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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Vazões ecológicas na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Piquiri / Ecological flows in basin River Piquiri

Herther, Cintia Caroline Krebs 01 August 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-06T14:13:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia_Krebs2016.pdf: 1035052 bytes, checksum: 9a3c2d6df28ce0d1763d174bf9144ac0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T14:13:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia_Krebs2016.pdf: 1035052 bytes, checksum: 9a3c2d6df28ce0d1763d174bf9144ac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The instream flows are also known as environmental flow, residual flow, remaining flow among other designations that correspond to the amount of water that must remain into river bed to meet survival and preservation needs of the aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this study aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis among the different hydrological methods in order to obtain the water flow such as: method of water flow base, method of Q90 and Q95 duration curve, method of minimum annual flows of 7 days, and the method of the average minimum flow of 7 days with 10-year reoccurrence period (Q7,10), in Piquiri river basin. There was a comparison among those methods as well as for each station. The largest estimates of flow rates among the methods were obtained with the base water flow method and the lowest values were recorded by the Q7,10 method. In most stations, the method of base water flow was the highest, except at the station (64776100), whose Q90 flow value was superior as well as at the station (64785000), whose highest value of flow was recorded in the annual average of minimum stream flow of seven days. For all stations, the Q7,10 method showed the lowest values of environmental flow, which is a restrictive estimate when compared to the grantable maximum limit in Paraná state. / As vazões ecológicas são denominadas também como vazão ambiental, vazão residual e vazão remanescente, entre outras denominações que correspondem à quantidade de água que deve permanecer no leito do rio para atender às necessidades de sobrevivência e preservação do ecossistema aquático. Nesse sentido, estabeleceu-se como objetivo deste trabalho fazer uma análise comparativa entre diferentes métodos hidrológicos de obtenção da vazão aquática: método da vazão aquática de base, método da curva de permanência Q90 e Q95, método das vazões anuais mínimas de 7 dias e o método da vazão média mínima de 7 dias, com período de recorrência de 10 anos (Q7,10), na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piquiri. Foi realizado um comparativo entre os métodos e, também, para cada estação. Verificou-se diferença entre os valores de vazão ecológica estimados para os diferentes métodos analisados. As maiores estimativas de vazão entre os métodos foram encontradas no método da vazão aquática de base e as menores estimativas foram obtidas pelo método da Q7,10; na a maioria das estações o método da vazão aquática de base foi maior, exceto na estação (64776100), na qual o valor da vazão Q90 foi superior e na estação (64785000) cujo maior valor de vazão encontrado foi na média anual das vazões mínimas de sete dias; para todas as estações, o método que obteve os menores valores de vazão ecológica foi o da Q7,10, que é uma estimativa restritiva, quando comparada com o limite máximo outorgável no estado do Paraná.
242

Hydrological risk transfer planning under the drought \"severity-duration-frequency\" approach as a climate change impact mitigation strategy / Planejamento da transferência de riscos hidrológicos sob a abordagem \"severidade-duração-frequência\" da seca como uma estratégia de mitigação dos impactos das mudanças climáticas

Diego Alejandro Guzman Arias 26 March 2018 (has links)
Climate change and increasing water demands prioritize the need to implement planning strategies for urban water security in the long and medium term. However, risk planning requires robust and timely financial support during and after the disaster. Therefore, risk transfer tools, such as insurance, have emerged as an effective strategy to ensure financial resilience and as an element that could encourage the implementation of hydrological risk reduction mechanisms. Among the main insurance design problems are the lack of information on the real drought impacts and climate uncertainty, which may incur adverse selection and/or moral hazards among the most common drawbacks in insurance practice. Currently, most of the income from water utility companies is based on water resources management, therefore during prolonged drought periods these economies can be strongly affected, despite having robust storage schemes as support. Thus, this thesis proposes an insurance plan for the water utility company of the State of Sao Paulo (SABESP) to deal with revenue reductions during long drought periods. The methodology is implemented on the MTRH-SHS model, developed under ex-ante damage cost calculation through the risk-based approach. The synthetic (\'what-if\') approach uses a \"set of change drivers\" to estimate the optimal premium through a multiyear insurance contract (MYI). The methodology integrates the hydrological simulation procedures under radiative climate forcing scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5, from the regional climate model outputs Eta-HadGEM and Eta-MIROC5, with time horizons of 2007-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2099, linked to the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) hydrologic model and under stationary and non-stationary water supply demand assumptions. The model framework is applied to the Cantareira Water Supply System for the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil, with severe vulnerability to droughts. As a result, the evaluated indexes showed that multi-year contracts with drought coverage higher than 240 days offer better financial performance than contracts with wider coverages. Moreover, this MYI adopted in the installed storage residual risk generates both a higher level of solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and annual average premiums closer to the expected revenue reductions by scenario. Finally, the approach can help the systematic evaluation of moral hazards and adverse selection. In the first case, the progressive evaluation must generate useful information to change or maintain the behavior of both the insured and insurers considering future risks related to climate change. In the second case, the multi-scenario valuation can help the insurer to set price thresholds, offering risk differential cover options in the premium value. / As mudanças climáticas e o incremento na demanda de água priorizam a necessidade de implementar estratégias de planejamento para a segurança hídrica urbana no longo e mediano prazo. No entanto, o planejamento dos riscos exige um suporte financeiro robusto e oportuno durante e após do desastre. Portanto, as ferramentas de transferência de risco, como os seguros, emergem como uma estratégia efetiva para garantir a resiliência financeira e como um elemento que poderia incentivar a implementação de mecanismos de redução do risco hidrológico. Entre os principais problemas no planejamento de seguros, estão a falta de informações sobre os impactos reais das secas e a incerteza climática, que podem levar a seleção adversa e/ou perigo moral como as problemáticas mais comuns na prática dos seguros. Atualmente, a maior parte da renda das empresas de serviços de água é baseada na gestão do recurso hídrico; portanto, durante períodos prolongados de seca, essas economias podem ser fortemente afetadas, apesar de ter sistemas de armazenamento robustos como suporte. Assim, esta tese propõe um plano de seguro para a empresa de serviços de água do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), para enfrentar as reduções de receita durante longos períodos de seca. A metodologia é implementada no modelo MTRH-SHS, desenvolvido no cálculo \"ex-ante\" de custos de dano, através da abordagem baseada em risco. A abordagem sintética (\"what-if\"), usa um \"conjunto de drivers de mudança\" para estimar o prêmio ótimo através de um contrato de seguro plurianual (SPA). A metodologia integra os procedimentos de simulação hidrológica, sob cenários de forçamento climático radiativo RCP 4.5 e 8.5, do modelo de clima regional Eta-HadGEM e Eta-MIROC5, com horizontes temporais de 2007-2040, 2041-2070 e 2071-2099, vinculados ao modelo hidrológico do sistema de avaliação e planejamento da água (WEAP) e sob pressupostos de demanda como abastecimento de água estacionária e não estacionária. A estrutura do modelo é aplicada ao Sistema de Abastecimento de Água de Cantareira na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, região com alta vulnerabilidade às secas. Como resultado, os índices de rendimento do seguro avaliados mostraram que os contratos plurianuais com cobertura para secas superiores a 240 dias, oferecem melhor desempenho financeiro do que os contratos com coberturas mais amplas. Além, o SPA adotado para o risco residual do armazenamento instalado, gera um nível mais alto de solvência para o fundo de seguros no longo prazo com prêmios médios anuais mais próximos das reduções de receita esperadas por cenário. Finalmente, a abordagem pode ajudar na avaliação sistemática do risco moral e na seleção adversa. No primeiro caso, a avaliação progressiva deve gerar informações úteis para mudar ou manter o comportamento de segurados e seguradoras considerando riscos futuros relacionados à mudança climática. No segundo caso, a valoração de múltiplos cenários pode ajudar a estabelecer limiares de preços, oferecendo opções de cobertura diferencial de risco no valor prêmio de seguro.
243

Comparação dos modelos hidrológicos presentes no SSD ABC6 aplicados a uma bacia urbana / Comparison of hydrological models present in the DSS ABC6 applied to an urban watershed

Marcus Vinícius Galbetti 08 July 2015 (has links)
No Brasil, o processo de urbanização caracterizou-se pela falta de planejamento e infraestrutura adequada, potencializando os impactos advindos das enchentes e inundações. Para mitigá-los, é necessária a realização de estudos hidrológicos que busquem compreender e representar o comportamento da bacia hidrográfica frente aos eventos chuvosos. Uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas para a execução dessa tarefa são os Sistemas de Suporte à Decisão (SSDs) aplicados na área de recursos hídricos, destacando-se o Sistema de Suporte a Decisões para Análise de Ondas de Cheias em Bacias Complexas (ABC6). O ABC6 caracteriza-se por ser um software brasileiro, gratuito e apresentar diversos modelos de determinação da precipitação efetiva e de geração de hidrogramas sintéticos. Quando os dados hidrológicos da área de estudo, como precipitação e vazão, encontram-se disponíveis, os parâmetros desses modelos podem ser determinados. Caso contrário, faz-se necessário estima-los por meio de formulações empíricas, sendo questionável a aplicação dessas formulações em áreas com características diferentes às de sua determinação. Dessa forma, a proposta do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar o desempenho dos modelos presentes no ABC6, utilizando suas formulações empíricas para estimar o tempo de concentração e os parâmetros dos modelos de precipitação efetiva e de geração de hidrogramas sintéticos de uma bacia hidrográfica em processo de urbanização. Os resultados obtidos colocaram em xeque a validade dos valores dos parâmetros sugeridos em literatura técnica, do modelo do SCS para a determinação da precipitação efetiva e das rotinas de cálculo do ABC6 para os modelos de Horton e de Green-Ampt. Os resultados demonstraram a necessidade da atualização das rotinas de cálculo presentes no ABC6, de forma a torna-lo mais robusto, e da elaboração de um manual técnico detalhado de suas rotinas computacionais, orientando ao usuário de forma a extrair o máximo de sua potencialidade em estudos hidrológicos. Demonstrou-se, também, a necessidade de estudos regionalizados, de forma a incorporar as características e peculiaridades de cada região aos parâmetros a serem utilizados. / In Brazil, the urbanization process was characterized by the lack of planning and adequate infrastructure, strengthening the arising of floods and flooding. In order to mitigate them, it is necessary to conduct hydrological studies that seek to understand and represent the behavior of the watershed when facing rainfall events. One of the most used tools to perform this task is the Decision Support Systems (DSS) applied in the water resources area, highlighting the Decision Support System for Flood Wave Analysis in Complex Watersheds (ABC6). The ABC6 is characterized by being a free Brazilian software and it presents many models to determine the effective precipitation and to generate synthetic hydrographs. When the hydrological data of the study area are available, such as precipitation and flow, the models parameters can be determined. Otherwise, it is necessary to estimate them through empirical formulations so that the application of these formulations is questionable in areas with different characteristics from those of their determination. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the models presented in ABC6 by using their empirical formulations in order to estimate the time of concentration and the model parameters of effective precipitation and synthetic hydrograph generation for a watershed in the process of urbanization. The results put into question the validity of the parameters values suggested in the technical literature of the SCS model, which is used for the effective precipitation determination and the ABC6 calculation routines for models of Horton and Green-Ampt. The results presented the need of updating the calculation routines presented in the ABC6 in order to make it more robust, and the need of the elaboration of a detailed technical manual of its computational routines, guiding the user in order to make the most of its potential in hydrological studies. In addition, it has been demonstrated a need for regionalized studies in order to incorporate the features and characteristics of each region to the parameters to be used.
244

Avaliação de métodos de composição de campos de precipitação para uso em modelos hidrológicos distribuídos / Precipitation fields composing methods evaluation for distributed hydrological models use

Ilza Machado Kaiser 03 March 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho discute a composição de campos de precipitação a partir de duas fontes de dados: os pluviômetros e o radar meteorológico. Estudaram-se métodos baseados somente em dados de pluviômetros, somente em dados de radar, e técnicas que combinam as duas fontes de dados. O objeto de estudo é a bacia do rio Jacaré-Guaçu, que conta com 65 postos pluviométricos e um radar meteorológico, do IPMet-Bauru. Foi feita uma comparação direta entre os campos gerados pelas diversas técnicas, onde foi avaliado o comportamento do índice G (razão entre o registro pluviométrico e a média dos registros de radar dos 9 pixels que circundam o pluviômetro), a capacidade destas técnicas de fornecer a chuva pontual e a altura média diária e anual de chuva por área de integração. Os métodos compostos apresentaram valores pontuais de chuva muito elevados e foram introduzidos fatores limitantes para compensar estas super correções. Os resultados obtidos reproduziram qualitativamente os valores da literatura. Ao analisar a média das chuvas diárias para toda a bacia e para todo o período, utilizando como padrão de comparação o método do Inverso do Quadrado da Distância (IQD), constatou que o radar fornece valores 12% menores, e que os métodos mistos apresentam diferenças na faixa de -0,5 a +16%. Nesta forma de análise existe um ganho ao se utilizar as técnicas mistas, porém ao se trabalhar com valores diários, integrados em sub-bacias, as diferenças atingem valores de -45% até +70%. Estes campos de precipitação foram aplicados em um modelo hidrológico distribuído, de embasamento físico, com 19 parâmetros calibráveis. Trabalhou-se com 10 postos fluviométricos e com 6 anos de dados. A calibração foi feita com dois anos e o restante deles foi usado para validação. Para garantir a comparação entre os resultados usou-se rigorosamente a mesma metodologia de calibração, com apoio de algoritmo genético. Foram utilizadas três funções objetivo: uma para verificação dos picos, outra para recessão e a última para avaliar a diferença de volume. Verificou-se que os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os métodos IQD, Brandes com o maior limitador, Radar e Costa. Nestes métodos, o processo de calibração consegue compensar as diferenças dos campos de precipitação. As diferenças observadas nos campos de precipitação foram reproduzidas nos hidrogramas. Os hidrogramas resultantes da aplicação dos dados de radar não reproduziram bem a recessão e os hidrogramas resultantes dos campos gerados apenas por pluviômetros apresentam picos elevados. As técnicas mistas ora atenuam os picos ora intensificam-nos. Sugere-se mais pesquisa para o desenvolvimento de métodos mistos que explorem as vantagens dos dois equipamentos de medida de chuva / This work discusses the composition of precipitation fields using two data sources: rain gauges and weather radar. Methods based solely on rain gauges, on weather radar, and techniques that combine these two measurement instruments were studied. The study object is the Jacaré-Guaçu river basin, with 65 rain gauges and a meteorological radar (IPMet-Bauru). A direct comparison of these fields generated by diverse techniques was made to study the following subjects: G index (reason between the rain gauge register and the average of the 9 pixels radar registers that surround the rain gauge), the capacity of these techniques to supply the point rain and the daily and annual mean rain height over an integration area. The combined methods provides very high point values, therefore some limitations were introduced to compensate these super corrections. The literature results were qualitatively reproduced in this study. The daily mean rain height comparative analyses for all the basin, and for all the period, evidenced that the radar supplies to values 12% minors, and that the composed methods present differences from -0,5 up to +16%; the comparison pattern was the Inverse of Square Distance method (ISD). The study of mean rain height calculated over a great period and to the entire river basin shows a profit when using the combined techniques; however, when daily values integrated in sub-basins are used, the differences reach values from -45% until +70%. These precipitation fields had been applied in a distributed hydrologic model, physically based, with 19 calibrated parameters. There were 10 fluviometric stations and 6 years of data. The calibration was made with two years, and that remain data was used for validation. To guarantee the results comparison, the same calibration methodology was rigorously used, with support of genetic algorithm. Three objective functions were used: one for peaks verification, another for recession analyses and the last one for volume difference evaluation. The best results were achieved by the application of the precipitation fields gotten by ISD, Brandes with high limitation, Radar and Costa methods. For these methods, the calibration process compensated the differences on the precipitation fields. The differences observed in the precipitation fields had been reproduced in the hydrograms. The hydrograms of the radar data applications had not well reproduced the recession curve, and the hydrograms of the precipitation fields based only on rain gauges presented high peaks. Sometimes the composed techniques attenuate the peaks, however, sometimes they intensify them. More research is recommended to develop compoud methods that explore the advantages of the two equipments for rain measure
245

Comment quantifier l’incertitude prédictive en modélisation hydrologique ? : Travail exploratoire sur un grand échantillon de bassins versants / How to quantify predictive uncertainty in hydrological modelling? : Explorative study based on a large catchment set

Bourgin, François 07 April 2014 (has links)
La modélisation hydrologique permet de quantifier la transformation pluie-débit au sein d’un bassin versant. Bien que les modèles parviennent généralement à représenter de manière acceptable le fonctionnement des bassins versants, cette représentation, nécessairement simplifiée, reste imparfaite, et une quantification des incertitudes est souhaitable. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la quantification de l’incertitude prédictive en modélisation hydrologique. Le principal objectif de nos travaux est d’explorer différentes méthodes qui permettent d’associer à des simulations ou des prévisions de débits déterministes des distributions probabilistes. Nous distinguons le contexte de simulation du contexte de prévision et adoptons dans ces deux cas une démarche comparative et pragmatique qui permet d’évaluer différentes approches sur un large échantillon de bassins versants français, à l’aide de critères d’évaluation adaptés. En simulation, nos travaux ont porté sur deux méthodes liées à l'estimation des paramètres des modèles hydrologiques, la méthode GLUE et le calage bayésien, ainsi que sur deux approches plus pragmatiques, l'approche multi-modèles, et le post-traitement statistique. Nos résultats suggèrent que les approches telles que GLUE qui ne s'appuient que sur un ensemble de différents jeux de paramètres ne parviennent pas, en général, à représenter de manière adéquate l'incertitude prédictive totale. L'utilisation d'un modèle d'erreur extérieur au fonctionnement interne du modèle hydrologique est nécessaire. Les méthodes de post-traitement suffisamment flexibles pour caractériser les erreurs résiduelles obtenues en calage parviennent à refléter de manière plus satisfaisante les marges d'erreurs du modèle hydrologique utilisé. Nous proposons également une méthode qui permet d'obtenir une estimation de l'incertitude prédictive pour les bassins non jaugés, au moyen d'un transfert des marges d'erreurs constatées sur les bassins jaugés. Les résultats indiquent que la méthode est prometteuse et fournit dans la plupart des cas des intervalles de confiance fiables et fins sur les sites non-jaugés. En prévision, nos travaux ont porté d'une part sur la comparaison de différentes méthodes de post-traitement statistique, et d'autre part sur l'interaction entre l'assimilation de données et le post-traitement au sein d'une chaîne de prévision hydrologique d'ensemble. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'importance de la prise en compte de l'évolution de l'incertitude prédictive en fonction de l'échéance de prévision et mettent en évidence les gains de performance qui peuvent être obtenus quand la quantification de l'incertitude s'appuie sur une meilleure caractérisation de la situation de la situation de prévision. Enfin, nos travaux indiquent que l'utilisation conjointe de l'assimilation de données et d'une méthode de post-traitement permet d'améliorer les performances d'une chaîne de prévision hydrologique d'ensemble. / Hydrological modelling aims to quantify the rainfall-runoff relationship at the catchment scale. Although hydrological models are generally able to provide an acceptable representation of the catchment behaviour, this representation is necessarily simplified and imperfect, as a consequence an evaluation of uncertainties is desirable. This thesis focuses on the quantification of predictive uncertainty in hydrological modelling. Our main objective was to explore several methods that can be used to complete the deterministic predictions of a rainfall-runoff model with probabilistic distributions. Two prediction cases were distinguished, namely simulation and forecast. We set up a comparative framework to evaluate different uncertainty quantification methods on a large set of French catchments. In simulation mode, we focused on two methods related to the parameter estimation issue, the GLUE uncertainty method and the Bayesian framework, as well as two more pragmatic approaches, a multi-model approach and the post-processing method. Our results suggest that the GLUE-like methods based on ensembles of various parameter sets do not provide an adequate representation of the total predictive uncertainty. An external model error is necessary. Post-processing methods that are flexible enough to adequately describe the residual errors of the hydrological model obtained during calibration give more satisfactory estimates of the modelling uncertainty. We also present a method able to transfer model uncertainty estimates from gauged to ungauged catchments. Our results demonstrate that the method holds interesting perspectives, providing in most cases reliable and sharp uncertainty bounds at ungauged locations. In a forecasting context, we compared several post-processing methods and evaluated the interactions between data assimilation and post-processing in an ensemble forecasting modelling chain. Results show the crucial role of the lead time on the estimates of predictive uncertainty. They also suggest that some improvement can be achieved when the evolution of flows is better taken into account by a post-processing method. Last, we investigated the interactions between data assimilation and post-processing in hydrological ensemble forecasting and showed the benefits of using both in an ensemble forecast system.
246

MODELAGEM E CENÁRIOS HIDROLÓGICOS EM BACIA REPRESENTATIVA DA MATA ATLÂNTICA NO SUL DO BRASIL / MODELING AND SCENARIOS HYDROLOGIC IN A WATERSHED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Marcon, Iris Rodrigues 27 August 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Human actions modify the environment and increase the degradation of water resources, which are limited and fundamental to the maintenance of life. Thus, it is vital that these resources are quantified, so they can be evaluated and protected, in search of self-sustainability. The application of a hydrological model allows the simulation of different scenarios, becoming a tool for planning and management for the respective committee of the basin, where alternative uses can be simulated beforehand and measures for the preservation of the same. Hydrological processes, such as climatic variables, change the water regime and the hydrological response of the basin. This study presents the results of the simulations with the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model in a small watershed in Southern Brazil (latitude 29°38'37.49" and longitude 53°48'21.99"), representative of the Atlantic Forest biome. This area was monitored by two sequential stations, each one with one rain gauge and one stage gauge, having a contribution area of 4.5 km² and 12 km ² respectively. The altitudes in the basin range from 316 m to 431 m and vegetation is predominantly composed of 55% of native forest and 39% of native pasture. The simulated period was from June 2008 to December 2009, corresponding to the period of monitoring. The temperature ranged from -2.2°C to 39.2°C. The annual rainfall average ranged between 2005 mm and 2250 mm. The quality of the results was characterized by the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (NSE) and by the coefficient of determination (R²). The model was evaluated in a monthly and daily time step. At the monthly time step, the values obtained for NSE, in the calibration phase, were 0.80 and 0.60, respectively for the two sections. The values obtained for the R² were 0.81 and 0.61 in the same sections. In the daily time step, values obtained for NSE, in the calibration phase, was 0.36, for both sections. For R², these values were 0.38 and 0.37 in the respective sections. These results show that the fit was good for monthly values, but not for the daily. Due to the short period of monitoring, the validation of the model results was realized with the observed data from the middle section, with an area of 4.5 km². The values obtained for the NSE in the validation phase were 0.75 and 0.37 for the monthly and daily time step respectively, and for R², 0.75 and 0.37 for the monthly and daily values, which validate the fit. These results are in agreement with the values found by Paiva and Paiva (2006), who evaluated the SWAT in a downstream section, in the same basin, with an area of 18 km². These results show that the SWAT model fits well in this region with monthly time step. Probably, the low values of the adjustment for the daily time step and the main problems of using the model are due to the size of the basin, the short period of observed data and the need for more information on the physical characterization of the soil. Future climatic scenarios A2 (reflects the high emission of greenhouse gases and is considered pessimist) and B2 (reflects the low emission of greenhouse gases and is considered optimist) show that the maximum flows reach more extreme values in the future, the average temperature, maximum and minimum showed a variation of about 1° C. The pessimistic scenario considered A2 showed more extreme values so calculated as to the input data of water flow. / As ações antrópicas modificam o meio ambiente e aumentam o processo de degradação dos recursos hídricos, os quais são limitados e fundamentais à manutenção da vida. Deste modo, é vital que estes recursos sejam quantificados, para que possam ser avaliados e protegidos, em busca da auto-sustentabilidade. A aplicação de um modelo hidrológico possibilita a simulação de diferentes cenários, constituindo-se uma ferramenta de planejamento e gestão para o respectivo comitê da bacia, onde alternativas de uso poderão ser simuladas e medidas previamente para a preservação da mesma. Processos hidrológicos, como as variáveis climáticas, alteram o regime hídrico e a resposta hidrológica da bacia. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da simulação com o modelo SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) em uma pequena bacia representativa do Bioma Mata Atlântica, no Sul do Brasil (latitude 29°38'37,49" e longitude 53°48'21,99"), monitorada por duas estações fluviográficas/pluviográficas seqüenciais, com área de contribuição de 4,5 Km² e 12 km² respectivamente. As altitudes na bacia variam de 316,21 m a 431,21 m e a cobertura vegetal predominante é composta por 55% de mata nativa e 39 % de campo nativo. O período simulado foi de junho de 2008 a dezembro de 2009, correspondendo ao período de monitoramento. A temperatura variou entre -2,2 °C a 39,2 °C. A precipitação média anual variou entre 2005 mm e 2250 mm. A qualidade do ajuste dos resultados foi caracterizada pelo índice de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) e pelo coeficiente de determinação R². O modelo foi avaliado na escala mensal e diária. Na escala mensal os valores obtidos para NSE, na fase de calibração, foram de 0,80 e 0,60, respectivamente para as duas seções. Os valores obtidos para o R² foram 0,81 e 0,61 nas mesmas seções. Na escala diária os valores obtidos para NSE, na fase de calibração, foram de 0,36, para ambas as seções e os valores obtidos para o R² foram 0,38 e 0,37 nas respectivas seções. Estes resultados mostram que o ajuste foi satisfatório para valores mensais, o mesmo não ocorrendo para valores diários. Devido ao pequeno período de monitoramento, para a verificação da qualidade do ajuste dos resultados do modelo utilizou-se os resultados obtidos na seção fluviométrica intermediária, com área de 4,5 Km². Os valores obtidos para o índice de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) na verificação foram 0,75 para simulação mensal e 0,37 para a simulação diária e os valores obtidos para o coeficiente de determinação (R²) foram 0,75 para valores mensais e 0,37 para valores diários, o que valida o ajuste obtido. Estes resultados estão em concordância com os valores encontrados por Paiva e Paiva (2006), que avaliaram o SWAT em uma seção de jusante, na mesma bacia, com área de 18 km². Os resultados mostram que o modelo SWAT se adapta bem nesta região com discretização mensal. Provavelmente, os baixos valores de ajuste na calibração diária e os principais problemas de utilização do modelo são devidos ao tamanho da bacia, ao pequeno período de dados e a necessidade de maiores informações sobre a caracterização física do solo. Os cenários climáticos futuros A2 (reflete a alta emissão de gases de efeito estufa, sendo considerado pessimista) e B2 (reflete a baixa emissão de gases de efeito estufa, sendo considerado otimista) mostraram que as vazões máximas poderão alcançar valores mais extremos no futuro; as temperaturas médias, máximas e mínimas apresentaram uma variação aproximada de 1ºC. O cenário A2 considerado pessimista apresentou valores mais extremos tanto para vazão calculada como para os dados de entrada.
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Impacts du changement climatique sur la disponibilité de la ressource en eau en Bourgogne : aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs / Impacts of climate change on water availability in Burgundy : quantitative and qualitative aspects

Brulebois, Etienne 21 December 2016 (has links)
De nombreuses études portant sur les impacts du changement climatique sur la ressource en eau ont été réalisées à l'échelle des grands bassins versants continentaux, celle des petits bassins versants demeurant peu étudiée. La région Bourgogne se situe à la croisée de plusieurs bassins hydrographiques (Seine, Loire, Rhône), et offre une grande diversité de contextes hydrogéologiques. Les impacts du changement climatique sont susceptibles de varier localement et leur détermination requiert l'implémentation d'une chaîne de modélisation hydroclimatique à l'échelle locale. L'objectif de cette thèse a consisté en la mise en place d'un tel outil de modélisation à l'échelle des petits bassins versants de Bourgogne. Un échantillon de bassins versants et deux modèles hydrologiques de conceptualisation différente ont été choisis : un modèle pluie-débit global (GR4J) et un modèle semi-distribué à base physique (SWAT). Ces modèles ont permis d'approcher les différents aspects des impacts sur la ressource en eau (débit à l'exutoire, ressource spatialisée, qualité de l'eau). Les modèles ont été calibrés, et leur robustesse a été testée en contexte de changement climatique, validant ainsi leur utilisation sur une période future. Une désagrégation spatiale des données climatiques a été nécessaire afin d'alimenter les modèles hydrologiques sur la période de projection. L'analyse de données observées a permis de mettre en évidence une rupture dans les températures de surface en 1987/88 (en Bourgogne comme en France métropolitaine), et une modification des régimes hydrologiques de part et d'autre de cette rupture. Les projections réalisées sur la période 1980-2100 ont permis de montrer : i) peu d'évolution des débits moyens annuels mais une accentuation de la saisonnalité, via une augmentation des débits hivernaux et une diminution des débits estivaux, en lien avec le régime des précipitations et avec l'augmentation de l'évapotranspiration. ii) des indicateurs d'étiages montrant une aggravation de leur sévérité et une emprise temporelle plus grande durant l'année hydrologique, iii) une qualité de l'eau dégradée. Afin d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives grâce à cette chaîne de modélisation (en termes aide à la décision), l'aptitude de la chaîne de modélisation à évaluer les impacts de divers scénarios de changement de pratiques agricoles a été testée. / Numerous studies dealing with climate change impacts on water ressources have been done at global scale, but the moderated size watersheds scale is less studied. The Burgundy region is located over several hydrographical basins (Seine, Loire and Rhône river), and provides a great diversity of hydrogeological and climate contexts. For these reasons, impacts of climate change on water resources are expected to be very different in space, and require an entire hydroclimatic modelling chain at local scale to be assessed. The main objective of this thesis consisted of the implementation of a modelling tool at the moderated-size watersheds scale of Burgundy. In this way, several watersheds and two hydrological models have been chosen : a global and empirical rainfall-runoff model (GR4J) and a physical based and semi-spatialised model (SWAT). These two models allow us to assess every aspects of climate change impacts : quantitative (streamflow and spatialised ressource) and qualitative impacts.Models have been calibrated, including a cross calibration/validation test in climate contrasted periods, to confirm their robustness. A disaggregation of global climate data has been done in order to feed models during projection.Observations analysis highlighted a climate shift (in Burgundy as well as over the entire french territory), resulting in a modification of hydrological regime. Models projection over the XXIth century showed i) not much evolution of annual streamflow, but an accented seasonality, with an increase of winter streamflow, and a decrease of summer streamflow, linked with the rainfall regime and the evapotranspiration increase, ii) drought flow indices showing an increase of severity of the drought flow period, iii) a decrease in water quality. In order to explore the capacities of the modelling chain, several sensibility tests have been done, based on management practices scenarios.
248

Hydrological Approaches of Wadi System Considering Flash Floods in Arid Regions / 乾燥地の鉄砲洪水を考慮したワジ機構に対する水文学的検討

Mohamed Saber Mohamed Sayed Ahmed 24 September 2010 (has links)
Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15652号 / 工博第3310号 / 新制||工||1500(附属図書館) / 28189 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小尻 利治, 教授 椎葉 充晴, 教授 角 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当
249

Analysis of lake and river flow regime alteration to assess impacts of hydraulic structures

Torabi Haghighi, A. (Ali) 28 November 2014 (has links)
Abstract A key challenge in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is determination of environmental flow (EF). This is relevant in all water use scenarios and river regulation work. Water use and management alter water availability for ecosystems and the timing and distribution of runoff. Increased water consumption and allocation of water to different types of consumption impose pressures on aquatic ecosystems, affecting their status and ability to deliver important services, well–known examples being the Aral Sea in Asia and Lake Chad in Africa. This thesis presents new methods to determine the impacts of hydraulic structures on the flow regime of lakes and rivers. Methods to quantify different characteristics of flow in a non–dimensionless way are also presented. These tools allow more environment–based regulation of flow regimes. By using three main flow characteristics of river regime (magnitude, timing and intra–annual), three impact factors, MIF (magnitude impact factor), TIF (timing impact factor) and VIF (variation impact factor), were developed. Combining these impact factors produced a new river impact (RI) index to assess the impacts of hydraulic structure using monthly flow data. Based on RI variations, a classification was developed rating impacts along a scale from ‘Low’ to ‘Drastic’. The importance of climate patterns and river flow regime in controlling lake levels was examined. The lake simulation results were compared using a new index, Degree of Lake Wetness (DLW) and lake response time to changes in hydrology or climate was evaluated. Environmental flow allocation and optimisation of annual EF distribution are critical for ecosystem health. Flow release from reservoirs can be partly supplemented or compensated for by natural runoff from downstream (residual) catchment areas. In a new hydrological approach, optimal intra–annual flow regime for EF can be estimated while considering water inflow from the downstream residual sub-catchment. This thesis provides methods and indices to help quantify river and lake regimes, better understand the possible impacts of changes and manage these impacts optimally. This knowledge is crucial for decision making about EF regimes and achieving water release patterns from dams and hydropower that minimise the hydrological, morphological and biological impacts. / Tiivistelmä Integroidun vesivarojen suunnittelun ja hallinnan (IWRM) yhtenä haasteena on ympäristövirtaaman määrittäminen valuma–alue-tasolla. Tämä on tärkeää arvioitaessa säännöstelyn ja vesirakentamisen ympäristövaikutuksia. Vedenkäyttö ja hallinta muuttavat veden saatavuutta jokiekosysteemissä ja virtaaman vuosittaista ajoittumista sekä jakautumista eri kuukausien välillä. Vesivarojen lisääntyvä käyttö eri tarkoituksiin voi vaikuttaa vesiekosysteemeihin ja niiden tuottamiin ekosysteemipalveluihin. Aral–järvi Aasiassa ja Chad–järvi Afrikassa ovat hyviä esimerkkejä veden liiallisesta käytöstä ja ympäristönäkökulman huomiotta jättämisestä. Väitöstyön keskeisin tavoite oli kehittää menetelmiä, joilla voidaan arvioida miten vesirakentaminen vaikuttaa jokien virtaamiin ja järvien vedenpintoihin. Jotta vesistövaikutuksia voidaan yleistää, menetelmät kehitettiin dimensiottomiksi. Nämä menetelmät luovat perustan ympäristöystävällisemmällä vesistöjen virtaamien säännöstelylle. Käyttäen kuukausittaista keskivirtaamaa ja kolmea tyypillisintä virtaamaluokkaa (suuruus, ajoittuminen ja vuodenaikainen vaihtelu), määritettiin uusi yhdistetty jokivaikutusindeksi (RI). Tämän indeksin avulla voitiin lopulta arvioida vesirakentamisen vaikutusta. Perustuen RI-indeksiin, usean joen vesirakentamisen vaikutuksia arvioitiin luokittelemalla vaikutukset vähäisiksi tai merkittäviksi. Työssä tarkasteltiin ilmaston vaihtelun ja jokien virtaamaolosuhteiden vaikutusta järvien vedenpintoihin. Järvisimuloinnin tuloksia verrattiin puolestaan käyttäen indeksiä, joka kuvaa järvessä tapahtuvia muutoksia suhteessa hydrologisiin ja ilmastollisiin olosuhteisiin. Väitöskirja käsittelee myös ympäristövirtaamien (EF) keskeisiä kysymyksiä: vedenkäytön jakautumista ja vuosittaisen virtaaman optimointia ympäristövirtaaman näkökulmasta. Työssä käytetään uutta hydrologista lähestymistapaa arvioimaan ympäristövirtaaman optimoitua kausivirtaamavaihtelua. Tässä lähestymistavassa vesivarastoaltaista lähtevää virtaamaa voidaan osittain täydentää tai kompensoida alapuoliselta valuma–alueelta tulevalla virtaamalla. Väitöstyön tulokset lisäävät ymmärrystä vesivarojen kestävästä käytöstä. Lisäksi työssä kehitetyillä menetelmillä voidaan määrittää ja optimoida jokien ja järvien virtaamaolosuhteita erilaisissa tilanteissa. Väitöstyö tarjoaa uusia käytäntöjä päätöksentekoon liittyen ympäristövirtaamaolosuhteisiin ja -jakaumiin vesivoima- ja vedenkäyttökysymyksissä ottaen huomioon hydrologiset, morfologiset ja biologiset rajoitteet.
250

Communities’ contributions to urban resilience process : a case study of Semarang city (Indonesia) toward coastal hydrological risk / Contributions des communautés au processus de la résilience urbaine : une étude de cas de la ville de Semarang (Indonésie) face au risque hydrologique côtier

Miladan, Nur 09 March 2016 (has links)
La ville de Semarang est une des villes côtières indonésiennes vulnérables aux risques hydrologiques. Elle a été menacée par les inondations depuis plusieurs siècles. Cette menace a été aggravée par le phénomène de rob – expression locale qui désigne une inondation survenant lors d’une haute marée – en particulier dans la zone côtière, depuis la fin des années 1980, en liaison avec le processus d’industrialisation qui influe sur la croissance urbaine. Les acteurs urbains, de l’époque du gouvernement néerlandais à celle du gouvernement actuel, ont élaboré de nombreux projets pour améliorer les capacités du système urbain et réduire le risque hydrologique ; en témoigne le développement du réseau de canaux et du système du polder. Cependant, le risque hydrologique demeure une menace pour la ville. Les faiblesses du système urbain pour la réduction du risque hydrologique augmentent la vulnérabilité des communautés face aux risques hydrologiques. Ainsi les communautés côtières sont souvent menacées par le risque du rob dans la vie quotidienne. Cette situation les encourage à mettre en œuvre des efforts d'auto-assistance, individuelle et collective, basés sur leurs perceptions et leurs initiatives, afin de réduire l’impact des risques hydrologiques sur leurs territoires (habitats). Ces efforts sont effectués à la fois de manière routinière et temporaire. Les communautés utilisent des moyens modestes qui dépendent de leurs capacités économiques; ces façons déterminent un mode d'adaptation qui influence le processus de résilience urbaine. Cette recherche a pour objet de comprendre les formes de la résilience à l'échelle locale (communautés et quartiers) ; elle vise également à appréhender les interactions entre les échelles du contexte local et celles du contexte urbain global qui interviennent dans le processus de résilience. Cette dernière reflète les capacités du système urbain qui comporte à la fois les systèmes technique et institutionnel, et les capacités des communautés à s'adapter aux risques. La résilience urbaine est liée aux initiatives des acteurs pour réduire les impacts des inondations durant les évènements (avant, pendant et après), afin de minimiser la vulnérabilité urbaine, et aussi pour apprendre de leurs expériences acquises lors des inondations précédentes afin de développer la durabilité urbaine. L’approche est pluridisciplinaire, à l’interface entre le génie urbain, la recherche architecturale et urbaine, et la sociologie. La compréhension de la résilience urbaine face aux inondations permet une connaissance globale des interactions entre les actions des institutions urbaines et celles des communautés. Le résultat de cette recherche révèle que les communautés côtières de la ville de Semarang ont la capacité de développer des formes de résilience grâce à leurs efforts d'auto-assistance, en liaison ou non avec les autres acteurs impliqués dans le processus. Cependant, le système urbain et le système institutionnel apparaissent comme nécessaires pour développer la résilience à l'échelle urbaine, et aussi la prévention des conflits communautaires et des inégalités urbaines relatives aux actions d'auto-assistance et d'adaptation / La ville de Semarang est une des villes côtières indonésiennes vulnérables aux risques hydrologiques. Elle a été menacée par les inondations depuis plusieurs siècles. Cette menace a été aggravée par le phénomène de rob – expression locale qui désigne une inondation survenant lors d’une haute marée – en particulier dans la zone côtière, depuis la fin des années 1980, en liaison avec le processus d’industrialisation qui influe sur la croissance urbaine. Les acteurs urbains, de l’époque du gouvernement néerlandais à celle du gouvernement actuel, ont élaboré de nombreux projets pour améliorer les capacités du système urbain et réduire le risque hydrologique ; en témoigne le développement du réseau de canaux et du système du polder. Cependant, le risque hydrologique demeure une menace pour la ville. Les faiblesses du système urbain pour la réduction du risque hydrologique augmentent la vulnérabilité des communautés face aux risques hydrologiques. Ainsi les communautés côtières sont souvent menacées par le risque du rob dans la vie quotidienne. Cette situation les encourage à mettre en œuvre des efforts d'auto-assistance, individuelle et collective, basés sur leurs perceptions et leurs initiatives, afin de réduire l’impact des risques hydrologiques sur leurs territoires (habitats). Ces efforts sont effectués à la fois de manière routinière et temporaire. Les communautés utilisent des moyens modestes qui dépendent de leurs capacités économiques; ces façons déterminent un mode d'adaptation qui influence le processus de résilience urbaine.Cette recherche a pour objet de comprendre les formes de la résilience à l'échelle locale (communautés et quartiers) ; elle vise également à appréhender les interactions entre les échelles du contexte local et celles du contexte urbain global qui interviennent dans le processus de résilience. Cette dernière reflète les capacités du système urbain qui comporte à la fois les systèmes technique et institutionnel, et les capacités des communautés à s'adapter aux risques. La résilience urbaine est liée aux initiatives des acteurs pour réduire les impacts des inondations durant les évènements (avant, pendant et après), afin de minimiser la vulnérabilité urbaine, et aussi pour apprendre de leurs expériences acquises lors des inondations précédentes afin de développer la durabilité urbaine.L’approche est pluridisciplinaire, à l’interface entre le génie urbain, la recherche architecturale et urbaine, et la sociologie. La compréhension de la résilience urbaine face aux inondations permet une connaissance globale des interactions entre les actions des institutions urbaines et celles des communautés. Le résultat de cette recherche révèle que les communautés côtières de la ville de Semarang ont la capacité de développer des formes de résilience grâce à leurs efforts d'auto-assistance, en liaison ou non avec les autres acteurs impliqués dans le processus. Cependant, le système urbain et le système institutionnel apparaissent comme nécessaires pour développer la résilience à l'échelle urbaine, et aussi la prévention des conflits communautaires et des inégalités urbaines relatives aux actions d'auto-assistance et d'adaptation.Mots clés: résilience, capacités d'adaptation, risque d’inondation, ville côtière.

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