstances of women in rural parts of Uganda. The study also examines whether participation in VSLA-groups leads to empowerment. The results have been derived from qualitative fieldwork, based on semi-structured interviews. Women from the Ugandan districts of Kayunga and Masaka have been interviewed about their experiences of participating in VSLA-groups. The theoretical framework consists of a liberal as well as a postcolonial feminist theorization. The study subject is analyzed by using Martha Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s thoughts on the subaltern. The Uganda National Farmers Federation (UNFFE) started working with financial inclusion in 2010 and in 2014 they implemented the Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) in their work. It is found in this study that the VSLA-groups who operates guided by the Human Rights Based Approach, have had a positive effect on the life conditions of the interviewed women. The socioeconomic effects have been positive, the women have greater control over their life circumstances and the VSLA-groups have proved empowering. / I denna studies granskas en typ av mikrofinansmodell, Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) och dess påverkan på kvinnor på Ugandas landsbygds livsomständigheter. Den undersöker också om deltagande i VSLA-verksamhet leder till empowerment. Studiens resultat bygger på fältarbete bestående av kvalitativa undersökningar. Kvinnor från de ugandiska distrikten Kayunga och Masaka har deltagit i semistrukturerade intervjuer där de berättat om sina upplevelser av att vara med i en VSLA-grupp. Det teoretiska ramverket har en liberal såväl som postkolonial feministisk utgångspunkt. Uppsatsens frågeställningar analyseras genom Martha Nussbaums Capabilities Approach och Gayatri Chakravorty Spivaks tankar om den subalterna. Uganda National Farmers Federation (UNFFE) började arbeta med finansiell inkludering 2010 och 2014 implementerade de Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) i sitt arbete. Denna studie finner att VSLA-grupper, vilka arbetar med hjälp av HRBA har en positiv effekt på de intervjuade kvinnornas livsomständigheter. De socioekonomiska effekterna har varit positiva, kvinnorna har fått större kontroll över sina förhållanden och VSLA-grupperna har haft en empowering effekt.

One of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world is Violence Against Women and Girls. It is estimated that 1 in 3 women, which is equal to 736 million women, have been experiencing sexual and/or physical violence in her lifetime since the age of 15. Previous research states that women with intellectual disabilities are more vulnerable to Gender Based Violence (GBV) than other women in Tanzania. A minor field study was done in Tanzania with the ame to; finding how women with intellectual disabilities are more vulnerable than other women in Tanzania, understand how the society's support for abused women with disabilities can be improved in Tanzania and to find how stakeholders perceive that violence against women with intellectual disabilities can be prevented. The study has been carried out by holding key informant interviews with employees of NGOs, lawyers and teachers that work for these women's rights in different ways in Tanzania. To analyze the empirical material, the Human rights based approach has been made made into an analytical framework by identifying and defining the key concepts: capability, functionings and freedom and with the perspective of Leave no one behind. The findings show that poverty, cultural beliefs and beliefs in witchcraft, among other things contribute to the fact that women with intellectual disabilities are extra vulnerable in Tanzania. They are at great risk of being locked up, become victims of human trafficing, subjected to rape and murder.  Society should raise awareness that GBV is illegal and wrong to improve the situation of women with intellectual disabilities. The police and healthcare workers should be better trained to respond to women with special needs who have been subjected to violence or sexual violence. The government could also give these women support to be able to work on their own terms. Through work, the women get a better life and meaning, which reduces the risk that she will be exposed to GBV. To prevent violence against these women the government should offer availability to adapted and inclusive schools with trained staff who know the needs of disabled children. If these kids can go to school with others, people with disabilities will be normalized and the stigma will reduce. To conclude, women with intellectual disabilities are extra vulnerable in Tanzania and much can be done to improve their situation.

De globala hållbarhetsmålen, antagna år 2015, ska verka för en global satsning för ökad social, ekonomisk, och miljömässig hållbarhet. I styrdokument publicerade 2018 från FN uppmanas berörda parter på olika nivåer att inkorporera mer ideellt engagemang i form av volontärarbete. Detta för att kunna etablera en lokal förankring som ska underlätta genomdrivandet av de 17 målen, med tillhörande 169 delmål. En typ av volontärarbete som vuxit fram de senaste 20 åren är så kallade volontärresor, där ofta unga västerlänningar åker för att hjälpa till i projekt i utvecklingsländer, i kombination med nöjesresor. I denna studie undersöks hur projekt som erbjuds av svenska volontärresebyråer kan relateras till de globala hållbarhetsmålen, samt hur olika publikationer från FN om volontärarbete och hållbar turism kan förstås utifrån kommersiell volontärturism. Här har fyra svenska volontärresebyråers projektbeskrivningar synats och jämförts med delmålen för Agenda 2030. Metoden som använts är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av projektbeskrivningar från volontärresebyråernas hemsidor. Rättighetsperspektivet (Human Rights Based Approach) har använts vid analysen för att se på vilket sätt projektbeskrivningarna kan ses vara rättighetsbaserade. Resultaten visar på att volontärturism främst berör hållbarhetsmål för utbildning och biologisk mångfald, genom engelskundervisning och vård av djur och natur. I de projekt som finns kan kvalitén på de insatser som görs ofta inte garanteras, och en medvetenhet kring hållbarhetsmålen tycks heller inte finnas. Engagemanget kan därför ses adressera effekterna av strukturella problem, men inte verka för en lösning av de grundläggande orsakerna till problemen. En förbättring som föreslås för att volontärturism ska kunna bidra till en väg till utveckling är att öka kopplingen i projekten till Agenda 2030 genom kunskapsspridning. / The sustainable development goals, published in 2015, were created as a global effort to increase sustainable social, economic and environmental development. In documents published in 2018 from the UN, relevant actors are encouraged to incorporate more voluntary work on different levels of society, in order to establish a local anchoring for the 17 goals with its’ 169 sub-targets. One kind of non-profit work that has gained popularity in the last 20 years are the so-called volunteer travels, where tourists, often young Westerners, travel in order to help out in developing countries, in combination with leisure activities. In this study, descriptions of projects that are offered by Swedish volunteer- travel agencies have been examined as to how they relate to the Sustainable Development Goals, along with how different publications from the UN on how volunteerism and sustainable tourism can be understood in regard to commercial volunteer tourism. Here, four Swedish volunteer tourist agencies have been examined and compared to the sub-targets for the Sustainable Development Goals, also known as Agenda 2030. The method used is a qualitative content analysis of the project descriptions found on the web pages of the volunteer tourist agencies. The Human Rights Based Approach has been used to analyse the data in order to investigate in what way the project descriptions can be seen as rights based. The result shows that volunteer tourism primarily is related to development goals concerning education and biological diversity, through English classes and care of animals and nature. The established projects that are available often cannot guarantee the quality of the efforts being made and do not seem to incorporate an awareness of the Sustainable Development Goals. The activity can therefore be seen as addressing the effects of structural problems, rather than a solution of the underlying causes of the problems. A possible improvement that is suggested for volunteer tourism to contribute more to a road to development, is to more emphasize the connection between projects in volunteer tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, mainly through knowledge sharing.

This paper has concluded that the Diaspora contribute to the development of social, economic and political fields, which also means a high level of poverty reduction. This has been largely possible not least because of developments in computing and telecommunications, but also through the Diaspora's grassroots involvement. By being the only player who can get access to specific locations, and through their local knowledge the Diaspora can easily be seen as legitimate actors and therefore also play a unique role in peace processes. They are also not tied to bureaucratic structures on which they can act with direct effect. For example, they can assist quickly to different kinds of crisis situations, such as environmental disasters. Many governments and organizations are interested in cooperating with the Diaspora, but they also see many challenges with it. Further on, Diaspora can feel that their voices are not always heard. The essay has also reached a conclusion that a balance between the UN's two main conventions International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights increasingly may arise. This is thanks to the co-operations between liberal organizations and the Diaspora whose efforts may be in the private markets to create jobs and development, and their contributions in construction of social infrastructure. Other impacts on the organizational level may be towards more complex models of organization and partnerships, where not least the private sector may be included to a greater extent, which also demonstrates the enhanced globalization trends, where the private market is seen to be the answer to the solution of poverty. As regards to States and the role of various actors in these somewhat newer landscapes, they can also be a result from the processes of globalization and shifts in power from the state to the different levels at which non-state actors gets a stronger role. These processes may also have contributed to greater regionalization; forces which this paper found over time may be a competitor to a weak UN (and the EU) and therefore attract the Diaspora who also may find themselves to be better received there.

Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35% of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing (being 30 November 2011) manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance. A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food. The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above. This study, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This study is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security as a development objective can be accommodated in South African national legislative measures. Hence, this study focuses on three national legislative levels, namely constitutional incorporation, the adoption of a framework law and revision of sectoral legislation. Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in the course of this study, amongst others: (a) the development of the food security concept; (b) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (c) key elements of a human right-based approach; and (d) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security. / Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35% of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing (being 30 November 2011) manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance. A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food. The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above. This study, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This study is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security as a development objective can be accommodated in South African national legislative measures. Hence, this study focuses on three national legislative levels, namely constitutional incorporation, the adoption of a framework law and revision of sectoral legislation. Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in the course of this study, amongst others: (a) the development of the food security concept; (b) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (c) key elements of a human right-based approach; and (d) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security. / Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

This thesis investigates young refugee women’s experience of the process of seeking access to justice for cases of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Nakivale refugee settlement in Uganda. A Human Rights-based Approach (HRBA) is chosen as an analytical framework to help conceptualise access to justice and to recognise Uganda’s commitment to refugees. A qualitative explanatory approach follows the narrative of Burundian and Congolese women.    Findings show that Nakivale refugee settlement has an overwhelming demand for legal services and support. Refugee women can raise a claim for justice through the established administrative structures in place within the settlement. All refugee women were aware of their entitlements to a remedy and on the process of reporting SGBV. Yet, the analysis shows that none of the SGBV-survivors of rape or sexual exploitation was able to have access to justice. Several barriers were brought forward, such as corruption among refugee welfare committees; limited staff and resources among partner organisations; a bureaucratic referral system; poor police investigations and an inability to persecute perpetrators. The consequences without effective and timely remedies led the interviewed women into further poverty and a continuation of violence and abuse.   This thesis concludes that Refugee Welfare Committees have to be attributed to some sort of compensation as validation for their work as justice providers to mitigate corruption among their leaders. Further research is encouraged to look into possibilities of extending the mandate and training for Refugee Welfare Committees, for refugee-based structures to be able to handle cases of SGBV.

Kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter är ett återkommande problem inom den psykiatriska vården. Detta för att människor som söker vård inom psykiatrin ofta har nedsatt möjlighet att föra fram sina åsikter, vilket gör det svårt att involvera dem i vården. Syftet med studien är att undersöka patienters upplevelser av den psykiatriska vården i förhållande till värden i mänskliga rättigheter. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom 5 kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med individer som har erfarenhet av psykisk ohälsa och psykiatrisk vård. Materialet har analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys med hjälp av värdena värdighet och empowerment, jämlikhet och icke-diskriminering, delaktighet och inkludering samt transparens och ansvarstagande. Dessa värden har även legat till grund för de teoretiska utgångspunkter som har använts för att analysera materialet. Resultatet visar att det finns både positiva och negativa erfarenheter av den psykiatriska vården. Något som framgår som positivt var att ett gott bemötande från personal som präglas av lyhördhet och bekräftande är något som stärker individens självkänsla och tillit till psykiatrin. Det som beskrivs som negativt är bland annat långa väntetider, brist på kunskap och kompetens hos personal och att inte bli tagen på allvar. Detta bidrar till minskad tillit till psykiatrin och dess personal samtidigt som det sänker individens självkänsla och förmåga att fatta självständiga beslut angående sin egen vård. Utifrån studiens resultat och tidigare forskning krävs ytterligare forskning kring hur det rättighetsbaserade förhållningssättet ska implementeras i praktiken och att det ställer krav på ökade resurser samt kunskap och kompetens hos psykiatrins personal. / Violations of human rights are a recurring problem in psychiatric care. This is because people who seek medical care psychiatry often have reduced opportunities to express their opinions, which makes it difficult to involve them in their own care. The purpose of the study is to examine patients' experiences of psychiatric care in relation to human rights values. The empirical material has been collected through 5 qualitative semi-structured interviews with individuals who have experience of mental illness and psychiatric care. The material has been analyzed based on a thematic analysis using the values of dignity and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination, participation and inclusion as well as transparency and responsibility. These values have also been the basis for the theoretical starting points that have been used to analyze the material. The results show that there are both positive and negative experiences of psychiatric care. Something that appears to be positive is that good treatment from staff that is characterized by responsiveness and confirmation is something that strengthens the individual's self-esteem and trust in psychiatry. What is described as negative are, among other things, long waiting times, lack of knowledge and competence among staff and not being taken seriously. This contributes to reduced trust in psychiatry and its staff at the same time as it lowers the individual's self-esteem and ability to make independent decisions regarding their own care. Based on the results of the study and previous research, further research is required on how the human rights-based approach should be implemented in practice and that it requires increased resources as well as knowledge and competence of the psychiatric staff.