Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch Uni versity, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) introduced a revolutionary way of treatment for male factor infertility. With the exception of some cases of non-obstructive azoospermia, all other male factor infertility cases have the potential to be successfully treated with ICS!. The only prerequisite seems to be the presence of a motile or viable immotile sperm cell for each oocyte. In this study we report on our own experience with the development and implementation of the ICSI method in the Reproductive Biology Unit at Tygerberg Hospita!. An analysis of 5 years of ICSI experience showed that semen parameters, sperm morphology, motility and concentration did not influence fertilization and pregnancy rates adversely. In most cases, patients who could not be treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), due to poor semen parameters or fertilization failure, were treated successfully with ICS!. Even a case of globozoospermia was treated successfully with ICS!. Testicular spermatozoa, fresh or frozen-thawed, also resulted in excellent fertilization and pregnancy rates. Cryopreservation of testicular samples facilitated the management of the infertile couple, aiding the coordination of the recovery of vital gametes from both partners and also limiting the repetition of testicular biopsies. Incubation (maturation) of testicular spermatozoa also induced an enhancement in pregnancy rates. It can be concluded that ICSI proved to be a treatment method with success similar to that of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), in spite of a severe male factor. The study also indicated transfer route and embryo quality (viability) to be very important factors in the success of ICS!. The tubal transfer route was shown to be a significant contributor to the pregnancy success (compared to uterine transfer) as was the transfer of embryos that showed early division to the 2-cell stage, 26 hours post injection. The transfer of early dividing embryos into the fallopian tube resulted in a pregnancy rate of almost 40%, a result similar to that of GIFT with a mild male factor. The role of the oocyte in fertilization and pregnancy success was also revealed indirectly by the introduction of ICS!. Visual observation of denuded oocytes was possible and many morphological features, normal and abnormal, can be observed. Immature oocytes can also be identified and it was shown that they could be successfully matured in vitro before injection. In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study abnormalities in oocyte morphology. The standard method was adapted and modified for single cell TEM. The abnormalities observed included lysosomal and non-lysosomal degeneration (yellowish or darkly coloured oocytes), degeneration and vacuole formation (vacuolated oocytes), large secondary lysosomes filled with multiple small lipid droplets - lipofuscin body (refractile body) and a fragmented oocyte. It was also possible to study at ultrastructural level, possible reasons for fertilization failure in ICS!. Different stages of oocyte activation failure, cytoplasmic immaturity, sperm cell extrusion, abnormal sperm cell decondensation, female spindle abnormalities and technique related factors were observed. TEM was also successfully implemented to elucidate the reason for infertility in a patient with a longstanding, unexplained history of infertility. TEM evaluation of two of the patient's unfertilized oocytes revealed a spindle abnormality with contributing cytoskeletal anomalies at ultrastructural level. The modified TEM technique offers a valuable tool to study this small, but important group of patients with unexplained infertility. ThisTEM study opened up a new, valuable and interesting avenue of research with both diagnostic and prognostic value for patients with unexplained infertility. ICSI is therefore a valuable method in the treatment of especially male factor infertility. It is the most advanced fertilization technique developed in the last decade in this field. Not only can almost all male factor patients be treated, but unexplained female infertility can also be exposed, studied and hopefully in future also be treated with micromanipulation methods. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling van die mikromanipulasie tegniek "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection" (ICSI) het die behandeling van die manlike faktor in infertiliteit, revolusionêr verander. Met die uitsondering van sommige gevalle van nie-obstruktiewe asoospermia, kan potensieel alle ander manlike infertiliteits faktore suksesvol met ICSI behandel word. Die enigste voorvereiste blyk "n bewegende of "n nie-bewegende, maar bewese lewende spermsel te wees. In hierdie studie word verslag gedoen oor die ontwikkeling en toepassing van die ICSI metode in die Eenhed vir Reproduktiewe Biologie by Tygerberg Hospitaal. 'n Analise van 5 jaar se resultate na die implementering van die ICSI metode het gewys dat die semen parameters, sperm morfologie, motiliteit en konsentrasie, nie "n effek op bevrugting- en swangerskapsyfers gehad het nie. Pasiënte wat, as gevolg van ontoereikende semen parameters, nie met die klassieke metodes, in vitro bevrugting (IVB) of gameet intrafallopiusbuis terugplasing (GIFT) behandel kon word nie, kon suksesvol met ICSI behandel word. Daar was selfs "n geval van manlike infertiliteit as gevolg van globosoospermie, wat suksesvol met ICS behandel is. Die ICSI metode het dit ook moontlik gemaak om uitstekende bevrugting- en swangerskap resultate met testikulêre spermatosoa .(vars en gevries) te bereik. Die bevriesing van testisweefsel het ook bygedra tot beter hantering van sulke pasiënte. Herhaalde testisbiopsies word uitgeskakel en die koórdinasie van die verkryging van die manlike en vroulike gamete, word ook vergemaklik wanneer testisweefsel in gevriesde vorm beskikbaar is. Die studie het verder getoon dat wanneer testikulêre weefsel geïnkubeer word (om spermatosoa te laat matureer), die swangerskapsyfers verhoog was. Dit is dus duidelik dat die ICSI metode net so suksesvol soos die IVB en GIFT metodes toegepas kan word, selfs en veral in gevalle van erge manlike faktor infertiliteit. Die studie het ook verder getoon dat die plek waar embrios teruggeplaas word, asook die embriokwalitiet van teruggeplaasde embrios, belangrike bydraende faktore in die ICSI swangerskapsukses was. Embrioterugplasing in die buis van fallopius en terugplasing van embrios wat vroeë 2-sel deling, 26 uur na ICSI getoon het, is uitgewys as faktore wat ICSI swangerskap betekenisvol verbeter het. Dit was moontlik om "n swangerskapsyfer van ongeveer 40%, sootgelyk aan die van GIFT sonder "n erge manlike faktor, te bereik met die terugplasing van ten minste een vroeë deler embrio in die fallopiese buis. Die ICSI tegniek het ook indirek bygedra tot nuwe insigte met betrekking tot die rol wat die vroulike eiersel (oësief in ICSI bevrugting speel. Oósiete word gestroop van hulomringende selle vir die ICSI proses en kan dan maklik vir hul normale en abnormale morfologiese eienskappe evalueer word. Oësiete wat immatuur is kan ook so geïdentifiseer word en dit is moontlik om hulle suksesvol te matureer voor mikro-inspuiting. Transmissie-elektronmikroskopie (TEM) is in die studie gebruik om die ultrastruktuur van onbevrugde en abnormale oësiete te bestudeer. Hiervoor is "n bestaande tegniek gemodifiseer vir die hantering van "n enkele sel, in hierdie geval die oosiet. Lisasomale en nie-lisosomale degenerasie (oósiete wat geelof donker van kleur voorkom), degeneratiewe tekens en vakuole (oësiete met vakuole), groot sekondêre lisosome gevul met klein lipieddruppels ('refractile body') en 'n gefragmenteerde oosiet was van die morfologies abnormale eienskappe wat ultrastruktureel geïdentifiseer is. Moontlike faktore wat 'n rol kan speel in nie-bevrugting na ICSI kon ook op ultrastrukturele vlak met die tegniek geïdentifiseer word. Hierdie faktore het die volgende ingesluit: die onvermoë van verskillende stadiums van oosiet aktivering, sitoplasmatiese immaturiteit, uitwerping van die spermsel na die periviteliene spasie, abnormale spermsel dekondensasie, vroulike spoelvormings abnormaliteite en tegniekgekoppelde faktore. Die TEM tegniek is ook suksesvol aangewend om die infertiliteitsprobleem van 'n pasiënt wat vir etlike jare aan onverklaarbare infertiliteit gely het, te identifiseer. TEM het op die ultrastrukturele vlak gewys dat daar 'n spoel abnormaliteit in twee van haar onbevrugde oëslete was. TEM kan dus baie vrugbaar gebruik word in hierdie groep pasiënte om onverklaarbare infertiliteit, wat andersins ongeïdentifiseerd sou bly, te verklaar. Die ICSI metode is die mees revolusionêre tegniek wat die afgelope dekade vir die behandeling van veral manlike infertiliteit ontwikkel en baie suksesvol toegepas is. Die metode ook kan 'n bydraende rol speel in die hantering van onverklaarbare infertiliteit veral ten opsigte van die vroulike gameet. In die toekoms is dit moontlik dat selfs hierdie probleem met nuwe mikromanipulasietegnieke opgelos sal kan word.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-15T11:36:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Isadora Urel.pdf: 4209963 bytes, checksum: be14629c19fce7828dfc6764882b24eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T11:36:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isadora Urel.pdf: 4209963 bytes, checksum: be14629c19fce7828dfc6764882b24eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate the absence of laws regarding assisted human reproduction techniques (TRHAs) and the disorders caused, especially in family law, that this legislative vacuum has provoked. The use of TRHAs and other means that also include the “surrogacy”, have been increasingly accessible to the different social strata of the Brazilian population. There seems to be a need for broad and consistent legislation on the subject in a country where the first “test-tube baby” was born more than three decades ago. Although Brazil has not legislated on the subject already exist alien legislations that will be approached / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo demonstrar a ausência de leis a respeito das Técnicas de Reprodução Humana Assistida (TRHAs) e os transtornos causados, em especial no Direito de Família, que esse vácuo legislativo tem provocado. A utilização das TRHAs e outros meios que também incluem a “barriga de aluguel”, têm sido acessíveis, cada vez mais, às diferentes camadas sociais da população brasileira. Tudo indica que se faz necessário uma legislação ampla e consistente a respeito do assunto em questão, num país em que o primeiro “bebê de proveta” nasceu há mais de três décadas. Apesar do Brasil não ter legislado sobre o tema já existem legislações alienígenas que serão abordadas

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-20T11:52:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paola Mazzilli.pdf: 26906244 bytes, checksum: f7c79628fb3e6201bcb5c3daae7a8f58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T11:52:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paola Mazzilli.pdf: 26906244 bytes, checksum: f7c79628fb3e6201bcb5c3daae7a8f58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work aimed at investigating and problematizing the global human sperm bank market, at the beginning of the 21st century. In view of the significant increase in sperm imports in Brazil (2,625% between 2011 and 2016) and the interest in premium donor catalogs, we carried out an exploratory study that could unravel its offer. Our purpose was to understand how the advertising strategies of this market would promote the expectation of a child ‘customization’, from the possibility of selecting an ‘ideal’ biological father. In addition, we deem it necessary to reflect on the new meanings attributed to motherhood, fatherhood and birth itself, considering progresses in the fields of biotechnology and genetics. To do so, we collected current data on the fertility market, paying special attention to the national and international commercialization of sperm. We also addressed the ‘parallel market’, where ‘independent’ donors provide their services in a paid or free basis. Finally, we conducted a case study of California Cryobank, one of the most important banks in the world. In order to understand its business dynamics, we decided to discuss it in two stages: the first one was devoted to its services offer and the second one to the catalog of its donors, which was statistically and discursively analyzed in its entirety (533 ads). We then identified what would be the main attributes that, a priori, would characterize these ‘premium’ donors. From the theoretical point of view, we preferred a transversal approach with special emphasis on contemporary authors dealing with biopower and biotechnology. We hope that the research developed may contribute to new debates, in that it articulates, in an unprecedented and representative way, empirical data and academic reflections / O presente trabalho buscou investigar e problematizar o mercado internacional de sêmen humano, no início do século XXI. Diante do expressivo aumento de importações deste produto no Brasil (2.625% entre 2011 e 2016) e o interesse por catálogos de doadores “premium”, julgamos oportuno um estudo exploratório que pudesse destrinchar sua oferta. Nosso propósito foi compreender de que modo as estratégias publicitárias desse mercado promoveriam a expectativa de “customização” de um filho, a partir da possibilidade de seleção de um pai biológico “ideal”. Além disso, julgamos necessário refletir sobre os novos significados atribuídos à maternidade, à paternidade e ao próprio nascimento, frente aos avanços nos campos da biotecnologia e genética. Para tanto, coletamos dados atuais sobre o mercado da fertilidade, atentando-nos, especialmente, à comercialização nacional e internacional de sêmen. Abordamos, ainda, o mercado paralelo, onde doadores “autônomos” prestam seus serviços de forma paga ou gratuita. Finalmente, realizamos um estudo de caso do California Cryobank, um dos bancos mais importantes do mundo. Visando a entender sua dinâmica de negócio, optamos por discuti-lo em duas etapas: a primeira dedicou- se à oferta de seus serviços e, a segunda, ao catálogo de seus doadores, que foi analisado na íntegra (533 anúncios) estatística e discursivamente. Identificamos, então, quais seriam os principais atributos que, a priori, caracterizariam esses doadores “premium”. Do ponto de vista teórico, preferimos uma abordagem transversal com especial ênfase nos autores contemporâneos que versam sobre biopoder e biotecnologia. Esperamos que a pesquisa desenvolvida possa contribuir para novos debates, na medida em que articula, de maneira inédita e representativa, dados empíricos e reflexões acadêmicas

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-207) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborg University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 438-449) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-207) and index.

La présente recherche porte sur les processus de filiation et de parentalité chez les couples demandeurs d'une aide médicale à la procréation nécessitant le recours à une mère porteuse.Pour aborder la spécificité et la complexité de ces situations, nous avons élaboré un modèle théorique paradigmatique qui propose un rapport dialogique entre les concepts de filiation et de parentalité. Cette modélisation se présente sous forme matricielle. Elle permet de connecter des savoirs issus de diverses disciplines et ouvre sur la possibilité de repenser nos schémas conceptuels de la filiation et la parentalité à l'ère des modifications des conditions de la reproduction, de la gestation et de la naissance. / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La cryopréservation, dans le domaine de la reproduction médicalement assistée, constitue depuis de nombreuses années une branche suscitant beaucoup d’intérêts et d’espoirs. En effet, de nombreuses équipes de recherche se sont attelées à mettre au point et à améliorer des protocoles permettant de conserver les gamètes, les embryons et les tissus reproducteurs.<p>Malgré le fait que la cryopréservation soit une technique très attractive, elle peut avoir des effets délétères sur les cellules. Les protocoles expérimentaux visent donc à minimiser ces effets afin d’augmenter la survie et la compétence cellulaire après décongélation.<p><p>Les deux méthodes les plus utilisées, la congélation lente et la vitrification, présentent chacune des avantages et des inconvénients. En effet, la première ne permet pas d’éliminer la cristallisation intracellulaire. Quant à la seconde, elle empêche la formation de cristaux de glace mais pourrait provoquer une toxicité due à la forte concentration des cryoprotecteurs. <p><p>Cette thèse de doctorat propose plusieurs objectifs :<p><p>•\ / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The advent of ARTs has enabled many individuals to have children and build families. Although ARTs have from the start been designated to serve as alternative way for heterosexual infertile individuals and couples to have genetically related children, ARTs are nowadays widely used by gays and lesbians to have even genetically unrelated children and build their families. This study addresses the well-being of children born as a result of ARTs and growing up in homosexual families in South Africa. South Africa has legalised homosexual unions, granting gays and lesbians several rights, including the right to marry, use ARTs to reproduce, and build families in which they raise their children. South Africa has also provided constitutional and statutory protection of children’s rights and has further required that the child’s best interests be considered as paramount in every matter concerning the child. Although ARTs may have allowed people to have children, they have proven to put the child’s interests at risk. ARTs are associated with several physical and psychological problems for resulting children. The legal protection provided for those children seems to be inadequate in respect of their best interests. Unlike Australian statutes that have provided strong protection for the child’s best interests, South African legislations regulating ARTs are far from protecting ART-born children’s interests. The application of the child’s best interests criterion to ART procedures has revealed that in the USA and Australia efforts of the state, ART providers and parents have been centred on the transfer of the custody of the ART-born child to the commissioning parent(s). Although in South Africa the application of the child’s best interests in the context of surrogacy procedures has revealed the protection of the child’s interests, it should be noted that that protection seems to focus on the child’s post-birth period. This situation leaves ART-born children without any protection, especially before their birth. In order to give effect to section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and protect ART-born children’s interests, I make certain proposals for law reform in the final chapter of this thesis. / Private Law / LL. D