Bei einer altersgerechten Arbeitsgestaltung mittels digitaler Menschmodelle (DMM) sind die altersbedingten Veränderungen der menschlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zu berücksichtigen. Altersbedingte Veränderungen wie bspw. der Beweglichkeit sind aktuell nur rudimentär bei der virtuellen Arbeitsprozessgestaltung abbildbar. Deshalb wird im Beitrag ein Konzept zur Integration von Altersfaktoren in DMM vorgestellt. Dem User-Centered-Design Prozess folgend, werden die einzelnen Schritte zur Integration von Altersfaktoren am Beispiel der Beweglichkeit dargestellt. Dazu werden die erhobenen Nutzeranforderungen und die Darstellung der nutzerorientierten Konfiguration der Altersfaktoren im DMM dargestellt. Im Ergebnis wird gezeigt, wie altersbedingte Veränderungen der menschlichen Leistungsfähigkeit in DMM nutzer-orientiert eingebunden werden können. Dem Nutzer soll damit perspektivisch eine effektive und effiziente altersgerechte Gestaltung in DMM mittels akkurater, relevanter Daten sowie geeigneter Unterstützung ermöglicht werden.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5892.pdf: 5880561 bytes, checksum: db40111a324a7986148a35761e5c50a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Motion Capture technology is considered a potential to overcome the limitations of traditional human simulation, reducing the time spent on creating and assigning greater reality simulations the simulated movements. This research presents an analysis of a technical system, formed by integrating a Motion Capture System with a human model and simulation software, aiming to establish ways to use the system in project process, contextualized by ergonomics. Different configurations of the main steps of the integration of the Motion Capture System Moven (Xsens), integrated with CAD DELMIA (Dassault Systèmes) software, which has a module of human simulation (Human Builder), through four experimental tests. Four trials were defined with factorial design to test the combination of different possible system configurations: i) spatial positioning of virtual environments, ii) mitigation of drift, iii) digital human kinematics and iv) anthropometric compatibility. From the results obtained in each test operating procedures were constructed in order to solve the problems and limitations of using these integrated technologies. The following procedures show how to configure the integrated system for positioning a virtual environment in a CAD system known coordinates, which enables the correction of the position due to drift of the capture system. Procedures that relate to the possible interactions between the body and capture the workplace, with the characteristics of the activity and the objectives of the simulation were also created. In addition, it was elaborated a systematic iterative to match the anthropometry between real human being, avatar of the capture system and digital human. The development of ways to use these technologies provides improvement of techniques used to construct the simulation, contributing to integration the perspective of future activity in the design in the design of productive situations. / A tecnologia de Captura de Movimentos é considerada potencial para superar as limitações da simulação humana tradicional, reduzindo o tempo despendido na criação de simulações e atribuindo maior realidade aos movimentos simulados. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise de um sistema técnico, formado pela integração de um Sistema de Captura de Movimentos com um software de modelagem e simulação humana, visando estabelecer formas de utilização do sistema no processo de projetos, contextualizados pela ergonomia. São analisadas diferentes configurações das principais etapas do processo de integração do Sistema de Captura de Movimentos Moven (Xsens), integrado com software CAD DELMIA (Dassault Systèmes), que possui um módulo de simulação humana (Human Builder), através de ensaios experimentais. Foram definidos quatro ensaios com delineamento fatorial para testar a combinação das diferentes configurações possíveis do sistema: i) posicionamento espacial de ambientes virtuais, ii) mitigação do drift, iii) cinemática do manequim digital e iv) compatibilidade antropométrica. A partir dos resultados obtidos em cada ensaio foram construídos procedimentos operacionais de configuração do sistema integrado, para equacionar as limitações e problemas de utilização destas tecnologias integradas. Os procedimentos mostram como configurar o sistema integrado, para posicionar um ambiente virtual em um sistema de coordenadas CAD conhecido, que possibilita a correção do posicionamento, devido ao drift do sistema de captura. Também foram criados procedimentos que relacionam as interações possíveis, entre o corpo de captura e o ambiente de trabalho, com as características da atividade e os objetivos da simulação. Além disso, foi elaborada uma sistemática iterativa para compatibilizar a antropometria entre o ser humano real, avatar do sistema de captura e o manequim digital. O desenvolvimento de formas de uso destas tecnologias proporciona melhoria das técnicas utilizadas para construção das simulações com manequins digitais, contribuindo para inserção da perspectiva da atividade futura no projeto das novas instalações.

Human actions are the essence of a human life and a natural product of the human mind. Analysis of human activities by a machine has attracted the attention of many researchers. This analysis is very important in a variety of domains including surveillance, video retrieval, human-computer interaction, athlete performance investigation, etc. This dissertation makes three major contributions to automatic analysis of human actions. First, we conjecture that the relationship between body joints of two actors in the same posture can be described by a 3D rigid transformation. This transformation simultaneously captures different poses and various sizes and proportions. As a consequence of this conjecture, we show that there exists a fundamental matrix between the imaged positions of the body joints of two actors, if they are in the same posture. Second, we propose a novel projection model for cameras moving at a constant velocity in 3D space, \emph cameras, and derive the Galilean fundamental matrix and apply it to human action recognition. Third, we propose a novel use for the invariant ratio of areas under an affine transformation and utilizing the epipolar geometry between two cameras for 2D model-based tracking of human body joints. In the first part of the thesis, we propose an approach to match human actions using semantic correspondences between human bodies. These correspondences are used to provide geometric constraints between multiple anatomical landmarks ( e.g. hands, shoulders, and feet) to match actions observed from different viewpoints and performed at different rates by actors of differing anthropometric proportions. The fact that the human body has approximate anthropometric proportion allows for innovative use of the machinery of epipolar geometry to provide constraints for analyzing actions performed by people of different anthropometric sizes, while ensuring that changes in viewpoint do not affect matching. A novel measure in terms of rank of matrix constructed only from image measurements of the locations of anatomical landmarks is proposed to ensure that similar actions are accurately recognized. Finally, we describe how dynamic time warping can be used in conjunction with the proposed measure to match actions in the presence of nonlinear time warps. We demonstrate the versatility of our algorithm in a number of challenging sequences and applications including action synchronization , odd one out, following the leader, analyzing periodicity etc. Next, we extend the conventional model of image projection to video captured by a camera moving at constant velocity. We term such moving camera Galilean camera. To that end, we derive the spacetime projection and develop the corresponding epipolar geometry between two Galilean cameras. Both perspective imaging and linear pushbroom imaging form specializations of the proposed model and we show how six different ``fundamental" matrices including the classic fundamental matrix, the Linear Pushbroom (LP) fundamental matrix, and a fundamental matrix relating Epipolar Plane Images (EPIs) are related and can be directly recovered from a Galilean fundamental matrix. We provide linear algorithms for estimating the parameters of the the mapping between videos in the case of planar scenes. For applying fundamental matrix between Galilean cameras to human action recognition, we propose a measure that has two important properties. First property makes it possible to recognize similar actions, if their execution rates are linearly related. Second property allows recognizing actions in video captured by Galilean cameras. Thus, the proposed algorithm guarantees that actions can be correctly matched despite changes in view, execution rate, anthropometric proportions of the actor, and even if the camera moves with constant velocity. Finally, we also propose a novel 2D model based approach for tracking human body parts during articulated motion. The human body is modeled as a 2D stick figure of thirteen body joints and an action is considered as a sequence of these stick figures. Given the locations of these joints in every frame of a model video and the first frame of a test video, the joint locations are automatically estimated throughout the test video using two geometric constraints. First, invariance of the ratio of areas under an affine transformation is used for initial estimation of the joint locations in the test video. Second, the epipolar geometry between the two cameras is used to refine these estimates. Using these estimated joint locations, the tracking algorithm determines the exact location of each landmark in the test video using the foreground silhouettes. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the geometric formulation of human action models, the combination of the two geometric constraints for body joints prediction, and the handling of deviations in anthropometry of individuals, viewpoints, execution rate, and style of performing action. The proposed approach does not require extensive training and can easily adapt to a wide variety of articulated actions.

The interior of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) differs from passenger cars. Both the steering wheel and the occupant are positioned differently in a HGV and increases the risk of steering wheel rim impacts. Such impact scenarios are relatively unexplored compared to passenger car safety studies that are more prevalent within the field of injury biomechanics. The idea with using human body models (HBMs) is to complement current crash test dummies with biomechanical data. Furthermore, the biofidelity of a crash dummy for loading similar to a steering wheel rimimpact is relatively unstudied and especially to different rib levels. Therefore, the aim with this thesis was to evaluate HGV occupant thoracic response between THUMS v4.0 and Hybrid III (H3) during steering wheel rim impacts with respect to different rib levels (level 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 7-8, 9-10) with regards to ribs, aorta, liver, and spleen. To the author’s best knowledge, use of local injury risk functions for thoracic injuries is fairly rare compared to the predominant usage of global injury criteria that mainly predicts the most commonthoracic injury risk, i.e. rib fractures. Therefore, local injury criteria using experimental test datahave been developed for the ribs and the organs. The measured parameters were chest deflectionand steering wheel to thorax contact force on a global level, whilst 1st principal Green-Lagrangestrains was assessed for the rib and the organ injury risk. The material models for the liver and the spleen were remodelled using an Ogden material model based on experimental stress-strain data to account for hyperelasticity. Rate-dependency was included by iteration of viscoelastic parameters. The contact modelling of the organs was changed from a sliding contact to a tied contact to minimize unrealistic contact separations during impact. The results support previous findings that H3 needs additional instrumentation to accurately register chest deflection for rib levels beyond its current range, namely at ribs 1-2, 7-8, and 9-10. For THUMS, the chest deflection were within reasonable values for the applied velocities, but there were no definite injury risk. Fact is, the global injury criteria might overpredict the AIS3 injury risk (rib fractures) for rib level 1-2, 7-8, and 9-10. The rib strains could not be correlated with the measured chest deflections. This was explained by the unique localized loading characterized by pure steering wheel rim impact that mainly affected the sternum and the rib cartilage while minimizing rib deformation. The organ strains indicate some risk of rupture where the spleen deforms the most at rib levels 3-4 and 6-7, and the liver and the aorta at rib levels 6-7 and 7-8. This study provides a framework for complementing H3 with THUMS for HGV occupant safety with emphasis on the importance of using local injury criteria for functional injury prediction, i.e. prediction of injury risk using parameters directly related to rib fracture or organ rupture. Local injury criteria are thus a powerful safety assessment tool as it is independent on exterior loading such as airbag, steering wheel hub, or seat belt loading. It was noticed that global injury criteria with very localized impacts such as rim impacts have not been studied and will affect rib fracture risk differently than what has been studied using airbag or seat belt restraints. However, improvements are needed to accurately predict thoracic injury risk at a material level by finding more data for the local injury risk functions. Conclusively, it is clear that Hybrid III has insufficient instrumentation and is in need of upgrades to register chest deflections at multiple rib levels. Furthermore, the following are needed: better understanding of global injury criteria specific for HGV occupant safety evaluation, more data for age-dependent (ribs) and rate-dependent (organs) injury risk functions, a tiebreak contact with tangential sliding for better organ kinematics during impacts, and improving the biofidelity of the material models using data from tissue level experiments. / Förarmiljön i lastbilar gentemot personbilar är annorlunda, i detta kontext med avseende på främst ratt- och förarposition som ökar risken för islag med rattkransen för lastbilsförare. Sådana islag är relativt outforskat jämfört med passiv säkerhet för personbilar inom skadebiomekaniken. Tanken bakom användning av humanmodeller är att komplettera nuvarande krockdockor med biomekanisk information. Dessutom är biofideliteten hos en krockdocka vid rattislag relativt okänt, speciellt vid olika revbensnivåer. Därför är målet med detta examensarbete att undersöka thoraxresponsen hos en lastbilsförare genom att använda THUMS v4.0 och Hybrid III (H3) under rattislag med avseende på revbensnivåer (nivå 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 7-8, och 9-10) och revben, aorta, lever, och mjälte. Enligt författaren verkar användning av lokala riskfunktioner för thoraxskador relativt ostuderat jämfört med den övervägande användningen av globala riskfunktioner som huvudsakligen förutser den mest vanligt förekommande thoraxskadan, nämligen revbensfrakturer. Därför har lokala riskfunktioner skapats för revben och organ, baserat på experimentell data. Uppmätta parametrar var bröstinträngning och kontaktkraft mellan ratt och thorax på global nivå, medan första Green-Lagrange huvudtöjningen användes för att evaluera skaderisken för revben och organ. Materialmodeller för lever och mjälte ommodellerades baserat på experimentell spänning-töjningsdata med Ogdens materialmodell för att ta hänsyn till hyperelasticitet. Töjningshastighetsberoendet inkluderades genom att iterera fram viskoelastiska parametrar. Kontaktmodellering av organ gjordes genom att ändra från glidande kontakt till en låsande kontakt för att minimera orealistisk kontaktseparation under islagsfallen. Resultaten stödjer tidigare studier där H3 visat sig behöva ytterligare givare för att noggrannt kunna registrera bröstinträngning vid olika revbensnivåer bortom dess nuvarande räckvidd, nämligen vid revben 1-2, 7-8, och 9-10. Uppmätt bröstinträngning i THUMS var rimliga för hastighetsfallen men gav inte någon definitiv risk för skada. Faktum är att de globala riskfunktionerna kan överskatta AIS3 risken vid revben 1-2, 7-8, och 9-10. Revbenstöjningarna kunde inte korreleras med bröstinträngningarna. Detta kunde förklaras genom de unika lastfallen som karakteriseras av rena rattislag som främst påverkar sternum och revbensbrosk som i sin tur minimerar deformation av revben. Organtöjningarna indikerar på någon risk för ruptur där mjälten deformerar som mest vid revben 3-4 och 6-7, medan för både levern och aortan sker det vid revben 6-7 och 7-8. Denna studie presenterar ett sätt att komplettera H3 med THUMS inom passiv säkerhet för lastbilsförare med fokus på lokala riskfunktioner för funktionell skadeprediktering dvs. prediktering av skaderisken med hjälp av parametrar som är direkt relaterat till revbensfraktur eller organruptur. Lokala riskfunktioner utgör en kraftfull säkerhetsbedömning som är oberoende av externa lastfall som t.ex. airbag, rattcentrum, eller bälteslast. I denna studie noterades det att de globala riskkriterierna inte har undersökts med väldigt lokala islag som rattislagen utgör och kommer därför att påverka risken för revbensfraktur annorlunda gentemot vad som har studerat, t.ex. airbag eller bältelast. Däremot behövs det mer data för de lokala riskkriterierna för att kunna prediktera thoraxskaderisken med ökad noggrannhet. Avslutningsvis, det är tydligt att Hybrid III har otillräckligt med givare och behöver förbättras för att kunna registrera bröstinträngning vid flera revbensnivåer. Vidare behövs följande: bättre förståelse för globala riskfunktioner anpassat inom passiv säkerhet för lastbilsförare, mer data för åldersberoende (revben) och töjningshastighetsberoende (organ) riskfunktioner, en ”tiebreak” kontakt med tangientiell glidning för bättre organkinematik, och ökad biofidelitet av materialmodeller genom att använda data från vävnadsexperiment.

Bei einer altersgerechten Arbeitsgestaltung mittels digitaler Menschmodelle (DMM) sind die altersbedingten Veränderungen der menschlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zu berücksichtigen. Altersbedingte Veränderungen wie bspw. der Beweglichkeit sind aktuell nur rudimentär bei der virtuellen Arbeitsprozessgestaltung abbildbar. Deshalb wird im Beitrag ein Konzept zur Integration von Altersfaktoren in DMM vorgestellt. Dem User-Centered-Design Prozess folgend, werden die einzelnen Schritte zur Integration von Altersfaktoren am Beispiel der Beweglichkeit dargestellt. Dazu werden die erhobenen Nutzeranforderungen und die Darstellung der nutzerorientierten Konfiguration der Altersfaktoren im DMM dargestellt. Im Ergebnis wird gezeigt, wie altersbedingte Veränderungen der menschlichen Leistungsfähigkeit in DMM nutzer-orientiert eingebunden werden können. Dem Nutzer soll damit perspektivisch eine effektive und effiziente altersgerechte Gestaltung in DMM mittels akkurater, relevanter Daten sowie geeigneter Unterstützung ermöglicht werden.

Leitthema ARBEIT(S).WISSEN.SCHAF(F)T ; Grundlage für Management & Kompetenzentwicklung Mit zunehmendem Alter kommt es zu einer Verringerung der Beweglichkeit. Mit Hilfe digitaler Menschmodelle können daraus resultierende Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsgestaltung analysiert und bei der Planung von Arbeitssystemen berücksichtigt werden. Als Voraussetzung dafür müssen in Menschmodellen valide Daten integriert werden. Hierzu werden im Beitrag Datenquellen zur Beweglichkeit in Bezug zur altersbedingten Veränderung vorgestellt und deren Nutzung zur Ableitung von Referenzdaten für eine Integration in digitale Menschmodelle diskutiert. Als Quellen können Fachbücher, Primärstudien, Reviews und Meta-Analysen verwendet werden. Diese sind anhand von Kriterien zur Qualität und der Aufstellung von Referenzwerten zu bewerten. Im Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass es wesentliche Unterschiede in der Studien- und Berichtsqualität gibt. Insbesondere fehlende Angaben zur Erhebung und der Studienpopulation erschweren die Studienbewertung und Einordnung hinsichtlich Referenzwerte. Referenzdaten unterscheiden sich auch hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung von alters- und geschlechtsspezifischen Angaben. Um eine adäquate Integration in digitale Menschmodelle vornehmen zu können, muss eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Qualität der Erhebung und Repräsentativität der Daten erfolgen.

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La nutrition périnatale conditionne durablement les fonctions physiologiques, avec des conséquences sur la susceptibilité à développer des maladies métaboliques à l’âge adulte. Le microbiote représente un des acteurs de cette empreinte nutritionnelle. L’objectif est de déterminer chez le porc l’impact d’une supplémentation périnatale en fructo-oligosaccharides à courte chaîne (scFOS) sur le développement des fonctions immunitaires et endocrines intestinales et les conséquences sur la santé métabolique de l’adulte en situation de déséquilibre nutritionnel.La supplémentation maternelle en scFOS, en modifiant le microbiote de la mère et de la descendance et la qualité du lait, accélère la maturation du système immunitaire intestinal des porcelets allaités.La fenêtre d’exposition (maternelle vs post-sevrage) conditionne la nature des modifications immunes induites par les scFOS. La supplémentation périnatale en scFOS modifie la réponse métabolique de l’adulte à un régime déséquilibré en stimulant la fonction endocrine intestinale et la sensibilité du pancréas au glucose, en réduisant les risques d’inflammation, et en modifiant l’homéostasie métabolique, associé à des modulations du microbiote.En résumé, la consommation périnatale de prébiotiques programme le phénotype métabolique et immunitaire de l’adulte via des modulations persistantes du microbiote. L'approche intégrée des données a permis d’identifier des acteurs moléculaires impliqués dans l’adaptation différentielle des individus à un régime déséquilibré en fonction de leur alimentation périnatale. / Perinatal scFOS supplementation modifies metabolic response to an unbalanced diet in adults by stimulating intestinal endocrine function and pancreas sensitivity to glucose, by reducing risks of inflammation, and in fine by changing metabolic homeostasis in association with modifications of microbiota.In summary, prebiotic consumption during perinatal life programs the immune and metabolic phenotype of adults through persistent modulations of intestinal microbiota. The integrated approach of data enables us to identify molecular actors involved in the differential adaptation of individuals to an unbalanced diet according to their perinatal nutrition.

INTRODUCTION. Frontal collisions have been observed to cause the severe injuries on heavy goods vehicle occupants, and the lower extremities have been frequently injured. Injuries of knee joints are rarely life threatening, however they tend to give long-term consequences. AIM. Evaluate non-lethal frontal impacts towards the knee joint of Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) v4.0 using a cylindrical barrier. The main objectives are to 1) create local injury risk functions of the knee ligaments restraining frontal impacts, 2) simulate frontal impacts towards the knee joints of THUMS and3) prepare the Hybrid III (HIII)-model for corresponding frontal impacts conducted on THUMS. The intention is for future HIII-simulations to be cross-correlated with the responses from THUMS for the ability to estimate knee ligament strains by investigating impacts on HIII. METHODS. 1) Ligament risk curves of PCL, MCL and LCL were formulated by assembling mean strain threshold values and standard deviations from literature. Virtual values were generated from these pooled strain thresholds, creating the risk curves. 2) THUMS lower body was impacted by a cylindrical steel barrier at four different locations - middle of patella, middle of knee joint, upper tibia and below tibia tuberositas. Four impact velocities ranging from 8-14 km/h were used at each location, giving a total of 16 impacts. 3) The HIII-model was prepared by removing the upper body and inserting the cylindrical steel barrier into the model file. RESULTS. The strain threshold at 50% rupture risk for PCL resulted in 23.6±4.4%, 34.2±6.0% for MCL and 26.6±6.5% for LCL. The simulated THUMS PCL strains reached between 36%-58% for the highest velocity at the impact locations where tibia was involved. Both MCL and LCL gave an approximate 5% strain outcome. The resultant knee displacement for these impacts ranged between 22 mm - 32 mm. The knee displacements at the PCL strain threshold ranged between 14 mm - 16 mm. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION. Most of the maximal PCL strains exceeded the PCL threshold with large margins. However, the knee displacement at the PCL strain threshold resulted in outcomes comparable to the thresholds used for HIIImodel. These results supported the obtained PCL threshold to be within a reasonable range.